• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.57-60
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• 2008

A rhizopus soft rot caused by Rhizopus stolonifer occurred sporadically on apple fruits (Malus pumila var. dulcissima Koidz.) at a wholesale market of agricultural products in Jinju, Korea in 2006 and 2007. Infected fruits were rapidly water-soaked, softened and rotted. The symptoms were initiated mainly from wounds or cracks occurred at harvest time. Sporangiophores were $950{\sim}1,900\;{\mu}m$ in length and $12{\sim}22\;{\mu}m$ in width. Sporangia were globose or hemispheric and $82{\sim}185\;{\mu}m$ in size. The color of sporangia was white and cottony at first and gradually turned to brownish black, bearing abundant spores when matured. Columella were hemispheric and $70{\sim}85\;{\mu}m$ in size. Sporangiospores were irregular round or oval, brownish-black streaked and $8{\sim}18{\times}7{\sim}8\;{\mu}m$ in size. Optimum temperature for mycelial growth of the fungus on PDA was $25^{\circ}C$. On the basis of mycological characteristics and pathogenicity to apple the causal fungus was identified as Rhizopus stolonifer (Ehrenb.) Vuill. This is the first report of Rhizopus soft rot by R. stolonifer on Fuji apple in Korea.

• Journal of vocational education research
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.41-60
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships between teachers' characteristics and schools' peculiarities and to analyze relevant variables which influence the organization and implementation of the curriculum in specialized industry high schools. Subject were 414 teachers in specialized industry high school. The main result of this study are as follows. First, according to teachers' sex distinction, position, teaching experience, career of industry-related companies, subtle stress difference were found in establishment of education programs, relevance of educational activity, propriety of equipment. Second, in case of schools' subject of establishment, dormitory, specialized types, number of class, type of the sex of recruitment, subtle difference were found in connectivity of graders and subjects, relevance of the organization of education activity, substantial curriculum, push ahead with specialized high school. Third, measures to support development of specialized curriculum arrange sub-items in order of frequency. The way we understand things on vocational education must be settled without delay.

• Journal of vocational education research
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.61-83
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to analyze high schools' general and special subject required to successfully complete same stream curriculum which is identical to their major from agricultural high school, and to offer basic data on strategies of organizing agricultural high schools' curriculum for improving universities' major basic competencies. Using purposeful sampling technique, the professors of 116 universities professors in 8 agricultural university were analyzed through the survey research. The result was as follows. first, it appeared that for successful completion of major subjects of the same stream university, the basic science subject such as biology and chemistry has high relation with major basic ability, however math and physics are related highly in agricultural machine and agricultural civil engineering department, economics and math are in agricultural produce distribution department. Second, the basic ability such as linguistic competence and foreign language ability are essential to complete major subject. Third, if we look into relation of agriculture and life science industry stream specialized subject with major basic competencies, we can find considerable similarity between major field of university and subject name of specialized high school. Fourth, the main opinion is that basic concept and principle, laws of nature are should be main contents which is able to be practical, however experiment and practice is in food processing department, and academic theory is in biotechnology department.

• Food Science and Industry
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• v.52 no.2
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• pp.130-139
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• 2019

Safety of genetically modified foods (GM foods) in Korea is evaluated according to "Food Sanitation Act" and "Regulation on safety evaluation for GM foods" based on the concept of substantial equivalence. In which cases a person who imports, develops or manufactures GM foods for the purpose of eating imports GM foods for the first time, he/she shall undergo a safety evaluation of the relevant foods, etc. by Ministry of Food and Drug Safety (MFDS). And in which cases ten years have elapsed since GM foods underwent safety evaluation, they shall be re-evaluated for their safety. As of April 2019, a total of 199 events have been approved by MFDS and they are 169 events of GM crops including soybean (29), maize (87), cotton (29), canola (14), sugar beet (1), potato (4), alfalfa (5), 6 events of GM microorganisms (GMM) and 24 events of GM food additives originated from GMM.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.438-446
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• 2022

