• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제44권5호
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• pp.709-716
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• 2011

남극의 토양환경에 대한 기초자료 확보를 위해서 킹조지섬 바튼반도의 세종곶 (세종기지)을 기점으로 하여 3개의 그룹으로 나누어서 총 13개 지점에서 토양을 채취하여 물리화학적 특성을 조사하였다. 남극 세종기지 주변 토양의 물리적 특성은 전 지점에서 sand가 약 90%이상으로서 silt와 clay에 비하여 매우 높았고, 토성은 모두 사토 (10개 지점)와 양질사토 (3개 지점)로 분류되었으며, 전반적인 토양의 입자별 분포특성은 $2,000-500{\mu}m$ 범위의 굵은 입자는 Group 1 > Group 2 > Group 3 순으로 함량이 높았고, $499-355{\mu}m$ 에서는 지역에 따른 큰 차이가 나타나지 않았고, $355{\mu}m$ 이하의 미세입자는 Group 3 > Group 2 > Group 1 순으로 함량이 높았다. 토양의 화학적 특성은 각각의 지점별로 큰 차이를 나타내었다. pH는 4.5-6.7 범위로 약산성 토양이었고, EC는 $0.06-0.16dS\;m^{-1}$ 범위로 낮았다. T-N, OM 및 T-C의 함량은 #6, #8, #12 및 #13 지점이 높은 농도를 나타내었고, T-P 와 $P_2O_5$의 함량은 #9 와 #12의 지점이 높은 농도를 나타내었다. 따라서 남극 킹조지섬에 위치한 세종기지 주변 토양의 물리화학적 특성을 연구한 결과 각각의 지점별로 다양한 특성을 나타내었다. 본 연구는 단편적인 조사에 의해서 이루어졌으나, 남극반도 및 그 주변 섬들의 토양환경을 이해하는데 도움이 될 것이라고 판단된다.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.11-21
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• 2001

K-Ar ages of the altered rocks from the Barton Peninsula are belows; altered tuffaceous andesite from southwestern part is 42 Ma, altered rocks contacted with quartz vein from southern part are 28 and 33 Ma, and advanced argillic altered andesite from northeastern part are 33 and 35 Ma. Those K-Ar ages are 10 My younger than granitic rocks of the Barton Peninsula. Hydothermal alteration of the Barton Peninsula was originated from mixing of magmatic water from parent magma of granitic rocks with meteoric water. The Al content in the hostrock is relatively constant during hydrothermal alteration, on the contrary the Mg content is in proportion to total alkali. The variation of total alkali and Mg contents in hydrothermal alteration indicates that those elements was washed out during hydrothermal alteration. The sequences of hydrothermal alteration of the Barton Peninsula is chloritization of amphiboles, sericitization of feldspars and kaolitization of sericite.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.1-10
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• 2004

Ice cliff retreat and sea-ice formation around King Sejong Station in King George Island were analysed and compared with air temperature change. Analysis of 33-year (1969-2001) air temperature records at Bellingshausen Station has revealed regional atmospheric warming, and the increasing rate of air temperature Is equivalent to a warming of $1^{\circ}C$ for 27-year period. Here we present time-series of observations for the areal extent of the ice cliff and ice sheet, showing that they have retreated dramatically in the past 45 years (1956-2001). Retreat of 1,050 m in length of the ice clifr has changed the Marian Cove into a low rectangular form of 4 km in length and 1 to 1.3km in width. The retreat rates have since increased from 6 m/yr of the Primary investigated Period to 54 and 81m/yr in the recent years. Exceptionally, the ice cliff had been advanced of 21m in length for a year between 1987 and 1988 of cold winters. Ice sheet in King George Island also shows a similar decrease, and the decreasing extent is much larger at the southern part of the Main Cove, relatively more exposed to the sun, than at the northern part. Comparing sea-ice formation in winter with air temperature data shows a pattern starting to freeze below $-5^{\circ}C$ and to thaw over $-3^{\circ}C$. It is conclusively estimated that the patterns and magnitudes of ice cliff retreat and sea-ice formation are consistent with fluctuations of the air temperature, and that the recent rapid retreat of ice cliff and less formation of sea-ice are caused especially by the warming trends in autumn accompanied with expansion of summer thawing period.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.123-134
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• 2002

