• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.271-276
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• 2014

The life-time and performance of a wireless sensor network is closely related to energy-efficiency of sensor nodes. In this paper, to increase energy-efficiency, each sensor node operates in one of three operational modes which are normal, power-saving, and inactive. In normal mode sensor nodes sense and transmit data with normal period, whereas sensor nodes in power-saving mode have three-times longer period. In inactive mode, sensor nodes do not sense and transmit any data, which makes the energy consumption to be minimized. Plus, the proposed algorithm can avoid unnecessary energy consumption by preventing transmitting duplicate sensed data. We implemented and simulated the proposed algorithm using Tiny OS based ZigbeX platfom and NS-2, respectively. Performance evaluation results show that the proposed algorithm can prolong sensor networks' lifespan by efficiently reducing energy consumption and its standard deviation of all sensor nodes.

• Journal of KIISE:Information Networking
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.395-406
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• 2006

In ad hoc networks, the limited battery capacity of nodes affects a lifetime of network Recently, a large variety of power-aware routing protocols have been proposed to improve an energy efficiency of ad hoc networks. Existing power-aware routing protocols basically consider the residual battery capacity and transmission power of nodes in route discovery process. This paper proposes a new power-aware routing protocol, TDPR(Traffic load & lifetime Deviation based Power-aware Routing protocol), that does not only consider residual battery capacity and transmission power, but also the traffic load of nodes and deviation among the lifetimes of nodes. It helps to extend the entire lifetime of network and to achieve load balancing. Simulations using ns-2[14] show the performance of the proposed routing protocol in terms of the load balancing of the entire network, the consumed energy capacity of nodes, and an path's reliability TDPR has maximum 72% dead nodes less than AODV[4], and maximum 58% dead nodes less than PSR[9]. And TDPR consumes residual energy capacity maximum 29% less than AODV, maximum 15% less than PSR. Error messages are sent maximum 38% less than PSR, and maximum 41% less than AODV.

• 한국공간정보시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2007.06a
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• pp.59-64
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• 2007

데이타 중심 센서 네트워크에서는 측정된 데이타의 값에 따라 데이타를 저장하는 센서 노드가 결정되기 때문에 같은 값을 갖는 데이타가 빈번하게 발생하면 이를 저장하는 센서 노드에 부하가 집중되어 에너지가 빠르게 고갈되는 문제가 있다. 또한 센서 네트워크가 확장되면 데이타 저장 및 질의 처리시 목적 센서 노드로의 라우팅 거리가 멀어져 통신 비용이 증가되는 문제가 있다. 그러나 기존 연구들은 데이타 저장의 효율적인 관리에만 치우쳐 이와 같은 문제를 효율적으로 해결하지 못하고 있다. 본 논문에서는 이러한 문제를 해결하기 위해 비균등 네트워크 분할(Non-Uniform Network Spilt: NUNS) 기법을 제안한다. NUNS는 센서 네트워크를 센서 노드 개수와 분할된 영역 크기 차이가 최소가 되도록 비균등 크기의 Partition으로 분할하고 각 Partition에서 발생한 데이타를 그 Partition 내의 센서 노드가 저장 관리함으로써 센서 노드의 데이타 저장 부하를 분산시키고, 센서 네트워크의 확장에 따른 통신 비용을 줄인다. 그리고 NUNS는 각 Partition을 분할된 영역 크기 차이가 최소가 되도록 센서 노드 개수만큼 비균등하게 Zone으로 분할함으로써 센서 노드가 없는 Zone으로 인해 센서 노드에 부하가 집중되는 것을 막고 불필요한 라우팅 비용을 줄인다.

• Journal of Internet Computing and Services
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.53-59
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• 2013

Harvesting energy from the environment is essential for many applications to slow down the deterioration of energy in sensor networks. Energy from the environment is an inexhaustible supply which, if properly managed and harvested from the sources, can allow the system to last for a longer period. Many simulators simulate whole sensor networks where the nodes rely on energy harvesting for their source of power. It is important to be able to assume and simulate a node that can harvest energy from different sources of ambient energy. It is also essential to be able to keep track of the energy levels of the node and adjust node activities based on its energy status. This study aims to develop a prototype for a single node simulator that will show the effects of harvesting from different sources of energy. The results of this study can later be extended for more complicated simulations.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea CI
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.86-95
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• 2011

Sensor nodes in wireless sensor networks are vulnerable to security than wired network due to using limited hardware performance and wireless communications that network topology changes frequently. Among techniques to enhance the security, the node authentication mechanism is used to defend against data forgery attacks using the ID of the node or to interfere with the routing of the network routing. In this paper, we proposed the AM-E mechanism that makes authentication key by using the energy value of node requesting authentication and performs the communication procedures for data transfer between different nodes. Because the energy value of node is changed depending on time, every time the authentication request is, an authentication key is changed. These features enhance the security of sensor networks and will help to configure the more secure WSN.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.37 no.3B
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• pp.149-157
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• 2012

