• Proceedings of the Korea Society of Environmental Toocicology Conference
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• 2002.10a
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• pp.163-163
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• 2002

국내에서 사용중인 농약에 대한 농민의 농약 노출량 및 양상을 조사하고자 내분비계 장애 물질로 추정되는 Mancozeb의 살포 시 작업자의 피부 노출량 및 호흡 노출량 측정을 감귤농장에서 실시하였다. 피부노출 측정은 Patch법(50$\textrm{cm}^2$)을 사용하였고 손 노출은 순면장갑을 사용하였다. 호흡노출은 XAD-2 resin 흡착제와 Personal air monitor(2L/min)를 이용, 측정하였다. Mancozeb 분석은 CS$_2$법을 이용하였고 patch, resin, 장갑, 마스크, 소변에서 Mancozeb의 회수율 및 포장회수율 모두 90%이상이었다. 감귤 재배시 Mancozeb 사용에 따른 피부노출량은 여자가 약 1800mg/hr, 남자는 약 1300mg/hr 이었고 주로 배, 등, 상박 그리고 허벅지에 노출량이 많았다. 호흡노출은 관찰되지 않았고 소변에서도 Mancozeb는 관찰되지 않았다. 위해성 평가를 위해 PDE, AQE 및 MOS를 구하였으며 MOS는 Severn의 공식을 이용하였다. MOS는 여자가 0.37, 남자가 0.58이었다.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2023.05a
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• pp.298-298
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• 2023

전자파표면유속계는 홍수량 측정을 위해 사용되는 비접촉식 유속계로, 전자파를 발사한 후 수표면에 반사되는 전자파의 도플러 효과를 이용하여 표면유속을 측정하는 기기이다. 국제적으로 1980년대부터 홍수량 측정의 어려움을 극복하기 위해 하천 유량측정 업무에 활용하였다. 전자파표면유속계를 이용하여 정확한 표면유속을 측정하기 위해서는 측정 위치, 방향, 노출시간, 환경 등을 고려해야 한다. 여기서 노출시간은 표면유속 측정을 위해 전자파를 흐름 상태의 수표면에 노출시키는 시간을 의미한다. 특히, 노출시간은 유속에 따라 결정되며, 빠른 유속일수록 측정에 필요한 노출시간이 짧아진다. 그러나 노출시간이 너무 짧으면 측정 유속값이 부정확하거나 불안정해질 수 있으며, 반대로 너무 길면 수위 등 측정조건이 변화하여 측정값이 부정확해질 수 있다. 따라서 홍수량 측정을 위해 전자파표면유속계의 표면유속 측정의 적정한 노출시간을 설정해야 한다. 본 연구에서는 전자파표면유속계의 적정한 노출시간 검토를 위해 안동하천실험센터에서, 표면유속 최대 4.92 m/s에서 최소 0.457 m/s 범위의 19개 유속 조건에서 노출시간을 10초에서 40초까지 5초 간격으로 변화시키며 표면유속을 측정하였다. 현재 국내외 가이드라인에서 권고하고 있는 노출시간 30초에서 측정된 표면유속과 각 노출시간에서 측정된 표면유속의 정확도 검증을 통해 유사한 값을 가지는 표면유속을 검토하여, 수위변화에 대응하여 홍수량 측정을 위한 최소 노출시간을 검토하였다.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.110-115
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• 2010

The aim of this study is to investigate the exposure assessment of Korean consumers to five neonicotinoid pesticides in fruit vegetables cultivated in Korea, using a probabilistic approach. We used five neonicotionid pesticides residues(acetamiprid, clothianidin, imidacloprid, thiacloprid, thiamethoxam) data in fruit vegetables reported by Rural Development Administration for the 2009 monitoring programme. Total exposure of five neonicotinoid pesticides for Korean consumer ranged from 0.087 to 0.236 ${\mu}g$/kg/day at the $95^{th}$ percentile. The $95^{th}$ percentile values of total exposure of five neonicotinoid pesticides by probabilistic approach were lower than those by deterministic approach, although mean values of total exposure by probabilistic approach were similar with those of total exposure by deterministic approach. Total exposure to acetamiprid residue may be mainly due to the exposure to acetamiprid through the consumption of strawberry. Also, acetamiprid residues in strawberry were considered as much more contributory factor to total exposure of acetamiprid than consumption data of strawberry. This contributory properties of acetamiprid were similar with those of all other neonicotinoid pesticides, excluding thiacloprid.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.286-293
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• 2016

