• Journal of Elementary Mathematics Education in Korea
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.207-223
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• 2013

Teachers unfold a series of timeless mathematical symbols such as 5+2=7 in time by verbalizing the symbols in classrooms. A number sentence 5+2=7 is read in Korean as '5 더하기 2는(five plus two) 7과(seven) 같다(equals). Unlike in English, 5+2 and 7 are read first before the equal sign in Korean. This sequence of reading in Korean conflicts with the conventional linguistic sequence of writing from left to right. Ways of resolving the discrepancy between reading and writing sequences can make a difference students' understanding of the equal sign. Students would be in danger of perceiving the equal sign as an operational symbol, if a teacher resolves the discrepancy by subordinating reading sequence to linguistic convention of writing. This way of resolving results in the undesired phenomenon of changing the reading expressions in Korean elementary math textbook which represent relational notion of the equal sign into other reading expressions that represent operational notion of it. For understanding of relational notion of the equal sign, the discrepancy should be resolved by changing writing sequence in accordance with reading sequence. In addition, teaching of verbalizing the equal sign should be integrated with teaching of verbalizing inequality signs.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.81-94
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• 2003

Objectives：Developmental reading disorder is a condition which manifests significant developmenttal delay in reading ability or persistent errors. About 3-7% of school-age children have this condition. The purpose of the present study was to validate the diagnostic values of Word/Nonword Reading Test and Letter-Symbol Discrimination Task for the purpose of overcoming the caveats of Basic Learning Skills Test. Methods：Sixty-three reading-disordered patients(mean age 10.48 years old) and sex, age-matched 77 normal children(mean age 10.33 years old) were selected by clinical evaluation and DSM-IV criteria. Reading I and II of Basic Learning Skills Test, Word/Nonword Reading Test, and Letter-Symbol Discrimination Task were carried out to them. Word/Nonword Reading Test：One hundred usual highfrequency words and one hundred meaningless nonwords were presented to the subjects within 1.2 and 2.4 seconds, respectively. Through these results, automatized phonological processing ability and conscious letter-sound matching ability were estimated. Letter-Symbol Discrimination Task：mirror image letters which reading-disordered patients are apt to confuse were used. Reliability, concurrent validity, construct validity, and discriminant validity tests were conducted. Results：Word/Nonword Reading Test：the reliability(alpha) was 0.96, and concurrent validity with Basic Learning Skills test was 0.94. The patients with developmental reading disorders differed significantly from normal children in Word/Nonword Reading Test performances. Through discriminant analysis, 83.0% of original cases were correctly classified by this test. Letter-Symbol Discrimination Task：the reliability(alpha) was 0.86, and concurrent validity with Basic Learning Skills test was 0.86. There were significant differences in scores between the patients and normal children. Factor analysis revealed that this test were composed of saccadic mirror image processing, global accuracy, mirror image processing deficit, static image processing, global vigilance deficit, and inattention-impulsivity factors. By discriminant analysis, 87.3% of the patients and normal children were correctly classified. Conclusion：The patients with developmental reading disorders had deficits in automatized visuallexical route, morpheme-phoneme conversion mechanism, and visual information processing. These deficits were reliably and validly evaluated by Word/Nonword Reading Test and Letter-Symbol Discrimination Task.

• Annual Conference on Human and Language Technology
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• 1992.10a
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• pp.201-210
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• 1992

이 논문은 문장음성 변환시스템인 글소리II를 위한 읽기규칙에 관한 것이다. 읽기규칙이란 텍스트를 소리나는대로 읽어주는 모든 처리를 말한다. 읽기규칙의 가장 대표적인 음운변동규칙을 비롯하여 모음의 발음, 장음처리, 숫자읽기, 약어 및 기호읽기 등이 포함된다. 이 논문에서는 음운변동규칙을 6개의 대규칙과 22개의 소규칙으로 정리하고, 대규칙들 사이의 적용순서를 정의하였다. 그리고 단어의 장단이 중시되는 우리말의 특성을 반영할 수 있도록 장음처리부분을 추가하였다. 위의 읽기규칙으로 처리할 수 없는 부분에 대해서는 예외발음사전을 이용하고 있다.

