• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.308-319
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• 2016

In order to set the outdoor weather conditions to be applied to the design standard of the greenhouse heating and cooling system, outdoor air temperature and heating degree-hour for heating design, dry bulb temperature, wet bulb temperature and solar irradiance for cooling design were analyzed and presented. For every region in Korea, we used thirty years from 1981 to 2010 hourly weather data for analysis, which is the current standard of climatological normal provided by KMA. Since the use of standard weather data is limited, design weather conditions were obtained using the entire weather data for 30 years, and the average value of the entire data period was presented as a design standard. The design weather data with exceedance probability of 1, 2.5, and 5% were analyzed by the TAC method, and we presented the distribution map with exceedance probability of 1% for heating and 2.5% for cooling which are recommended by design standards. The changes of maximum heating load, seasonal heating load and maximum cooling load were examined by regions, exceedance probabilities, and setpoint temperatures. The proposed outdoor design conditions can be used not only directly for the greenhouse heating and cooling design, but also for the reinforcement of heating and cooling facilities and the establishment of energy saving measures. Recently, due to the climate change, sweltering heat in summer and abnormal temperature in winter are occurring frequently, so we need to analyze weather data periodically and revise the design standard at least every 10 years cycle.

• Journal of the Society of Disaster Information
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.583-597
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• 2014

Fire caused by heater has various causes as many as the types of heater. also, lots of damage of human life and property loss are caused, since annually continuous fire accident by heater in traditional market is frequently occurring. There are not many cases of fire due to heater in most of residential facilities such as general house, apartments, etc., because they are supplied with heating boiler, however the restaurant, store and office of the market, sports center, factory, workplace, etc. still use heater, e.g. oilstove, electric heater, etc., so that they are exposed to fire hazard. Also, when investigating the number of fire due to heater, it was analyzed to occur in order of home boiler, charcoal stove, oilstove, gas heater/stove, electric stove/heater, the number of fire per human life damage was analyzed in order of gas heater/stove, oil heater/stove, electric heater/stove, briquette/coal heater. Also, gas and oil related heater were analyzed to have low frequency, however, with high fire intensity. Therefore, this research aimed at considering more scientific fire inspection and identification approach by reenacting and reviewing fire outbreak possibility caused by combustibles' contact and conductivity under the normal condition and abnormal condition in respect of ignition hazard, i.e. minimum ignition temperature, carbonization degree and heat flux along with it, due to oilstove and electric stove, which are still frequently used in public use facility, traditional market, and, of which actual fire occurrence is the most frequent. As the result of reenact test, ignition hazard appeared very small, as long as enough heat storage condition is not made in both test objects(oilstove/electric stove), however carbonization condition was analyzed to be proceeded per each part respectively. Eventually, transition to fire is the ignition due to heat storage, so that it was analyzed to ignite when minimum heat storage temperature condition of fire place is over $500^{\circ}C$. Particularly, in case of quartz pipe, the heating element of electric stove, it is rapidly heated over the temperature of $600^{\circ}C$ within the shortest time(10sec), so that the heat flux of this appears 6.26kW/m2, which was analyzed to result in damage of thermal PVC cable and second-degree burn in human body. Also, the researcher recognized that the temperature change along with Geometric View Factor and Fire Load, which display decrease of heat, are also important variables to be considered, along with distance change besides temperature condition. Therefore, the researcher considers that a manual of careful fire inspection and identification on this is necessary, also, expects that scientific and rational efforts of this research can contribute to establish manual composition and theoretical basis on henceforth fire inspection and identification.

