• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.173-177
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• 2004

The number and abundance of epiphytic algae growing on Sargassum thunbergii and their functional forms were examined. Thalli of S. thunbenii were collected on the nine islands of southern coast and at Gyeokpo on the western coast of Korea in summer 2001. A total of 25 species, 6 green (24%), 2 brown (8%), 17 red algae (68%) were identified in the present study. Caulacanthus okamurae, Ulva pertusa, Sphacelaria furcigera were found on the thalli of S. thunbegii that collected at the all regions. Caulacanthus okamurae, Champia bifida and Laurencia venusta grew on the lower parts of S. thunbergii thalli whereas, Polysiphonia spp. attached to the apical parts of the plants. Four functional forms, such as sheet-form (8%), filamentous-form (52%), coarsely branched-form (32%) and articulated-calcareous algal form (8%) were distinguished. The epiphytic algae on the thalli of S. thunbergii are mainly annual opportunistic algae, filamentous-form algae and smaller red algae. Also, most epiphytic seaweeds of S. thunbergii produce and release spores before pseudoperennial host plants are necrotic in late autumn.

• Journal of the Korean Graphic Arts Communication Society
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.35-43
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• 1984

Shince the introduction of machine methods into industry a problem has existed which has never been adequately solved. .... That is to say, there is no difference between the essential qualities of Machine art and abstract art, which is the main style of fine arts in the present day. This problem has been discussed by John Ruskin, William Morris, Herbert Read. In this study, I discussed the artistic value in the modern graphic arts from the standpoint of Herbert Read on the machine art. According to the above-mentioned discussings, we can come to the conclusion as follows 1) The machine art lie at the root of abstract art, and whenever the final product of machine is designed or determined by anyone sensitive to formal values, that product can and does become an abstract work of art in the subtler sense of the term. 2) We must recognize that graphic design is a function of the abstract artist, and the abstract artist must be given a place in the graphic arts in which be is not already established, and his decision on all questions of design must be final. 3) Therefore, the graphic designer must have therough knowledge of graphic arts technology in order to give the artistic value to the objects of machine production.

• Journal of the korean veterinary medical association
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• v.46 no.6
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• pp.527-543
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• 2010

구제역은 소 돼지 사슴 면양 산양 고라니 노루 등 우제류 동물에서 발생하는 제1종 가축전염병으로 빠른 시간내에 동물의 입 발굽 젖꼭지 등에 수포를 형성하는 것이 특징이다. 감염된 소의 혓바닥, 잇몸, 입술, 입 내부점막, 주둥이에 크기가 다양한 수포가 형성된다. 심한 경우에 혀 전체 넓은 부위에서 궤양이 형성될 수 있다. 수포는 24시간이내에 정상적으로는 파열되며, 그 수포액은 $10^8/ml$의 역가를 갖는 바이러스를 함유한다. 상피가 떨어지고, 유연이 심해지며, 타액이 입 주변에 흔건히 흘러내린다. 입 주변 병변과 동시 또는 이어서 수포가 발굽에 형성되며, 부분적으로 발굽갓띠 또는 제부의 갈라진 틈에서 생성되어 통증과 파행의 원인이 된다. 수포는 보통 유두와 유방에 발생되며, 때로는 세균성 유방염을 발생시킨다. 생산성의 감소는 보통 25% 정도로 추정된다. 돼지는 초기에 파행, 발열, 의기소침, 식욕부진이 있다. 소 보다 발굽에서 더욱 증상이 심하다. 유두, 유선, 콧등에 수포가 형성된다. 혀의 병변은 소보다 심하지 않다. 잠복기가 2~14일 (소에서의 약 6.2일, 돼지에서는 약 10.2일)로 짧고, 전파가 매우 빠르며 경제적 피해가 크기 때문에 국제 교역에서도 규제대상이 되는 질병이다. 구제역의 병인체는 피코르나바이러스과 아프토바이러스속에 속하는 구제역 바이러스로 현재까지 7개의 혈청형(A, O, C, Asia 1, SAT 1, SAT 2 및 SAT 3)이 알려져 있다. 이 전염병은 동물전염병 중에서 가장 악명 높은 전염병이다. 세계동물보건기구 (OIE)에서도 각 국간에 국제적인 위협을 최소화하기 위하여 질병의 발생을 보고해야 하는 질병으로 특별 관리하고 있다. 2006년 이후 최근까지 아시아 지역에서 지속적으로 많은 발생을 보이고 있다. 금년 들어 중국, 대만, 일본, 몽골, 우리나라까지 발생되어 이 질병의 위험성에 대하여 다시 한번 생각하게 하였다. 구제역의 재발방지를 위하여 최근 동북아시아 지역의 발생상황과 향후 구제역의 발생억제 또는 발생시 긴급 대응을 위하여 해야 할 일은 무엇인지 알아보자.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.8 no.6
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• pp.687-694
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• 1998