Some flowers have a high sensual appeal owing to their unique shape, color, smell, and taste and have been used as functional food and oriental medicine. Recently, edible dry flowers (EDFs) have attracted social attention as noble sources of functional teas. In this study, for the risk assessment of EDFs, pathogenic bacteria, heavy metals, and pesticide residues were monitored in 23 types of commercial EDF. No Enterobacteria spp. and Listeria spp. were found in all EDF products. However, common aerobic bacteria (3.24~3.85 Log CFU/g) were found in EDF, namely, Pueraria lobata, Chamaemelum nobile, Acacia decurrens, Rhododendron mucronulatum Turcz, Oenothera lamarckiana, Brassica napus, and Prunus serrulata. Staphylococcus aureus was found in 11 and Salmonella sp. was found in 8 of the 23 EDFs. Considering the cold extraction of EDF for tea and beverages, the regulation of pathogenic bacteria in EDFs is necessary. No heavy metals such as Pb, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, and As were found in all EDFs, except the dry flower of Hemerocallis fulva, which contained Pb at 0.08 ppm. Different pesticides and fungicides were found in EDFs, but their concentrations were very low (0.01~0.08 ppm) and below the maximal residue level. Only the dry flower of Chrysanthemum morifolium had a high content of chlorpyrifos (0.215 ppm), which is long-lasting pesticide. Our results suggest that the establishment of EDF regulations for pesticide residue, culture separation between edible and garden flowers, and guidelines for preventing pathogenic microbial contamination are necessary.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.238-248
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• 2022

This study was conducted to evaluate the safety of 208 types of residue pesticides on 150 dried agricultural products in Ulsan. The pesticide residues were detected using GC-MS/MS, LC-MS/MS, GC/ECD, GC/NPD, and LC/PDA. The detection rate was 19.3% (29 of 150 samples), and 28 types of pesticides were detected. Two of the 29 pesticide residues exceeded the maximum residue limit (MRL). Difenoconazole was detected in Ulleungdo aster, and chlorothalonil and chlorpyrifos were detected in chili pepper leaves. In the vegetable group, the frequency of pesticide residues was found to be the highest in dried leafy vegetables, followed by dried fruiting vegetables other than cucurbit vegetables, and then dried stalk and stem vegetables. The pesticide types detected in the commercial dried agricultural products were fungicide (60%), insecticide (23.8%), and acaricide (16.3%). In the validation study, the values of limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantitation (LOQ), coefficient of determination (R²), and recovery rate were in the range of 0.0001-0.0409 mg/kg, 0.0003-0.1241 mg/kg, 0.994-0.999, and 81.58-116.79%, respectively. The ratio of estimated daily intake (EDI)/acceptable daily intake (ADI) was 0.00002-0.31395%.

• Journal of the Korean Society of International Agriculture
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.497-502
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• 2011

Broccoli is considered as one of the functional foods to offer a hearty supply of the nutrient-rich vegetable in the world. Broccoli contains high level of phytochemicals, and that is selected as one of the top 10 vegetables for human health promotion. Especially, glucosinolates and flavonoids are well known as anti free oxygen radicals in vegetables and fruits. In Korea, broccoli consumption has increased to well known on the health-beneficial vegetables since 2000. However, broccoli has many problems of postharvest management since the quality of harvested heads quickly declines. Major problems are the floret yellowing, wilting, off-odor, and decay. The multiple postharvest applications improve broccoli quality and cold treatment including pre-cooling extends on the shelf-life with circumstance of optimum storage which is 0℃ temperature and a range of 95-100% relative humidity. Controlled atmosphere or modified atmosphere packaging can be used as supplemental treatments to extend postharvest life. 1-2% O₂ + 5-10% CO₂ is currently recommended for broccoli. Postharvest management is important for broccoli because price fluctuations depend on harvest time and quality. In this study, we tried to review physiological change of broccoli after the harvest, storage method, and various techniques to optimize quality during distribution.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.310-315
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• 2018

