• Journal of the Korean Institute of Rural Architecture
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.83-90
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• 2011

The purpose of this study is to analyze size and proportion of plan and section, and derive characteristics by types of worship-space in central hall of buddhist temple. This study covers 45 buddhist temples as designated national treasure and treasure. Types of central hall of buddhist temple are 'Columnless Type', 'Inner Column Type', and 'Colonnade Type'. The results are as follows. Firstly, in the proportion of width and length, 'Columnless Type' is mostly represented with 1:0.73, 'Inner Column Type' with 1:0.54 and seems to be widening for the other types, and 'Colonnade Type' is same proportion with 'Columnless Type'. Secondly, in the proportion of width and height, 'Columnless Type' is 1:0.61 and sizes of worship-space of this type are different but the proportion is same. In the 'Inner Column Type', worship-space is enlarged because a buddhist altar is hustled into the rear. Thirdly, in the proportion of length and height, all types are represented with similar proportion as 1:1. Finally, proportion of the volume of worship-space in 'Columnless Type' is 1(width):0.74(length):0.60(height). The case of 'Inner Column Type' is 1:0.57:0.57 and length of worship-space is shortened, so characteristics of horizontality is emphasized. The space of same size with the proportion of 'Columnless Type' is situated in the inside of worship-space in 'Colonnade Type'.

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.226-233
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• 2010

An intensive study of the embryology of Gymnospermium microrrhynchum was conducted to provide information regarding a discussion of the phylogenetic relationships of the genus, which is yet unstudied. Our results indicated that Gymnospermium is similar to other genera of Berberidaceae in terms of its embryological features. Nevertheless, newly reported and unique features are the well-developed endothelium and the undifferentiated seed coat type. Until the study of Gymnospermium, it may have been considered to be closer to Caulophyllum and Leontice in the tribe Leonticeae. These three genera share many morphological features as well as molecular similarities, by which they are kept in the same tribe, Leonticeae. However, very little detailed embryological data regarding these genera have been published thus far. Gymnospermium was characterized according to the basic type of anther wall formation as well as its glandular tapetum, successive cytokinesis in the microspore mother cell, two-celled mature pollen grains, anatropous and crassinucellate ovules with a nucellar cap, well-developed endothelium, its Polygonum type of embryo sac formation, its nuclear type of endosperm formation, and its undifferentiated seed coat type. In comparison with Nandina, there are many differences, such as the dehiscence of the anther, the cytokinesis in the microspore mother cells, the shape of the megaspore dyad, and the seed characteristics. Although we had no available detailed embryological information regarding Caulophyllum and Leontice, which are genera that are more closely related to Gymnospermium, we could deduce from the phylogenetic relationship that Gymnospermium, Caulophyllum, and Leontice are more closely related to each other than other genera of Berberidaceae on the basis of the seed characteristics.

• Vending industry
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.70-71
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• 2012

자판기를 단기적인 홍보 마케팅에 활용하는 사례들이 늘고 있다. 과거에는 사람이 자판기 안에 들어가 상품을 내주는 '인간자판기' 식의 활용이 붐을 이루었었다. 주로 미인이 자판기 안에 들어가 브랜드가 감성적으로 어필하는 효과를 안겨 주었다. 그러나 이런 홍보 마케팅은 여러 곳에서 되풀이함으로 인해 참신성이 떨어져 최근에는 시큰둥해졌다. '보다 기발하고 자극적인 방법이 무엇일까?' 다음으로 등장하게 된 게 자판기의 의외성을 부각시키는 컨셉이다. 고객이 예상했던 뻔한 내용상품이 아니라 놀랄만한 상품과 서비스, 재미를 제공한다. 일례로 코카콜라의 홍보 마케팅에서는 꽃다발을 내주기도 하고, 막걸리 업체 배다리의 전시회 홍보 마케팅에서는 투출구에서 사람 손이 나와 막걸리를 따라주기도 하고 선물도 건넨다. 최근 매일유업에서 '우유속에'라는 유제품 출시를 기념하여 펼쳐진 '해피 프레젠트 (Happy Present) 캠페인'도 이 범주에 속한다. 말 그대로 자판기가 다양한 선물을 하는 컨셉이다. 기존 유사 홍보마케팅과 차별성이 있다면 고객이 미션을 수행해야 선물이 주어지는 참여형 프로그램이라는 점이다. 의외성에 대한 기대와 재미를 결합한 절묘한 홍보 마케팅이다. 저렴한 비용에 효과는 만점인 자판기 홍보 마케팅의 장점을 여실히 느끼게 한다. '우유속에' 자판기 홍보 마케팅에는 어떠한 기발함이 숨어있을까?