• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 1993

We report on kyanite newly found in the Yongduri gneiss complex of the Chuncheon-Hongcheon area, central Gyeonggi massif. Major mineral assemblage of quartzofeldspathic gneisses in the study area consists of biotite+ garnet+ sillimanite + plagioclase+ quartz${\pm}$kyanite${\pm}$K-feldspar${\pm}$muscovite. Kyanite occurs in four samples, and coexists with sillimanite in three of these samples. In most cases, kyanite is anhedral to subhedral, ranges up to Imm in the maximum dimension, and occurs as metastable relict grains. These observations indicate that the Yongduri gneiss complex has experienced a medium-pressure type metamorphism, followed by low-pressure type one belonging to the sillimanite+K-feldspar zone. Average temperature and pressure of the peak metamorphism are $683{\pm}62^{\circ}C$ and 4.9-5.5 kbar, respectively, when the existing chemical data are re-interpreted. In conjunction with the finding of kyanite in the Cheongpyeong-Gapyeong area (Lee and Cho, 19921, this study demonstrates that kyanite may occur regionally in central Gyeonggi gneiss complex. Moreover, the persistence of kyanite even after the high-T metamorphism of the sillimanitetK-feldspar zone suggests that the central Gyeonggi massif has experienced a tectonometamorphic evolution characterized by a rapid uplift.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.95 no.4
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• pp.398-404
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• 2006

This study was conducted to compare the biomass and annual net production between 60 to 70-year-old Quercus mongolica stand at 1,300m, 1,000m, and 800m from sea level in Mt. Joongwang. The total biomass and annual net production were 211.6 ton/ha and 12.7 ton/ha/yr in northern aspect and 200.3 ton/ha and 14.0 ton/ha/yr in southern aspect of 1,300m from sea level, 252.9 ton/ha and 17.3 ton/ha/yr in northern aspect and 212.2 ton/ha and 14.2 ton/ha/yr in southern aspect of 1,000m from sea level, and 256.7 ton/ha and 14.5 ton/ha/yr in northern aspect and 232.4 ton/ha and 14.6 ton/ha/yr in southern aspect of 800m from sea level. The obtained results showed significant differences in annual net production among the study stands with respect to altitude, while did not those with respect to aspect.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.79 no.3
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• pp.245-254
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• 1990

This study was carried out to analysis the structure of forest vegetation at the southern and northern slopes of Mt. Kum in Namhae. The results obtained were summarized as follows : The upper layer of south slope at the altitude of 100m was only distributed at Pinus thunbergii and Pinus densiflora. According to increase of altitude, the importance value of Pinus thunbergii was more decreased. In the upper layer of north slope, importance value of Pinus thunbergii was very high in the altitude of 100m, and was very low in the 200m. And also, importance value of Quercus variabilis and Steuortia koreana was high from 200m to 600m. The number of individuals of Pinus thunbergii and Pinus densiflora in the south slope were more increased than those of the north slope. The distributional class of D.B.H, showed an equal tendency in south and north slope, especially-Quercus variabilis and Quercus serrata had a good growth in north slope. The stand density in the upper lacer was high in south slope but mean acreage and mean distance of individual trees showed low. The species diversity indices were relatively lower in south slope than in north slope, and the maximum of species diversity showed slightly high in south slope. The evenness showed lower in south slope than in north slope relatively. By the cluster analysis used the similarity.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.27-34
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• 2021

In this study, the main influencing factors of the occurrence of cyanobacteria at each of the eight Multifunctional weirs were derived using a random forest, and a categorical prediction model based on a Algal bloom warning system was developed. As a result of examining the importance of variables in the random forest, it was found that the upstream points were directly affected by weir operation during the occurrence of cyanobacteria. This means that cyanobacteria can be managed through efficient security management. DO and E.C were indicated as major influencers in midstream. The midstream section is a section where large-scale industrial complexes such as Gumi and Gimcheon are concentrated as well as the emissions of basic environmental facilities have a great influence. During the period of heatwave and drought, E.C increases along with the discharge of environmental facilities discharged from the basin, which promotes the outbreak of cyanobacteria. Those monitoring sites located in the middle and lower streams are areas that are most affected by heat waves and droughts, and therefore require preemptive management in preparation for the outbreak of cyanobacteria caused by drought in summer. Through this study, the characteristics of cyanobacteria at each point were analyzed. It can provide basic data for policy decision-making for customized cyanobacteria management.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.54 no.spc1
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• pp.1167-1181
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• 2021