Under the "Positive List System (PLS)," a uniform limit of 0.01 mg/kg is applied if the agricultural product does not have a Maximum Residue Limit (MRL) for a pesticide. The purpose of this research is to conduct residual pesticide monitoring on tropical fruits distributed in Gyeonggi-do to investigate the effects of PLS and provide basic materials for establishing MRLs of residual pesticides for tropical fruits produced in Korea. By inspecting 120 tropical fruits distributed in Gyeonggi-do according to Multi-class pesticide multi-residue methods, we detected sevenfruits from threekinds of banana, mangoes, and kiwis with six different residual pesticides. Azoxystrobin and chlorpyrifos were detected from bananas, chlorfenapyr from mangoes, and chlorothalonil, iprodione, and procymidone from kiwis. A single case of chlorfenapyr and chlorothalonil was found with a mango and a kiwi produced in Korea, respectively, and by applying PLS we found that they exceeded the MRL of residual pesticide. Thus, it is necessary to set the MRL of residual pesticides for tropical fruits produced in Korea.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.41-45
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• 2013

This study was carried out to improve standardization of agricultural products and investigate quality changes during preservation at various treatments. The standardization does much to improve merchantable quality, distribution efficiency and fair dealings by shipping of the standard agricultural products. Mushrooms notified as the standard are five; Pleurotus ostreatus, Pleurotus eryngii, Flammulina velutipes, Agaricus bisporus and Ganoderma lucidum. But many farmers are suffering from strict standards. Therefore, modification of these standards is required to fit farmhouse situations. Fruit-body weight of A, B and C grades of the marketed Agaricus bisporus was 19.3g, 12.2g and 10.4, respectively. Average pileus diameter of A grades was 43.3mm but B and C grades did not show significant difference. Average stipe length of A, B and C grades was 9.8mm, 13.1mm and 11.6mm, and stipes thick was the highest in A grades. The weight loss rate of stipe cutting of Agaricus bisporus was 12.6% in harvested mushrooms and the rate of stipe cutting length was 60.8%. The diameter of Agaricus bisporus stored for 5 days was 3.5~4.5cm but decreased rapidly in 15 days. The weight loss rate of the high temperature samples lowered rapidly than that of the low temperature samples. Conversely, the L value of the low temperature samples was higher than that of the high temperature samples.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.555-559
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• 2012

Manures contain a variety of pathogenic microorganisms that pose a risk to human or animal. On-farm contaminations through contaminated manure were considered likely sources of the pathogen for several outbreak. Pathogenic microorganisms may survive in low numbers during the composting process and subsequently regrow to high levels under favorable conditions. The objective of this study was to investigate effect of temperature on survival of Salmonella enterica and Staphylococcus aureus in livestock manure compost. Commercial livestock manure compost (manure 60%, sawdust 40%) was inoculated with S. enterica and S. aureus. Compost was incubated at four different temperatures (10, 25, 35, and $55^{\circ}C$) for 20 weeks. Samples were taken every week during incubation depending on the given conditions. S. enterica persisted for up to 1 day in livestock manure compost at $55^{\circ}C$, over 140 days at $10^{\circ}C$, 140 days at $25^{\circ}C$, and 70 days at $35^{\circ}C$, respectively. S. aureus persisted for up to 1 day in livestock manure compost at $55^{\circ}C$ and 90 days at $10^{\circ}C$, 70 days at $25^{\circ}C$, and 40 days at $35^{\circ}C$, respectively. The results indicate that S. enterica and S. aureus persisted longer under low temperature condition. S. enterica survived longer than S. aureus at three different temperatures (10, 25, and $35^{\circ}C$). This study will provide useful and practical guidelines to applicators of soil in deciding appropriate handling and time frames for land application of livestock manure compost for sustainable agriculture. Results from these studies provide useful information in identifying manure handling practices to reduce the risk of S. enterica and S. aureus transmission to fresh produce.