Seasonal variations of settling particles and metal fluxes were monitored at a nearshore site of Marian Cove, King Geroge Island, Antarctica from 28th February 1998 to 22nd January 2000. Near-bottom sediment traps were deployed at 30m water depth of the cove, and sampling bottles were recovered every month by SCUBA divers. Total particulate flux and metal concentrations were determined from the samples. Total particulate flux showed a distinct seasonality, high in austral summer and low in austral winter: the highest flux $(21.97g\;m^{-2}d^{-1})$ was found in February of 1999, and the lowest $(2.47g\;m^{-2}d^{-1})$ in September of 1998, when sea surface was frozen completely. Lithogenic particle flux accounted for 90% of the total flux, and showed a significantly negative correlation with the thickness of snow accumulation around the study site. It was suggested that the most of the lithogenic particles trapped in the bottles was transported by melt water stream from the surrounding land. Fluxes of Al, Fe, Ti, Mn, Zn, Cii, Co, Ni, Cr, Cd, and Pb showed similar seasonal variations with the total flux, and their averaged fluxes were 34000, 9000,960, 180, 13.8, 17.6, 3.0,2.1, 5.4, 0.02, and $1.5nmol\;m^{-2}d^{-1}$ respectively. Among the metals, Cu and Cd showed the most noticeable seasonal patterns. The Cd flux correlated positively with the fluxes of biogenic components while the Cu flux correlated with both the lithogenic and biogenic particle fluxes. The Cu flux peak in the late summer is likely related to a substantial amount of inflow of ice melt water laden with Cu-enriched lithogenic particles. On the other hands, the Cd flux peak in the early spring may be associated with the unusually early occurred phytoplankton bloom.

• 환경생물
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.21-31
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• 2000

We investigated seasonal variation of microalgal assemblages, sea water temperature, salinity and suspended solid and the parameters measured daily from January 1998 to October 1999 at a nearshore shallow-water in Marian Cove, Maxwell Bay, King George Island, the Antarctic. Annual mean surface water temperature was -0.3$0^{\circ}C$ and the highest water temperature was 4.53$^{\circ}C$ (22 January 1999) and the lowest water temperature was -2.07$^{\circ}C$ (23 August 1998). Annual mean salinity was 33.38 psu, ranging from 42.80 psu (6 January 1999) to 19.50 psu (6 June 1999). Annual mean suspended solid (SS) during two years was 34.14 mgㆍ1$^{-1}$, ranging from 60.62 mgㆍ1$^{-1}$(7 March 1998) to 12.90 mgㆍ1$^{-1}$ (26 December 1998). Chlorophyll $\alpha$ (Chl $\alpha$) concentrations were measured in order to know seasonal variations of microalgae in the surface seawater. Annual mean of total Chl a concentration was 0.55$\mu\textrm{g}$ㆍ1$^{-1}$, the highest Chl $\alpha$ concentration (12.16$\mu\textrm{g}$ㆍ1$^{-1}$) appeared in 4 October 1998, the lowest Chl $\alpha$ concentration appeared 0.19$\mu\textrm{g}$ㆍ1$^{-1}$, Monthly mean total Chl $\alpha$ concentration was high in October 1998 (1.32$\mu\textrm{g}$ㆍ1$^{-1}$) and low in July on 1998 (0.28$\mu\textrm{g}$ㆍ1$^{-1}$). Annual mean nano-sized Chl $\alpha$ concentration was 0.40$\mu\textrm{g}$ㆍ1$^{-1}$, monthly mean nano -sized Chl $\alpha$ concentration was high in November 1998 (0.90$\mu\textrm{g}$ㆍ1$^{-1}$), and low in July 1999 (0.22$\mu\textrm{g}$ㆍ1$^{-1}$). Annual mean micro-sized Chl $\alpha$ concentration was 0.15$\mu\textrm{g}$ㆍ1$^{-1}$ monthly mean micro-sized Chl $\alpha$ concentration was high in October 1998 (0.81$\mu\textrm{g}$ㆍ1$^{-1}$), and low July 1998, January, February and September 1999 (0.05$\mu\textrm{g}$ㆍ1$^{-1}$). More than 65% of total Chl $\alpha$ was concentrated during spring and summer time between October and March. Microalgal variation appeared to be due to physical factors of seawater in the Antarctic nearshore from 1998 to 1999. The reason why micro-sized Chl $\alpha$ did not increase during austral summer was the bay had been frozen by decrease of water temperature. We think that total microalgal abundance was decreased because the summer microalgal abundance was determined by variation of water temperature during winter season. [Chl $\alpha$ concentration, Microalgal assembalges, Seasonal variation, the Antarctic nearshore].