In relation to the algae bloom, four types of blue-green algae that emit toxic substances are designated and managed as harmful Cyanobacteria, and prediction information using a physical model is being also published. However, as algae are living organisms, it is difficult to predict according to physical dynamics, and not easy to consider the effects of numerous factors such as weather, hydraulic, hydrology, and water quality. Therefore, a lot of researches on algal bloom prediction using machine learning have been recently conducted. In this study, the characteristic importance of water quality factors affecting the occurrence of Cyanobacteria harmful algal blooms (CyanoHABs) were analyzed using the random forest (RF) model for Bohyeonsan Dam and Yeongcheon Dam located in Yeongcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do and also predicted the occurrence of harmful blue-green algae using the machine learning and deep learning models and evaluated their accuracy. The water temperature and total nitrogen (T-N) were found to be high in common, and the occurrence prediction of CyanoHABs using artificial neural network (ANN) also predicted the actual values closely, confirming that it can be used for the reservoirs that require the prediction of harmful cyanobacteria for algal management in the future.

• Journal of Korean Philosophical Society
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• v.120
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• pp.109-130
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• 2011

The main purpose of this paper is to examine Putnam's recent conception of ethics, and show that it gives rise to an ineluctable incoherence with his rationalism. This suggests that Putnam's philosophy has to be far more naturalized to make his new position cogent. Putnam recently has shown some explicit turn toward pragmatism a la James and Dewey under the name of "pragmatic pluralism." Putnam says that traditional ethics has presupposed some form of ontology in one way or another, which he sees is based on an unnecessary pursuit of a misleading conception of objectivity. Putnam tries to get rid of any notion of ontology in ethics, whereby we can talk about a third view which runs between traditional objectivism and nihilistic relativism. In this sense, he defines pragmatism as "fallibilism cum antiskepticism." Putnam's suggestion makes a good sense as far as it goes. However, his continuous transition toward pragmatism is critically impeded by his own adhesion to the normative conception of "reason." In this light, Putnam himself is wobbling between Kant and Dewey, just as he describes ethics is. Dewey's pragmatism does not have recourse to the very notion of reason to secure objectivity necessary to make sense of moral experience. Putnam needs to be far more naturalized to reach cogently where he espouses, and this can be done only by renouncing the normative conception of reason.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.313-319
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• 2005

This survey was conducted in order to obtain the basic data for desirable consumption habits through investigation and analysis of university students' fast food consumption behaviors. Questionnaires were collected from a total of 374 male and female students living in big or small and medium-sized cities in August, 2004. The contents surveyed were utilization and expenses of fast foods, choice of fast foods, relationship between fast foods and a diet, and characteristics of fast food restaurants. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. The ratio of the surveyees varied according to gender, residence, and the size of a city they're living in. For example, males took up 48.66% of the surveyees, while females did 51.34%. The ratio of residents in apartments and stand-alone houses was 54.81% and 45.19% each. 47.33% of the respondents were living in big cities, while 52.67% of them in small and medium-sized cities. 2. 70.1% of the surveyees responded that they are with friends when having fast foods. There was a highly significant difference between male and female in the type of eating companions (p<0.001). The average number of days that they eat fast foods was 1 to 2 times a week, which accounted for 63.7% of the respondents. However, in the case of eating foods, there was no significant differences between two sexes. 3. 64.2% of the surveyees paid more than 20,000 won to buy fast foods for a week, which showed no significant differences between genders. They tend to split a bill, rather than one person pays all. There was a highly significant difference between genders in paying method (p<0.001). 4. 52.1 % of the respondents chose a menu themselves. Their most favored food was chickens (26.5%), which showed a statistically significant difference between genders (p<0.001). 46.8% of them preferred coke as a drink, which had no significant difference between genders. 42.2% of the surveyees had fast foods between lunch and dinner, which also had no significant difference between genders. The most important factor in choosing a menu was its taste (62.8%), which indicated a significant difference between males and females (p<0.05). 5. The preference to fast foods was due to the influence of western culture (36.4%) and eating-out habits (29.1%), which was significantly different between genders (p<0.05). Those who eat fast foods answered they have normal weight and normal body type (49.5%). 24.3% of them were relatively fat with significant difference between genders (p<0.05). 63.4% of the surveyees thought themselves not picky with foods, and there was a significant difference between genders (p<0.05). 78.3% of them mostly preferred franchise restaurants because they are convenient and cheap.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.33 no.4 s.92
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• pp.366-373
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• 2000

