• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.519-526
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• 2003

Pancreatic lipase and ${\alpha}$-amylase inhibitory activities in purified extracts of pumpkin and job's tear were studied. Pancreatic lipase inhibitory activity was determined by measuring the rate of releasing oleic acid from triolein, and ${\alpha}$-amylase inhibitory activity was determined by iodometric method. The extracts of pumpkin and job's tear were purified using silica gel and C-18 gel column chromatographies. Treatment of pumpkin extract $(120\;{\mu}g/mL)$ in 3T3-L1 preadipocyte decreased differentiation about 95% and blocked accumulation of lipid. Body weights of rats fed high-fat diet containing dietary supplement decreased about 13% as compared with those fed only highfat diet. These results revealed dietary supplement is a good obesity-reducing material for decreasing lipid and carbohydrate absorptions.

• Membrane Journal
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.9-19
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• 2003

Membrane process was investigated to recover process water and valuable gold from washing water of electroless PCB plating processes. The filtration experiments were carried out using not only a RO membrane test cell to determine suitable membrane for washing water but also spiral wound membrane modules of nanofiltration and reverse osmosis for scale-up. At first, RO-TL(tap water, low pressure), RO-BL(brackish water, low pressure) and RO-normal(for water purifier) sheet membranes made by Saehan Co. were tested, and the performance of RO-TL membrane showed most suitable f3r recovery of soft etching, catalyst and Ni washing waters. As a result of RO test cell, the experiments for scale-up were carried out using RO-TL modules far water purifier at 7bar and $25^{\circ}C $The permeate flux fur Au washing water was about 30 LMH, but Au rejection was less than 80%. The permeate fluxes for Pd, Ni and soft etching washing water were about 22, 17 and 10 LMH, respectively. The Pd, Ni and Cu rejections showed more than 85, 97 and 98% respectively. The nanofiltration module for water purifier was introduced to recover Au selectively from Au, Ni and Cu ions in Au washing water. Most of Ni and Cu ions in the feed washing water were removed, and only Au ion was existed 81.9% in the permeate. Furthermore, Au ion in the permeate was concentrated and recovered by RO-TL membrane module. Finally, Au was also able to recover effectively by using 4 inch diameter spiral wound modules of NF and RO-TL membranes, in series.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.43-52
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• 2017

EtOAc fractions of Magnolia obovata (M. obovata) Bark extracts were studied for the potential ingredient as a safe and effective whitening cosmetic material. The concentration of active substances honokiol was determined by HPLC. In vitro, the fractions reduced the extracellular and intracellular melanin contents in B16F10 cells in dose dependently and inhibited extracellular melanin secretion ($IC_{50}=11.05{\mu}g/mL$). The $12.5{\mu}g/mL$ treatment of maximum concentration effectively inhibited up to about 60% to the amount of extracullular melanin. Also, the $12.5{\mu}g/mL$ treatment of maximum concentration effectively inhibited up to about 59% to the amount of intracullular melanin ($IC_{50}=10.85{\mu}g/mL$). The $IC_{50}$ value of ${\alpha}-arbutin$ used as a positive control was $59.99{\mu}g/mL$. So, EtOAc fractions of M. obovata Bark extracts showed whitening effect when compared with the non-treatment group. In case of in vivo study, Cosmetic cream with EtOAc fractions of M. obovata Bark extracts was approved by Ethics committee of KDRI (IRB number: KDRI-IRB-1537). As a result in progress for skin sensitization as well as assessment of skin irritation through repeated patch test, skin allergens was identified as non sensitizing agents. Also, cosmetic cream with EtOAc fractions of M. obovata Bark extracts showed significant topical whitening effect and reliable skin safety when compared with the non-treatment group. In conclusion, EtOAc fractions of M. obovata Bark extracts may be a useful cosmetic ingredient for effective skin whitening.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.87-98
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• 1994