BACKGROUND: 18% of difenoconazole+iminoctadin triacetate microemulsion (3%+15%) formulation were mixed and sprayed as closely as possible to normal practice on the ten of farms located in the Youngju of South Korea. Patches, cotton gloves, socks, masks and XAD-2 resin were used to measure the potential exposure for applicators wearing standardized whole-body outer and inner dosimeter (WBD). This study has been carried out to determine the dermal and inhalation exposure to difenoconazole during preparation of spray suspension and application with a power sprayer on a grape orchard. METHODS AND RESULTS: A personal air monitor equipped with an air pump IOM sampler and cassette and glass fiber filter were used for inhalation exposure. The field studies were carried out in a grape orchard. The temperature and relative humidity were monitored with a thermometer and a hygrometer. Wind speed was measured using a pocket weather meter. All mean field fortification recoveries were between 97.3% and 119.6% in the level of 100 LOQ (limit of quantification) while the LOQ for difenoconazole was $0.025{\mu}g/mL$ using HPLC-UVD. The arms exposure to difenoconazole for the mixer/loader (0.0794 mg) was higher than other body parts (head, hands, upper body, legs). The exposure to difenoconazole in the legs for applicator (3.78 mg) was highest in the parts of body. The dermal exposure for mixer/loader and applicator were 0.02 and 2.28 mg on a grape orchard, respectively. The inhalation exposure during application was estimated as 0.02 mg. The ratio of inhalation exposure to dermal exposure was equivalent to 0.9% of the dermal exposure. CONCLUSION: The inhalation exposure for applicator indicated $18.8{\times}10^{-3}mg$, which was level of 0.9% of the dermal exposure (2.28 mg). Operator exposure (0.004 mg/kg bw/day) to difenoconazole during treatment for grape is calculated as 2.5% of the established AOEL (0.16 mg/kg bw/day).

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.587-601
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• 2020

Exposure to hazardous substances occurs through multiple pathways. Aggregated risk assessment, which includes all potential exposure pathways to a single toxicant, is necessary to prevent exposure to harmful substances. We aimed to estimate cadmium and lead exposure through various media, such as food, water, air, smoking, cosmetics, and female hygiene products. This study covered 10,733 subjects from the Seventh Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey(2016, 2017). Dietary exposure was estimated using 24-hour recall data. For water and inhalational exposure, regional variations were considered. Water was classified as tap, bottled, and public water. Inhalational exposure was estimated using the '2014 Time Use Survey' based on daily lifestyle and social status. The frequency and volume of cosmetic usage were randomly approximated by sex and age. Post-menarcheal and premenopausal women were assumed to use feminine hygiene products. Non-carcinogenic aggregated risks were estimated using the Aggregate Risk Index from EPAs and the Total Exposure Hazard Index from Korean government guidelines. For carcinogenic risk assessment, excessive cancer risk was estimated. Ingestion, especially food, was the major route for both cadmium and lead exposure. Smoking was also associated with high cadmium exposure. Exposure to lead from cosmetics was remarkable but not critical. In aggregate risk assessments, median cadmium and lead exposure did not exceed the reference value. Sex, age, smoking status, and income affected exposure levels, unlike to regional variations.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.391-394
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• 2012

Exposure and risk assessment during mixing/loading of chlorpyrifos emulsifiable concentrate (EC, 20%) were carried out. Limit of detection and limit of quantitation were 0.02 and 0.1 ng, respectively. Calibration curve linearity and reproducibility were excellent. Recovery of chlorpyrifos from gloves was 72.3-103.4%. During mixing/loading procedure, average hand exposure amount of chlorpyrifos was 3.9 mg which is corresponding to 0.004% of total active ingredient in the prepared spray mixture. In calculation of MOS (Margin of Safety) for risk assessment, male Korean average body weight and AOEL (Acceptable Operator Exposure Level) were used. Nine events of mixing/loading procedure were assumed per day. And 75 percentile of 30 repetition (4.6 mg) was used as for the worst case. MOS was more than 1 for total repetition, indicating mixing/loading work was of least risk. However, MOS of individual repetition was examined, two cases were less than 1 suggesting careful work habit is essential in mixing/loading procedure.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.249-255
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• 2013