Toxin production and low digestibility of cyanobacteria are known to cause low exploitability of cyanobacteria by zooplankton. In this study, we compared relative tolerance and compatibility of zooplankton taxa in eight eutrophic lakes, exposed to frequent cyanobacterial blooms, uring the summer season of 1999. Microcystis, Anabaena, Oscillatoria and Phormidium were common cyanobacteria in all lakes. with relatively lower $NO_3-N$ concentration (<0.2 mgN/l) and TN/TP ratio (<20), compared with other lakes where colonial cyanobacteria dominated. Rotifers were dominant zooplankton in most lakes, and among them, Keratella, Polyarthra and Hexathra were common. The laboratory feeding experiment showed that relative copepods that greatly decreased (90%) after 4 day when cyanobacteria were used as the food source of zooplankton, while rotifers gradually increased with the change of dominant taxa from Keratella through Pompholyx to Monostyla. These results suggest that rotifers may be capable of coexisting with cyanobacteria by exploiting them for the food source.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.161-170
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• 2008

Recently irregular dark-colored patches were found on the Kentucky teeing ground in a golf course in Gyunggi providence. Interestingly, blue-green algae from the leaf tissue sample containing black spot-stained symptoms were largely observed through microscopic study. In general, algae present on the upper soil surface or in the upper layer of root zone form dark brown layers of scum or crust, which invoked harmful effects to turf growth such as poor drainage, inhibition of new root development. In this observation, unlike the algae were sometime found in senescing leaves on contacted soil in July and August, the blue-green algae were detected within black spot-stained Kentucky bluegrass leaf tissues including leaf blade, ligule, auriclea as well as leaf sheath. The blue-green algae were also detected on the leaf and stem tissue adjacent to the symptomatic leaf tissues. Two species of blue-green algae, Phomidium and Oscillatoria, were greatly observed. Oscillatoria species was more commonly notified in all samples. In addition, the two species were found on a putting green showing yellow spot disease at another golf course in Gyunggi providence. The data from chemical control assay revealed that chemicals such as propiconazole, iprodione, and azoxystrobin decreased blue-green algae population and leaf spots, which finally resulted in enhanced leaf quality. All taken together, we strongly suggested that the disease-like phenomenon by blue-green algae might be very closely mediated with infection/translocation process in relation with turfgrass. It indicates that blue-green algae in turf management may play an adverse role as a secondary barrier as well as a pathogenic agent. This report may be helpful for superintendents to recognize and understand the fact that algae control should be provided more cautiously and seriously than we did previously in upcoming golf course management.

• Digital Contents
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• no.2 s.117
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• pp.33-35
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• 2003

지난해 12월 국내에서는 처음으로 디지털콘텐츠 관련 석사과정이 개설됐다. 숙명여대 정보통신대학원이 올해부터 디지털콘텐츠 전공 석사과정을 정식 교과과정으로 신설하기로 결정한 것이다. 이제까지 국내에서는 일부 사이버대학의 학부에 비슷한 과정이 개설되었지만 석사과정에 디지털콘텐츠를 전문으로 교육하는 과정이 개설되기는 이번이 처음이다. 국내에서 처음으로 디지털콘텐츠 석사과정을 맡게 된 문형남(43) 숙명여대 정보통신대학원 주임교수를 만나 앞으로의 과정 운영방안을 들어봤다.