Sludge minimization in an water treatment plant can be achieved by optimizing a main water treatment process as well as by enhancing a thickening and a dewatering facilities. In this study, dewatering and drying techniques for reducing the quantity of the water sludge generated from the conventional water treatment plant in the local states were investigated by reducing its water content. Not only the types and dosages of polymers but also the mixing intensity of the mixtures of a concentrated sludge and polymers on the different pH were evaluated for the optimum dewatering conditions of the water sludge. Weight reduction of the water sludge was also tested at a given temperature range. The dewatering efficiency of the water sludge was not affected by the types of polymer but by mixing intensity(GT value) in this study. pH effect on dewaterbility of the water sludge took a major role at the neutral pH range. The optimal polymer dose was 1.5 mg-polymer/g-TSS(about 40mg/L as polymer). Dewaterability was enhanced at a lower mixing intensity(GTbelow 10,000 sec-1). Free water in the void of sludge cake was dried around $100^{\circ}C$, chemical bound water was evaporated around $320^{\circ}C$, and organic material was burned out at the range of 300 to $600^{\circ}C$. Ignition losses of the water sludge were varied 15 to 40 % as the raw water quality. The ignition loss due to the chemical bound water was 10-20% and the loss due to the organic material was 4-20% of the total ignition loss.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.591-604
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• 2020

The objectives of this study were to find out the best condition of extracting methods of limonene from citron and to determine effects of limonene on immune modulation activity by measuring cytokine secretion using RAW 264.7 mouse macrophage cells. When distilled water was used as a solvent instead of organic solvents to extract limonene from citron, addition of refluxing process to simultaneous steam distillation extraction method was found to be much effective in extracting limonene. However, it required longer extraction time than using other organic solvents. Limonene extracts showed increased IL-β and IL-6 but decreased the TNF-α gene expression in limonene concentration dependant manner. However oral administration of limonene extracts to mice did not influence significantly compared to control in in vivo experiment. It might be due to that the mice were kept in well controlled and complete environment. Limonene, a natural material from citron has been approved to have a immune-modulation activity in the present study and have a potential as a feed additive that is environmentally friendly and no harmful. Further study with protected limonene, for example, for the protection of limonene from oxidation or bypass the ruminal degradation in order consequently to increase immune-modulation activity might be useful as a further research.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.93-100
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• 2014

In general, whey obtained from various cheese batches is being reused, so as to improve the texture and to increase the yield and the nutrient value of the various final milk-based products. In fact, re-usage of whey proteins, including whey cream, is a common and routine procedure. Unfortunately, most bacteriophages can survive heat treatments such as pasteurization. Hence, there is a high risk of an increase in the bacteriophage population during the cheese-making process. Whey samples contaminated with bacteriophages can cause serious problems in the cheese industry. In particular, the process of whey separation frequently leads to aerosol-borne bacteriophages and thus to a contaminated environment in the dairy production plant. In addition, whey proteins and whey cream reused in a cheese matrix can be infected by bacteriophages with thermal resistance. Therefore, to completely abolish the various risks of fermentation failure during re-usage of whey, a whey treatment that effectively decreases the bacteriophage population is urgently needed and indispensable. Hence, the purpose of this review is to introduce various newly developed methods and state-of-the-art technologies for removing bacteriophages from contaminated whey and whey products.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.677-683
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• 2008

The antioxidant activities of Wisteria floribunda flowers (WFF) were evaluated. The samples were prepared by extracting separately two different colored flowers (purple and white) with four different solvents (methanol, ethanol, acetone, and water). The antioxidant properties were evaluated by determining total phenolic contents (TPC), radical scavenging activity (RSA), and reducing power (RP). Water extract from purple WFF and ethanol extract of white WFF showed the highest total phenol contents (491 and 787 ${\mu}M$ gallic acid equivalents), respectively. Water extracts of purple and white WFF also showed higher RSA. In the case of RP, ethanol extract of purple WFF, methanol and water extracts of white WFF showed relatively higher values. The 200 ${\mu}M$ $H_2O_2$ induced oxidative DNA damage in human leukocytes was significantly inhibited with WFF extracts excluding ethanol and acetone extracts of purple flowers. These results suggest that W. floribunda flowers have significant antioxidative activity and protective effect against oxidative DNA damage.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.167-174
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• 2010