• 한국해양학회지:바다
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• 제5권4호
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• pp.295-304
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• 2000

수리적인 환경 요인(조석, 바람 등)에 따른 하계 서남극 킹조지섬 마리안 소만의 수층 특성과 부유물질 분산을 이해하기 위해 내만에 유빙이 점유했던 시기에 30분 간격으로 CTDT연속 관측을 수행하였고 공간적인 표층 해수의 특성(수온과 염분)과 부유물질농도가 측정되었다. 소만 중앙의 수층은 탁도의 관점에서 크게 1)저온 ${\cdot}$ 저염 ${\cdot}$ 고탁도의 표층 플름과 2)고온 ${\cdot}$ 고염 ${\cdot}$ 저탁도의 맥스웰 만 유입수로 나누어진다. 소만 안쪽의 빙벽 앞과는 달리 빙하기저부 유출에 의한 담수성 수층이 나타나지 않았다. 고온의 맥스웰 만 표층수와 조수빙하/유빙의 열적 융빙은 표층 혼합층을 발달시키며 특히 소만 내 유빙의 점유와 거동으로 인해 맥스웰 만 유입수의 수층 특성이 불안정해진다. 이러한 수층의 불안정으로 인해 조석주기에 따른 맥스웰 만 유입수와 표층 플름의 거동은 나타나지 않았다. 소만 북부 연안에 나타나는 표층 플름에 비해 고온 ${\cdot}$ 고염 ${\cdot}$ 고탁도 표층 플름은 강한 북서풍 계열의 바람으로 위버 반도 서부 연안을 따라 중앙 분지로 유입되는 연안류이다. 표층 플름의 육성기원 쇄설물은 주로 급경사 연안의 빙벽 가장자리와 일부 해안가의 융설수류로부터 유입되며 조석과 바람에 의해 분산되고 조절된다. 특히 대조차 시기의 북서풍은 고탁도의 표층 플름을 내만에 체류시키며 소만 분지에 육성기원 쇄설성입자의 퇴적을 증가시킨다.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.265-280
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• 2011

The temporal dynamics of the meiofauna community in Marian Cove, King George Island, Antarctica were observed from March 7 to December 21 2007. Nine meiofauna taxa were found, with nematodes the most dominant group, making up 92.97% of the total meiofauna density, followed by harpacticoid copepods (3.18%). Meiofauna abundance ranged from 123 to 874 individuals per 10 $cm^2$ (mean 464 inds.10 $cm^{-2}$), which is lower than that found in some polar and temperate regions. The lowest meiofauna abundance was found in the 26th April sample (III) and the highest meiofauna abundance was found in the March 23rd sample (II). There was no correlation between meiofauna abundance and season. The seasonal changes were likely caused by meltwater runoff, and there were the physical disturbances on the bottom sediment by huge iceberg. Biomass of meiofauna varied between 20.36 and 101.02 ${\mu}gC{\cdot}10\;cm^{-2}$, and overall mean biomass was 54.17 ${\mu}gC{\cdot}10\;cm^{-2}$ during the study periods. More than 80% of meiofauna was concentrated in the upper 2 cm of the sediment, and density decreased with depth. The mean diversity index was 0.37, and the ratio between the abundance of nematodes: and harpacticoids (N/C) ratio ranged from 7.31 to 95.04 (mean 26.39). NMDS analysis divided the community into three groups: A (III, IV, V, VII, VIII), B (II, IX, XI, XII) and C (I, V, X). The results of ANOSIM and SIMPER analysis revealed significant differences in community structure among three groups and major contributed meiofauna taxon in grouping were nematodes and copepods. No significant correlations were observed between major meiofauna taxon and environmental factors. Thirteen species in 12 genera representing nine families of harpacicoids were recorded. Ancorabolidae was the most diverse family, and Heteropsyllidae was the most abundant. The correlation analysis between benthic harpacticoid copepods and environmental factors showed that some species were affected by water temperature, sediment temperature, salinity, chlorophyll a concentration, grain size of the sediments and heavy metal contents of the sediments. These data describe the usefulness of benthic harpacticoid copepods as biological indicator species in Antarctic regions.