Enzyme electrophoresis was used to estimate genetic diversity and population structure of Chimaphila japonica Miq. in Korea. The percent of polymorphic loci within the enzymes was 48.7%. Genetic diversity at the species level and at the population level was high (Hes=0.278 ; Hep=0.222, respectively), whereas the extent of the population divergence was relatively low ( $G_{ST}$ =0.079). $F_{IS}$ , a measure of the deviation from random mating within the 7 populations, was 0.355. An indirect estimate of the number of migrants per generation (Nm=2.61) indicates that gene flow is high among Korean populations of the species. In addition, analysis of fixation indices revealed a substantial heterozygosity deficiency in some populations and at some loci. Factors contributing to the high levels of genetic dive-rsity found in the entire species of C. japonica include wide distribution, long-lived perennials, ability to regenerate due to rhizomatous spread, outcrossing induced by animal vectors, and occasional pollen dispersal by wind.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.104-111
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• 1994

The marsh vegetation in the vicinity of Tumunsan, Tokyusan National Park, Chollapuk-do, Korea was analysed in order to find out the vegetational characteristics. The total number of vascular plants surveyed were summarized as 39 familieis, 77 genera, 74 species, 18 varieties and 1 form. The ten species such as Juncus effusus var. decipiens, Carex leiorhyncha, Lysimachia vulgaris var. davurica, Sirpus triqueter, Scirpus karuizawensis, Caltha palustris var. membranacea, Carex doniana, Carex humilis, Vicia venosa, and Disporum smilacinum showed the Importance Value more than 10 % in herbaceous marsh vegetation. The species such as Heloniopsis orientalis, Astilbe chinensis var. davidii, Trignotis peduncularis, Lycopus ramosissimus var. japonicus, Iris nertschinskia and Hosta capitata were distributed at very limited or wide spread localities in the marsh. The marsh vegetation in this area is one of the rare and very distinct natural resources in Tokyusan National Park and the proper Action Plan of Management is strongly needed because the projected developing works in this site will act seriously in marsh vegetational changes in the future.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.429-438
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• 2023

The forest in the lower Tumen River serves as an important ecosystem spanning the territories of North Korea, Russia, and China, and it provides habitat and movement corridors for diverse mammals, including the endangered Amur tiger (Panthera tigris) and Amur leopard (Panthera pardus). This study focuses on the Mijiang area, situated as a potential ecological corridor connecting North Korea and China in the lower Tumen River, playing a crucial role in conserving and restoring the biodiversity of the Korean Peninsula. This study aimed to identify mammal species and estimate their relative abundance, occupancy, and distribution based on the 48 camera traps installed in the Mijiang area from May 2019 to May 2021. The results confirmed the presence of 18 mammal species in the Mijiang area, including large carnivores like tigers and leopards. Among the dominant mammals, four species of ungulates showed high occupancy and detection rates, particularly the Roe deer (Capreolus pygargus) and Wild boar (Sus scrofa). The roe deer was distributed across all areas with a predicted high occupancy rate of 0.97, influenced by altitude, urban residential areas, and patch density. Wild boars showed a predicted occupancy rate of 0.73 and were distributed throughout the entire area, with factors such as wetland ratio, grazing intensity, and spatial heterogeneity in aspects of the landscape influencing their occupancy and detection rates. Sika deer (Cervus nippon) exhibited a predicted occupancy rate of 0.48, confined to specific areas, influenced by slope, habitat fragmentation diversity affecting detection rates, and the ratio of open forests impacting occupancy. Water deer (Hydropotes inermis) displayed a very low occupancy rate of 0.06 along the Tumen River Basin, with higher occupancy in lower altitude areas and increased detection in locations with high spatial heterogeneity in aspects. This study confirmed that the Mijiang area serves as a habitat supporting diverse mammals in the lower Tumen River while also playing a crucial role in facilitating animal movement and habitat connectivity. Additionally, the occupancy prediction model developed in this study is expected to contribute to predicting mammal distribution within the disrupted Tumen River basin due to human interference and identifying and protecting potential ecological corridors in this transboundary region.