This study was performed to evaluate the removal effects of nutritive salts and organic pollutants in experimental aeration reactor for treatment of piggery slurry. In this study, three types of reactors were manufactured and operated. The fibrous media was equipped in one of three reactors. Another reactor was equipped with the siliceous media and the other reactor used as a control was equipped with typical aeration system only. Treatment efficacy of three types of reactors were evaluated according to the pollutants removal rate of the piggery slurry. The results obtained in this study are as follows : 1) In the reactor containing fibrous media, the removal efficiency of BOD, T-N and T-P was 11%, 13.9% and 21.2%, respectively. 2) In the reactor containing siliceous media, the removal efficiency of BOD, T-N and T-P was 6.9%, 25.3% and 47.8%, respectively. 3) In the reactor not containing media, the removal efficiency of BOD. T-N and T-P was 6.1%, 8.1.% and 23.6%, respectively. 4) Sludge accumulation in the reactor equipped with filamentous media was lower than that of other experimental reactors.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Environmental Technology
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.570-575
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• 2018

The various of raw wastewater inflows to the industrial wastewater treatment plants everyday. This makes it difficult to operate the coagulation and flocculation efficiently as a pretreatment process for the industrial wastewater treatment. Additionally, it causes loads on evaporation and membrane facilities which are the posttreatment and alternative processes. For this reason, this study sampled raw wastewater before and after the NaOH injection. An experiment was conducted to compare the coagulation characteristics according to the methods of coagulant injection (single injection, simultaneous injection, consecutive injection, and inverse injection) aiming at efficient treatment of industrial wastewater. The coagulation experiment was conducted using a jar tester. The TDS removal efficiency by the coagulant injection methods increased in the order of consecutive injection (2.8 %) < single injection (3.9 %) < simultaneous injection(8.1 %) < inverse injection(9.6 %); the TOC removal efficiency grew in the order of single injection (84.3 %) < inverse injection (86.2 %) < consecutive injection (88.6 %) < simultaneous injection (89.1 %); the turbidity removal efficiency grew from single injection (99.7 %) < consecutive injection (99.8 %) ${\fallingdotseq}$ inverse injection (99.8 %) < simultaneous injection (99.9 %). These results show that the simultaneous inorganic coagulant-polymer coagulant injection method was more efficient than the consecutive injection method (inorganic coagulant ${\rightarrow}$ polymer coagulant).

• Clean Technology
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.67-77
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• 2006

A simple dual sludge process, called as $KNR^{(R)}$ (Kwon's Nutrient Removal) system, was developed for small sewage treatment. It is a hybrid system that consists of an UMBR (Upflow multi-layer bioreactor) as anaerobic and anoxic reactor with suspended denitrifier and a post aerobic biofilm reactor, filled with pellet-like media, with attached nitrifier. To evaluate the stability and performance of this system for small sewage treatment, the pilot-scale $KNR^{(R)}$ plant with a treatment capacity of $50m^3/d$ was practically applied to the actual sewage treatment plant, which was under retrofit construction during pilot plant operation, with a capacity of $50m^3/d$ in a small rural community. The HRTs of a UMBR and a post aerobic biofilm reactor were about 4.7 h and 7.2 h, respectively. The temperature in the reactor varied from $18.1^{\circ}C$ to $28.1^{\circ}C$. The pilot plant showed stable performance even though the pilot plant had been the severe fluctuation of influent flow rate and BOD/N ratio. During a whole period of this study, average concentrations of $COD_{cr}$, $COD_{Mn}$, $BOD_5$, TN, and TP in the final effluent obtained from this system were 11.0 mg/L, 8.8 mg/L, 4.2 mg/L, 3.5 mg/L, 9.8 mg/L, and 0.87/0.17 mg/L (with/without poly aluminium chloride(PAC)), which corresponded to a removal efficiency of 95.3%, 87.6%, 96.3%, 96.5%, 68.2%, and 55.4/90.3%, respectively. Excess sludge production rates were $0.026kg-DS/m^3$-sewage and 0.220 kg-DS/kg-BOD lower 1.9 to 3.8 times than those in activated sludge based system such as $A_2O$ and Bardenpho.