• Proceedings of the KSPS conference
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• 1996.02a
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• pp.1-2
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• 1996

청각의 중요성은 새잠스럽게 말활 필요도 없고 농아가 말못하는 것은 누구나 다 알 수 있는 사실입니다. 그러나 음을 하나하나 습득하고 단어를 하나하나 반복하면서 언어습득을 시작하는 유년기에 있어서 청각은 더욱 독특한 역활을 합니다. 조국에 돌아와서 일하기 시작한지 일년이 조금 넘었으나 최초부터 우리 연구소에 찾아오는 어린이가 구주제국보다 훨씬 연소하고 또 수가 훨씬 많은 데 놀랐습니다. 그 중 대다수가 조음장애라든가 언어지연입니다. 더욱 놀라운 점은 이러한 장애가 정상지능의 어린이에게 많은 것입니다. 일반상식으로 어휘력과 발표력이 부족한 어린이들은 정신지체아와 혼동하게 됩니다. 연구소에 진단받으러 오는 어린이들을 체계적으로 청각 검사를 한 결과를 슬라이드를 통해서 말씀드리겠습나다. 검사받은 어린이 중 50-60%가 청각에 이상이 있는 것이 발견되었습니다. 동반한 어머니들은 너무나 놀라서 "우리 아이는 검사를 받았어요! 모두 정상이라고 그랬어요" 이 엄마 말씀도 정당하고 전검사도 정당활 것입니다. 그러나 이러한 어린이들의 문제는 특수합니다. 즉 경도난청에다 또 일시적 난청이기 때문에 명시에 생활하는 데는 큰 지장이 없고 때에 따라서는 청각이 거의 완전히 회복되고 또 몇 주후에 감기가 들거나 하면 다시 난청이 되는 것입니다. 이러한 난청문제가 일년에 3-4번씩 반복되어 어린이가 만 3-4세가 되면 약 1년간 청확한 음을 청취못한 셈이 됩니다. 조석에 기온차가 대단한 계절, 난방의 발달로 인하여 실내는 영상 24도이고 문 한겹만 열고 나가면 영하 10도 그 차이는 34도, 거리로 나가면 일산화탄소를 뿜고 쾌주 하는 차량, 버스나 트럭에셔 나오는 연기는 키가 작은 어린이 코속으로 직통하고 에어컨 시스댐으로 난방.냉방하는 지하상가, 백화점, 지하철 기타 대건물에는 바이러스 만연의 적절한 곳이 됩니다. 생리적 저항력이 없는 어린이들은 이러한 공해와 생활조건의 제일희생자가 되는 것입니다. 엄마들이 "얘는 감기, 비염, 편도선을 달고 삽니다...." "얘는 코감기, 목감기 번갈아 가면서 하도 앓고 있어서 양약율 중지하고 현재 한약을 먹고 있습니다." 이러한 역경은 극복할 수 있는가\ulcorner 질병의 메카니즘은 어떻게 작용되는가\ulcorner 등등을 육미회 센타에서 체험한 사례를 가지고 말씀드리고자 합니다.

• KIEAE Journal
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.11-16
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• 2009

To act and respond to the climate changes and to bring about power-saving in buildings, the changes in the atmospheric data in Korea are recorded and assessed. For the two regions representative of Korea, the data obtained from HadCM3 and actual data are compared and analyzed so as to concretely evaluate and confirm the changes taking place in the cooling and heating degree days in Korea. For the past 40 years, from 1996 to 2005, the number of heating degree days was on the decline and in the two representative regions, between 1980's and 1990's, the number of decrease in the heating degree days had been quite large. The number of cooling degree days showed a trend of increase since the 1970's and just as in the case of heating degree days, the extent of increase was quite large between the 1980's and the 1990's. The results of comparison of the number of heating and cooling degree days, one obtained from the "Korea Meteorological Administration" and another from the HadCM3 data (E127.5,N37.5,E127.5,N35), which is one of the ways of predicting the climate, showed similar trends in the number of heating degree days in the Yeosu area. However, in the case of the number of heating degree days in Seoul and the number of cooling degree days both in Seoul and Yeosu, the differences in the number ranged from a minimum of 300 days to a maximum of 1500 days. This could be attributed to the grid points used in the HadCM3, the differences in the values of latitudes and longitudes of these two locations considered in this study, topographical differences, heat island effect caused by population density etc. and while using the HadCM3, these variables factors must be taken into consideration.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Bio-Environment Control Conference
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• 1998.05a
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• pp.97-102
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• 1998