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.137-153
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• 2017

Fruit and seed morphological characteristics were investigated in 36 taxa of 20 genera of Korean Ranunculaceae. As a result, fruits were classified as the achene, berry, or follicle type. In the taxa with achene, the presence of trichomes and stoma on the surface of the fruit and a feature in which the endocarp distinctively develops into a one-layer sclereid were considered as useful characteristics. Moreover, in the taxa with follicles, the composition of the seed coat (bitegmic vs. unitegmic), the cell shape of the seed coat, the presence of trichomes, and the type of seed coat were useful for taxonomic characteristics in Korean Ranunculaceae. Based on the fruit and seed characteristics, Adonis is likely to be classified into Helleboroideae rather than Ranunculoideae, as it has bitegmic ovules. In addition, Enemion is similar to Eranthis in unitegmic ovule and the seed coat structure which has non-sclereid exotesta; therefore, it is reasonable to be placed in Helleboroideae. According to the results of this study, more in-depth research is needed regarding the taxonomic positions of Callianthemum and Actaea, which has the only berry fruit type.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.40 no.12
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• pp.1648-1653
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to investigate the antioxidant, nitrite scavenging, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), and tyrosinase inhibition activities of ethanol extracts from Hericium erinaceus (HE) cultured in Angelica keiskei (AK) and Angelica keiskei pomace (AKP). Antioxidant activities of the HE, AK, AKP, HE+AK, and HE+AKP extracts were higher than that of control, but lower than those of BHT and Vit C. Tyrosinase inhibition activity was the highest in AKP+HE extract (90%), whereas those of HE, AK, AKP, and AK+HE extracts were about 57, 61, 82, and 78%, respectively. Nitrite scavenging abilities of various samples were above 80% at pH 1.2, and there was no significant difference between the HE, AK, AK+HE, and AKP+HE extracts at pH 3.0, excepting the AKP extract. ACE inhibition activity was the highest in AKP extract (60%), whereas those of HE, AK, AK+HE and AKP+HE extracts were about 42%, 50%, 35% and 40%, respectively. These results suggest that H. erinaceus cultured in AK and AKP may be used as a raw material for functional foods, and food additives, as well as in the cosmetic industry as a natural source of bioactive compound after further investigation in vivo.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.89-94
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• 2004

This study was carried out to investigate the suitability of various agricultural by-products as basal substrates for the mycelial growth and fruiting body formation of Hericium erinaceum. For this aim, oak sawdust, cotton waste, sugarcane bagasse, Job's tears, rice hull, Chinese cabbage, and coconut waste were used as sole or mixed substrate(s). Corn waste and rice bran were used as nutrient supplements. The growth and density of mycelium, yield of fruiting body, and biological efficiency were compared among tested substrates colonized by Hericium erinaceum. The best measurement of mycelial growth and density, yield of fruiting body, and biological efficiency in a laboratory test was found in a spawn substrate composed with oak sawdust 80% and rice bran 20%. The suitability of this spawn substrate composition for Hericium fruiting body production was testified through practical tests in plastic bottles (850 ml) in a mushroom farm which had bottle cultivation facility. However, test in a mushroom farm which had plastic bag cultivation facility, best production of Hericium fruiting body (520 g per one bag) was observed in a spawn substrate composed of cotton waste 40%, saw dust 40%, corn waste 10%, and rice bran 10%.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.64-78
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• 2015

The environmental characteristics of Astilboides tabularis were investigated to compile basic data for conservation and restoration. Natural habitats, according to investigations, were mostly located on the slopes of mountains facing north at an altitude of 432 m to 1,413 m above sea level with angles of inclination ranging from 16 degree to 49.5 degree. A total of 246 vascular plant taxa were identified from 12 quadrats in 11 habitats. The importance value of Astilboides tabularis is 20.40%, and 6 highly ranked species such as Dryopteris crassirhizoma (4.56%), Rodgersia podophylla (3.72%), Astilbe rubra (2.81%), Carex siderosticta (2.67%), Ainsliaea acerifolia (2.65%), and Meehania urticifolia (2.46%) are considered to be an affinity with Astilboides tabularis in their habitats. Average species diversity was 1.23, dominance and evenness were found to be 0.11 and 0.86, respectively. The litter depth above the soil surface was 2 to 10 cm, and soil depth was 20.8 to 67.5 cm. The soil texture of habitats were divided three types such as loam, silt loam, and sandy loam. The soil pH was 5.63 to 7.74, and the organic matter and nitrogen contents were ranged from 8.88 to 42.55%, and 1.40 to 6.58 mg/g, respectively.