• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.315-324
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• 2000

R-410A, R-407C, and four refrigerant mixtures composed of R-32, R-l34a, R-l43a, R-l52a, R-600(butane), and R-600a(isobutane) were tested in an attempt to replace R-22 used in most of the residential air conditioners. The performance evaluation was carried out in a psychrometric calorimeter test facility using a residential spilt type air conditioner under the KS rating conditions. Except for the lubricant and hand-operated expansion valve, the other parts of the air conditioner were the same with the commercial system. Performance characteristics were measured; COP, capacity, compressor power, and VCR. R-410A was shown to have 5.5% higher COP and 3.5% lower capacity than R-22. R-32/134a/600a (42.8/ 46.0/11.2 wt%) mixture have the best performance among the four refrigerant mixtures composed of hydrofluorocarbon and hydrocarbon. This inixture have 3.0% lower COP and 1.6% lower capacity than R-22.

• Journal of Drive and Control
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.11-16
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• 2018

Pilot operated control valve for $CO_2$ refrigerant is a valve that can perform various functions according to the user's intention by replacing pilot units, widely used for flow rate, pressure, and temperature control of refrigeration and air conditioning systems. In addition, $CO_2$ refrigerant, that requires high pressure and low critical temperature, can be installed and used in all positions of the refrigeration system, regardless of high or low pressure. In this paper, response characteristics are modeled and analyzed based on behavior of the main piston of the pilot-operated control valve. Although various factors influence operation of the main piston, this paper analyzes the effect of equilibrium pressure depending on valve installation position and application, and inlet and outlet orifice size of the load pressure feedback chamber to determine feedback characteristics of the main piston. As a result, it was possible to quantitatively analyze the effect of change in equilibrium and load pressure feedback chamber flow path size on the change in main piston dynamic and static characteristics.

• Journal of the KSME
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• v.33 no.11
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• pp.936-941
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• 1993

최근 소비전력 구제 및 $CO_{2}$ 발생량 구제 등으로 인하여 에너지 절약형 제품에 대한 요 구가 점증하고있어 핵심부품인 열교환기의 효율 향상은 숙명적인 과제라 할 수 있다. 에어컨에 사용되고 있는 응축기와 증발기(condenser/evaporator)는 대부분이 핀-튜브(fin-tube)형의 직교 류형 열교환기 (crossflow heat exchanger)이다. 이와 같은 열교환기의 성능에 영향을 미치는 인자들은 크게 핀과 튜브로 구성되는 기하학적인 인자와 공기부와 냉매부로 나뉘어지는 물리적인 인자로 나눌 수 있다. 이 글에서는 핀-튜브형 열교환기의 설계시 고려하여야 할 기하학적 인자와 물리적 인자에 대하여 기술하고자 한다.

• The Magazine of the Society of Air-Conditioning and Refrigerating Engineers of Korea
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• v.31 no.11
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• pp.29-30
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• 2002

현재 버스 에어컨용 압축기의 주류는 왕복동 크랭크식이 주류를 이루고 있고, 저진동, 저소음, 장착성 등이 고객의 요구에 일치되었다고 할수 있지만, 버스실내의 쾌적성에 대한 만족 기준은 갈수록 향상되어 압축기의 능력 향상과 동시에 진동, 소음의 저감이 요구되고 자동차 업계에서는 연비 개선이 최대 관심사로 부각되어지고 특히, 소형화, 경량화가 강력히 진행될 수 밖에 없는 현실이 도래되고 있다. 따라서 압축기 ON-OFF가 연비 및 진동 소음에 크게 영향을 미침에 따라 이의 개선을 위한 W형 6실린더 압축기 탑재가 증가되는 추세라 할 수 있다.

• Bulletin of Food Technology
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.70-78
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• 1998

공기와 같은 유체를 식품의 표면에 직접 고압으로 분사하는 것은 그 식품을 가열하거나, 건조, 냉각, 냉동시키는데 큰 도움을 주고 있다. Impingement-분사(공기, 스팀), 조사(방사선, 레이저), 침투(당액, 냉매) 등의 식품가공기술 기술은 우리가 생활하고 있는 주변에서 일상적으로 나타는 현상이다. 지표면에 태양빛이 전달되는 것이나 상점에서 물건구입시 포장지에 붙은 바코드(barcode)에 레이저빔을 쏘는 것도 모두 Impingement현상이다. 레이더도 전자파를 발사하는것(Impinging)이며, 배나 잠수함도 음파를 발사하여 장애물을 탐지하면서 운항한다. 세차장에서 차를 세차하는 것도 고압의 물을 분사(Impinging)하는 기술이 동원 되는 것이다. Impingement 방식에 의해 식품을 가열하거나 냉각하는 것은 기존의 방법들보다 속도는 느리지만 그만한 값어치가 있는 유용한 식품가공 기법이다.

• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.312-319
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• 2006

In this study, performance of 2 pure hydrocarbons and 7 mixtures was measured in an attempt to substitute HCFC22 used in air-conditioners and heat pumps. The mixtures were composed of R1270 (propylene), R290 (propane), HFC152a, and RE170 (Dimethyl ether, DME). The pure and mixed refrigerants tested have GWPs of $3{\sim}58$ as compared to that of $CO_2$ and the mixtures are all near-azeotropic showing the gliding temperature difference (GTD) of less than $0.6^{\circ}C$. Thermodynamic cycle analysis was carried out to determine the optimum compositions and actual tests were performed in a laboratory heat pump test bench at the evaporation and condensation temperatures of 7.5 and $45.1^{\circ}C$ respectively. Test results show that the coefficient of performance (COP) of these mixtures is up to 5.7% higher than that of HCFC22. While propane showed 11.5% reduction in capacity, most of the fluids tested had the similar capacity to that of HCFC22. Compressor discharge temperatures were reduced by $11{\sim}17^{\circ}C$ with these fluids. There was no problem with mineral oil since the mixtures were mainly composed of hydrocarbons. The amount of charge was reduced up to 55% as compared to HCFC22. Overall, these fluids provide good performance with reasonable energy savings without any environmental problem and thus can be used as long term alternatives for. residential air-conditioning and heat pumping application.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.830-840
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• 1997

In this study, condensation heat transfer coefficients(HTCs) of CFC-11, HCFC-123 and HCFC-141b are measured, which are used/or considered as working fluids in centrifugal chillers. The main objectives of this study are to measure and compare the HTCs of various refrigerants on plain and low fin tubes and also to find out the optimum fin density of the low fin tubes. To accomplish these goals, HTCs of three refrigerants are measured for the plain tube as well as 4 types of low fin tubes. All measurements are carried out at the vapor temperature of 39.deg. C with the wall temperature difference of 3 .deg. C ~ 8.deg. C. For all the refrigerants tested, a low fin tube of 28 fins per inch yielded the best performance among all the tubes tested. For the plain tube, the HTCs of CFC-11 and HCFC-141b were very similar and those of HCFC-123 were 10% lower than those of CFC-11.Thus, it can be concluded that HCFC-123 and HCFC-141b are acceptable as alternative refrigerants for CFC-11 from the view point of condensation heat transfer.

• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
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• v.11 no.6
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• pp.808-814
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• 1999

Pool boiling performance of a metal-formed enhanced tube for a flooded refrigerant evaporator was experimentally investigated. Tests were performed for three different refrigerants(R-11, R-123, R-l34a), at two different saturation temperatures $4.4^{\circ}C \;and \;26.7^{\circ}C$ .Heat flux was varied from 10㎾/$m^2\;to\ 50㎾/$m^2$. Compared with the heat transfer coefficients of the smooth tube, the heat transfer coefficients of the enhanced tube were 6.6 times higher for R-11, 6.0 tines higher for R-123 and 3.5 times higher for R-l34a. The enhancements are comparable with those of foreign products. The heat transfer coefficients of R-l34a were higher than those of R-11 and R-123, either for the enhanced tube or for the smooth tube. At $4.4^{\circ}Csaturation temperature, however, the heat transfer coefficients of R-l34a were approximately the same as those of R-11, The effect of the saturation pressure on the boiling performance was similar to that of the smooth tube - the heat transfer coefficient increases as the saturation pressure increases.

• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
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• v.17 no.11
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• pp.981-989
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• 2005

In this study, external condensation heat transfer coefficients (HTCs) are measured on a low fin tube and Turbo-C tubes at the saturated vapor temperature of $30^{\circ}C$, $39^{\circ}C$, and $50^{\circ}C$ for R22, R410A, R407C and R134a with the wall subcooled at $3{\~}8^{\circ}C$. The HTCs of all refrigerants decreased as increasing the saturation temperature from $30^{\circ}C$ to $50^{\circ}C$. This trend is due to better thermodynamic properties of the liquid phase at low temperature Beatty and Katz's prediction yielded a $20.0\%$ deviation for the low fin tube data. The heat transfer enhancement factors for the 26 fpi low fin tube and Turbo-C tubes are 4.0${\~}$5.5 and 3.0${\~}$8.1 respectively for the refrigerants tested. Finally the performance of Turbo-C tube is better than that of the low fin tube.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Gas
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.44-48
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• 2007

The cooling heat transfer characteristics of supercritical $CO_2$ in a helical coil gas cooler on the change of coil diameters are experimentally investigated. The main components of the refrigerant loop are a receiver, a variable speed pump, a mass flow-meter, a pre-heater and a helical coil gas cooler (test section). The test sections are made of a copper tube which the inner diameter is 4.55 mm and the helical coil diameters are done of 26.75 mm and 41.35 mm. The mass fluxes of refrigerant are varied from 200 to 800 [$kg/m^2s$] and the inlet pressures of gas cooler are 7.5 to 10.0 (MPa). A gas cooler with helical coil diameter of 26.75 mm has larger heat transfer coefficient than that of 41.35 mm. Also, when compared with experimental data and published correlations avaliable, most of correlations are under-predicted, but Pitla published correlations avaliable, most of correlations are under-predicted, but Pitla et al.'s correlation shows a relatively good coincidence with the experimental data except the region of pseudo critical temperature.