In WSN environment, the sensor nodes collect sensed data, and transmit data to the BS. BS is difficult to trust the data from unauthenticated nodes. Therefore, many papers have been proposed about the node authentication and the safety of data. In the AM-E paper, data is delivered after node authentication. In this time, the sensor nodes are directly communicated to BS the AREQ/AREP message for authentication. Therefore, the sensor nodes consume more energy for authentication. Also, noes communicate directly with the BS for authentication will have problem due to the limited energy of nodes. In this paper, the same security with AM-E is supported, Furthermore, to minimize the energy consumption, IDE based hierarchical node authentication protocol is proposed. Compared with AM-E, the number of alive nodes is increased about 39%. Thus, the entire network life time is extended and energy efficiency is improved.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.33 no.2B
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• pp.76-81
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• 2008

LEACH (Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy) has been proposed as a routing protocol with a hierarchical structure, in order to achieve the energy efficiency that is of primary importance in the wireless sensor networks. A wireless sensor network adopting LEACH is composed of a few clusters, each of which consists of member nodes that sense the data, and head nodes that deliver the collected data from member nodes to a sink node that is connected to a backbone network. A head node in a cluster allocates TDMA slots to its member nodes without taking into account whether they have data to transmit or not, thus resulting in inefficiency of energy usage of head node that remains in active mode during the entire round time. This motivates us to propose a scheme to improve the energy efficiency of LEACH, by assigning TDMA slots only to those member nodes who have data to send. As a result, the head node can remain sleep during the period of no data transmission from member nodes, leading to the substantial energy saving. By using the ns-2 simulator, we evaluate the performance of the proposed scheme in comparison with the original LEACH. Experimental results validate our scheme, showing a better performance than original LEACH in terms of the number of outliving nodes and the quantity of energy consumption as time evolves.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Computer Information Conference
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• 2014.07a
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• pp.361-364
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• 2014

무선 센서 네트워크를 구성하는 각 센서 노드들은 한정된 전력의 배터리로 동작하므로, 센서 네트워크에서의 에너지 효율성은 중요한 이슈이다. 따라서, 센서 노드의 에너지 소모를 줄여서 전체 네트워크 수명을 최대화하기 위해 MAC 계층에서의 다양한 프로토콜이 제안되었다. 본 논문에서는 센서 네트워크의 에너지 효율성을 향상시키기 위한 에너지 효율적인 CA-MAC(Context Adaptive MAC) 프로토콜을 제안한다. 제안된 CA-MAC 프로토콜은 데이터의 전송 여부를 결정하는 각 버퍼 임계값을 싱크와 노드의 거리에 따라 차등적으로 설정함으로써 노드의 에너지 소비를 감소시켜 전체 네트워크의 에너지 효율성을 크게 향상 시킨다. 또한, 전송 지연 시간을 감소시키기 위하여 센싱된 데이터의 긴급 여부에 따른 전송을 수행한다. 본 논문의 성능 평가는 OMNeT++을 이용한 모의실험을 통해 진행하였으며, 그 결과 기존에 제안되었던 S-MAC 및 T-MAC 프로토콜과 비교하여 제안된 기법이 데이터 전송 시간과 에너지 효율성을 향상시키고 네트워크 수명을 연장하였음을 확인하였다.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.36 no.6B
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• pp.738-743
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• 2011

This paper considers the cost minimization issue for sensor network systems where sensor energy is supplied by remote energy sources wirelessly. Assuming symmetric structures of sensor nodes and energy sources, cost minimization problem is formulated, where the cost of sensor networks is represented as a function of sensor node density and energy source coverage. The optimal solution for the problem is provided and simulation results show that the proposal scheme achieves around 19% cost reduction in comparision to a conventional scheme.

• Proceedings of the Korea Information Processing Society Conference
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• 2007.11a
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• pp.564-567
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• 2007

애드혹 네트워크는 무선 모바일 기기들만으로 구성 가능한 네트워크로서 무선 모바일기기의 특성상 제한된 에너지를 사용하게 된다. On-Demand 방식의 DSR(Dynamic Source Routing), PSR(Power-aware Source Routing)은 애드 혹 네트워크의 특성에 적합한 라우팅 프로토콜로 경로 탐색 시 브로드 캐스팅을 통해 단말기의 이동성과 전력 보유량을 고려하여 경로를 설정한다. 이러한 경로 탐색 기법은 네트워크를 구성하는 노드 수에 비례하여 경로 탐색시 소모되는 에너지 오버헤드가 증가하므로 대량의 노드들로 이루어진 애드혹 네트워크에서는 상당한 에너지 낭비를 초래한다. HPSR(Hierarchical Power-aware Source Routing)은 이러한 경로 탐색 오버헤드 문제를 보조경로를 이용해 감소 시켰지만, 초기 주 경로가 결정되는 시간에 보조경로 역시 동시에 결정 되는 특성을 가지고 있어, 경로를 이루는 노드의 에너지 정보가 시간적으로 낙후되고 실제 사용 시에는 에너지 효율이 낮은 경로가 되는 문제점이 발생한다. 본 논문에서는 노드들의 최신 에너지 정보로 부분 경로 설정을 함으로써 경로 탐색 오버헤드를 감소시킴과 동시에 변경된 경로의 에너지 효율도 최적화 시킬 수 있는 기법을 제안 한다.