The objective of this study was to investigate the exposure assessment of Korean consumers to edifenphos and tricyclazole in cattle product fed the rice straw, using a probabilistic approach. We used tricyclazole and edifenphos residue data in rice straw reported by National Academy of Agricultural Science (NAAS) for the 1998, 1999, 2001 and 2010 monitoring study and National Agricultural Products Quality Management Service (NAQS) for 2009 monitoring study. The mean exposures of edifenphos and tricyclazole for all of Korean consumers were 0.027% and 0.0006% of ADI and $99%^{th}$ percentile exposures were 0.034% and 0.0007% of ADI respectively. The group of 1~6 years old consumers has the lowest exposure of edifenphos and tricyclazole. The group of 19~29 years old consumers has the highest exposure of edifenphos and tricyclazole.

• Proceedings of the Korean Environmental Sciences Society Conference
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• 2005.05a
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• pp.276-277
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• 2005

PHAs와 같은 유해유기화학물질의 환경노출에 따른 건강영향을 파악하기 위해서 요중대사산물의 배설량, 유전적감수성 등의 생체지표분석법을 동시에 측정하여 정확한 노출량을 평가하고자 하였다. 또한 직업적, 비직업적 노출인구에 영향을 미칠 수 있는 흡연, 음주, 식이 등의 생활습관과의 상호관련성도 평가하였다. 그 결과 비교적 소량의 PAHs에 노출되는 일반인구에서 요중 1-OHP 및 2-naphthol의 배설량에 가장 큰 영향을 미치는 인자는 흡연이었으며 요중 1-OHP의 배설량은 음주여부, GSTM1 유전자의 다형성에 의해서도 영향을 받음을 알 수 있었다.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.343-349
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• 2012

Exposure and risk assessments were conducted to evaluate the relative safety of mixing/loading work of indoxacarb between wettable powder (WP) and water dispersible granule (WG). Hand exposure was monitored using cotton gloves while inhalation exposure was measured using personal air monitor. Method validation for the exposure monitoring was established successfully through several experiments. Limit of determination and limit of quantitation were 0.25 and 1 ng, respectively. $R^2$ of calibration curve linearity was more than 0.9999 and reproducibility was 0.7-6. Recovery of indoxacarb from gloves, solid sorbent and glass fiber filter at three different levels was 81.5-108.8%. Trapping efficiency and breakthrough tests gave 981.5-108.8% of recovery. During mixing/loading procedure, hand exposure amount (75 percentile of 30 repetitions) for indoxacarb WP was 6 folds (459.8 mg/kg a.i) than that of WG (81.4 mg/kg a.i). This result indicates that WG has less drift than WP thanks to its granular type of formulation. Inhalation amount was $10^{-8}-10^{-7}%$ of spray mixture prepared and $10^{-4}-10^{-3}%$ of hand exposure. In inhalation case, no significant differences were observed between two formulations. Margin of safety was calculated for risk assessment using male Korean average body weight and acceptable operator exposure level as the important exposure factors. Mixing/loading procedures for both of the formulations were considered to be of least risk because calculated MOS values were more than 1.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.300-304
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• 2016

The aim of this study were to evaluate the exposure level of pyrethroid pesticide according to spraying machine type. The urinary metabolites of pyrethroid pesticide in apple farmers were analyzed to determine the exposure level of pyrethroid pesticide. The result shows that, the spraying volume was greater in SS sprayer group than in power sprayer group. But multi variate analysis which adjust spraying volume and field area, there were no difference of urinary metabolites between two sprayer machine. To make more accurate model of pesticide exposure, the factors influencing pesticide exposure should be determined and further study should be done.