식생활패턴변화와 국민보건적 요구도가 증가함에 따라 수산물 및 청정채소에 대한 요구가 급증하고 있어 내수면양어시설과 수경재배시설이 증가하고 있는 추세이다 한편 석유에너지의 사용에 따른 환경오염문제가 대두되고 있으며 또한 난방연료가격앙등에 의한 생산비상승으로 고심하고 있는 실정이다. (중략)

• KIEAE Journal
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.43-48
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• 2013

The effect of climate change has influenced humanity and ecosystem with tremendous changes in temperature. For the past 150 years, the national annual average temperature is 0.6 degree increased and the heating degree day reduced from April to November. However, December to January, the climate change was generated and the heating degree day increased. The blackout occured in 2011 and 2012 by increasing electricity consumption of heating and cooling equipment to the effects of climate change. That is because heating load accounted for 20% of building electric use. In this study, strengthening measures to reduce heating energy consumption is presented due to climate change in winter since 1980 to prevent blackout and reliable power supply for the building energy-saving design standards by Meteorological data provided by the National Weather Service were calculated using the heating degree days in order to present eighteen cities from 1980 to 2012. Insulation standards are presented to prevent black-out by the heating degree days. the heating energy demand was reduced almost 6% including 10% in Central, 5% in South and Jeju area based on strengthening of the insulation. It is applied to the entire country an annual economic effect of 250 billion won, and black-out can be prevented.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.845-859
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• 2016

This study was conducted to examine the effect of nighttime ventilation and heating on changes in temperature and humidity, the occurrence of white rust, and growth of standard chrysanthemum (Dendranthema grandiflorum) 'Baekma' in a greenhouse. For the ventilation treatments, the mean nighttime humidity in the control greenhouse, which had a closed side window, was higher (94.5%), but the humidity in the natural and natural+fan ventilation treatments was lower (74.3% and 72.8%, respectively). The rate of occurrence of white rust at 34 days after treatment was 100, 98.3, 75.6, and 43.3% for the control, fan ventilation, natural ventilation, and natural+fan ventilation treatments, respectively. The number of infected leaves and telia were the lowest in the natural+fan ventilation treatment compared with the other treatments. The growth of the chrysanthemum 'Baekma' was significantly suppressed in the control because of the occurrence of white rust and high humidity, while plant height, number of leaves, stem diameter, and fresh weight were the greatest in the natural+fan ventilation treatment. For the heating treatments, the mean nighttime temperature of the control (RH 95% heating), which was heating and held at 95% humidity, was $18.4^{\circ}C$, while the temperature of the heating treatment, which was held at 70% relative humidity (RH 70% heating) was $25.8^{\circ}C$. The rate of occurrence of white rust (34.4%), number of infected leaves (0.9), and telia (1.0) were the lowest in the RH 70% heating treatment compared with the other heating conditions. Also, the RH 70% heating treatment showed the best growth in terms of plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves, and fresh weight. Therefore, the natural+fan ventilation and RH 70% heating treatments were effective for the control of white rust and the growth of standard chrysanthemum 'Baekma' in a greenhouse.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.271-277
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• 2021

In this study, experiments of local heating on crown and supplying warm nutrient for energy saving and improving growth of 'Seolhyang' strawberry were conducted. The temperature of inside and crown in greenhouses which were control (space heating 8℃) and test (space heating 5℃+crown heating) was measured. In the control greenhouse, the average of temperature and humidity in December was 7.1℃, 87.2%, respectively. In the test greenhouse, the average of temperature and humidity in December was 5.7℃, 88.7%. The temperature of crown and inside the bed were 7.9℃, 10.8℃ in control, 9.3℃, 12.7℃ in test. During the test period, the total 16,847×10³ kcal of energy was consumed in control greenhouse including space heating. In test greenhouse including space heating, crown heating and warm water supplying, total 9,475.7×10³ kcal of energy was consumed. So, energy consumption in test was 43.8% less than in the control. The total yields of strawberry during test period were 412.7g/plant for test greenhouse and 393.3g/plant for control greenhouse respectively.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Bio-Environment Control Conference
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• 1998.05a
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• pp.77-82
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• 1998