• Journal of the Korean BIBLIA Society for library and Information Science
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.209-228
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• 2018

The primary purpose of this study is to analyze the learning activities of "the Reading a Book per Semester" with the goal of finding ways to collaborate with the school library. "the Reading a Book per Semester" is a program that requires students to read during the timetable-designated "Korean" class instead of encouraging students to read outside of class, as has been the case thus far. The program was designed by 3 parts: reading, sharing, and formulating. However, an analysis of 11 Korean textbooks and 22 approaches to the program showed that the model has shifted to . Under this new model, schools could expand each step in the following ways: utilize the school libraries more as the book search space during the selection process; include writing a reading diary in the reading process; and further encourage students to read outside of the classrooms in the formulating step. If these amendments were to be applied, they would strengthen the educational purpose of the school libraries within schools.

• Journal of Korea Entertainment Industry Association
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.37-45
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• 2019

The This study aimed at clarifying that the cognitive interpretation code is essential for college students to read the correct culture while discussing the producer's story production system for creative advertising content and the process of interpreting the meaning of advertisers and the formation of principles and beliefs. The production of advertising content aimed at persuasion should first identify anachronistic reason system based on the target audience's perception principle. A concise analysis of the experiment found key clues that confirmed that a sample of the producer's intended story would be inconsistent with the clues of information that a college student could remember. I have tried to organize a semantic analysis tool that combines these key clues and as a tool for reading culture of the right time for college students. As a result, university student inmates were able to identify one side of positive communication: reading a new cognitive symbol culture based on their subjective experience and beliefs, rather than analyzing cross-sectional analysis of the primary language and non-verbal expressions of their advertising contents. In the future, if an advertising content story producer works to identify such a process in advance, it will help persuade inmates.

• Journal of Elementary Mathematics Education in Korea
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.937-957
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• 2010

The purpose of this study is to discover the features of symbol sense. This study tries to sum up the meaning and elements of symbol sense and the measures to improve them through documents. Also based on this, it analyzes the learning conditions about symbol sense for 6th grade mathematically able students and suggests the method that activates symbol sense in the math of elementary schools. Considering various studies on symbol sense, symbol sense means the exact knowledge and essential understanding in a comprehensive way. Symbol sense is an intuition about symbols that grasps the meaning of symbols, understands the situation of question, and realizes the usefulness of symbols in resolving a process. Considering all other scholars' opinions, this study sums up 5 elements of the symbol sense. (The recognition of needs to introduce symbol, ability to read the meaning of symbols, choice of suitable symbols according to the context, pattern guess through visualization, recognize the role of symbols in other context) This study draws the following conclusions after applying the symbol questionnaires targeting 6th grade mathematically able students : First, although they are math talents, there are some differences in terms of the symbol sense level. Second, 5 elements of the symbol sense are not completely separated. They are rather closely related in terms of mainly the symbol understanding, thereby several elements are combined.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.43 no.6
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• pp.981-1001
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• 2008

This research deals with cognitive characteristics of point symbols on the current tourist maps in terms of the communication theory in considering levels of symbolization and those of preference. The levels of symbolization are examined on the basis of the meaning of point symbols between map-makers and map-users. Preferences of point symbols are investigated by the tourist objects. As a result, when point symbols are expressed in conciseness, the meaning and interpretation about those symbols are highly accorded. And the point symbols that have familiarity by visual experience are preferred. Also, the higher symbolical levels symbols have, the more likely they are preferred. Through that fact, familiarity from the visual experience, conciseness in expression, concreteness of figures expressed in maps, and representativeness of visualized properties were deduced as factors that affect preferences. Those factors work to affect preference complicatedly, but familiarity is prior to simplicity in preferences. Likewise, ways that visualize information, contents that are expressed as images and familiarity in terms of cognitive characteristics make a relative difference in preferences and the levels of symbolization. On the basis of those cognitive characteristics, visual complexity and ambiguity should be removed and the higher symbolical level of point symbols for efficiency of map-reading should be developed.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information Security & Cryptology
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.919-928
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• 2018