현재 온실 난방에 주로 이용되고 있는 난방기는 대부분이 화석에너지를 연료로 사용하고 있다. 따라서 생산비의 가중이 불가피하며, 또한 연소 과정에서 발생하는 배기 가스로 인하여 환경 오염이 문제시되고 있다. 따라서 태양에너지를 보다 더 적극적으로 활용할 수 있는 기술의 개발이 요구된다. 태양에너지를 시설 농업에 적극적으로 이용하기 위해서는 주간에 밀도가 낮은 태양에너지를 고밀도로 축열하여 기온이 급강하하는 야간의 보온에 활용하여야 한다. 주간의 온실내 잉여 태양에너지를 축열할수 있는 상변화 온도 3$0^{\circ}C$ 수준의 잠열축열재를 개발하기 위하여 수행한 본 연구의 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. SCD에 Borax를 0.0~5.0wt% 첨가하여 과냉도를 25.$0^{\circ}C$에서 $1.5^{\circ}C$ 이하로 조절하였으며, Borax의 적정 함량은 3.0wt%였다. 2. SCD에 Carbopol을 0.0~3.0wt% 첨가하여 상분리량을 70.0%에서 0.0%로 조절하였으며, Carbopol의 적정 함량은 1.5wt%였다.3. 축열재 내구성 검증을 위하여 0~1,500회의 상변화 사이클을 수행하였다. 이때 상변화 온도의 변화량이 $\pm$1.$0^{\circ}C$ 이하, 잠열량 변화가 $\pm$2.0 kacl/kg 이하로서 안정된 값을 보였다. 이상의 결과로 볼 때 축열재의 수명을 10년까지는 보장할 수 있는 것으로 판단되었다.

• Journal of Practical Agriculture & Fisheries Research
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.183-195
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• 2009

시설하우스의 공기환경은 작물생육에 큰 영향을 준다. 특히 기공주변 공기의 상대습도는 증산작용에 크게 영향을 주며, 안개가 끼게 되면 기공을 통한 증산작용이 일어나지 않아 작물은 생육을 멈추게 된다. 이에 대한 이론적 고찰을 습공기선도를 중심으로 살펴보았으며, 그 기술을 권왕림(경기도 이천시 백사면 모전2리 192) 쌈채소 재배 농장과 정기설(경기도 용인시 백암면 석천리) 백암육계 농장에 적용한 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 여름철 온실 공기의 온도를 낮추기 위하여 널리 사용하는 Pad & Fan, Mist & Fan 등의 증발냉각 방법은 사막 기후지역(온도는 높고 습도는 낮은 지역)에 적합한 방법으로 우리나라와 같이 고온 다습한 기후에는 적합하지 않다. 2. 겨울철 저녁에 온실을 보온하기 전에 따뜻한 공기의 열이 연료비를 절감 할 수 있다는 생각으로 환기를 하지 않으면 절대습도가 높아 약간의 온도가 떨어져도 안개가 발생하게 된다. 3. 겨울철 저녁에 온실을 보온하기 전에 외부 공기로 충분히 환기하여 절대습도를 낮추면 노점온도가 낮아지고, 약간의 난방으로도 온실의 안개를 방지할 수 있다. 4. 여름철 상추재배에서 시원한 바람으로 공기환경을 개선한 결과 41.6%의 증수효과가 있었다. 5. 겨울철 육계농장의 공기환경 개선으로 47,300수 기준으로 폐사율 2%와 난방연료 40%를 절감할 수 있었으며, 육계 성장의 균일도를 53%→73%로 20%정도 높일 수 있었다. ※ 정기설 백암육계 농장(경기도 용인시 백암면 석천리) (011-719-7597)