Out-Of-Bounds (OOB) is one of the most powerful vulnerabilities in heap memory. The OOB vulnerability allows an attacker to exploit unauthorized access to confidential information by tricking the length of the array and reading or writing memory of that length. In this paper, we propose a method to automatically detect OOB vulnerabilities in heap memory using dynamic symbol execution and shadow memory table. First, a shadow memory table is constructed by hooking heap memory allocation and release function. Then, when a memory access occurs, it is judged whether OOB can occur by referencing the shadow memory, and a test case for causing a crash is automatically generated if there is a possibility of occurrence. Using the proposed method, if a weak block search is successful, it is possible to generate a test case that induces an OOB. In addition, unlike traditional dynamic symbol execution, exploitation of vulnerabilities is possible without setting clear target points.

• Korean journal of communication and information
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• v.41
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• pp.75-107
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• 2008

The paper aims to figure out the meaning of money in terms of communication in which we can find the specific communicative and cultural form of money. In the modern capitalist society, we cannot limit money within the economical terms - for example, store of value, medium of exchange, unit of account and means of payment - because money mediates all human activities beyond the economic boundary and conveys specific meaning in the social and the cultural area. Money can be the medium of the cultural and the communicational as well as the medium of the economic. In this respect, we've try to articulate money with linguistic or semiotic insight. Through this theoretical dialogue, we find two significations of money as a medium of communication. The first signification is meta-signification which drives the individual to the unlimited accumulation of the money. Meta-signification displace the second signification of the money that is the singular, over-determined and the mosaic significations. In this process money can be the signifier without signification. And then, money is the Master signifier which all sign should be identified imaginary. Finally, Money is not only the re-presense (Darstellung) of all sings but also the representative (Vertretung) of all signs. But this double position creates some tensions and makes master signifier of money unstable. Man's analysis of Bonapartism, which shares the linguistic or semiotic insight, shows the crack of the re-presence between the representative. Like Marx's analysis, the money has the tension between two signification which makes the room for the struggle to signify.

• Annual Conference on Human and Language Technology
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• 2002.10e
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• pp.16-23
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• 2002

본 논문에서는 아라비안 숫자를 포함한 텍스트를 음성으로 합성하기 위하여, 숫자 형태와 분류사 그리고 숫자가 나오는 문맥에 따라 숫자를 자동으로 문자화할 수 있는 전처리 규칙을 설정하는데 목적을 둔다. 먼저 선행연구를 통해 숫자를 포함한 수사 및 수사표현의 읽기 규칙의 적용 범위 및 한계점을 살펴보고, 음성 합성을 위한 아라비안 숫자의 문자화 규칙을 설정하고자 한다. 현대 한국어에서 아라비안 숫자를 읽는 방식은 크게 고유어 방식과 한자어 방식이 있으며 단(單)단위에서는 영어가 사용되기도 한다. 또한 한자어 방식에서도 단위를 붙여 읽는 경우와 모든 수를 단 단위로 읽는 경우가 있으므로, 아라비안 숫자의 문자화를 단순한 규칙을 설정하여 자동화하기에는 중의성이 높다. 본 연구에서는 (1) 숫자 전 전치어(pre-numeral), (2) 기호를 포함한 숫자열의 표현 형식과 크기, (3) 단위 표현, (4) 숫자 후치어(post-numeral), (5) 분류사(classifier) (6) 분류사 후치어(post-classifier), (7) 수사표현 앞뒤 문맥에 따라, 아라비안 숫자표현이 문자화되는 방식을 살펴보았다. 분석 대상 말뭉치는 C 신문의 2000년 1월부터 2000년 4월까지 전체 기사 1,400건에서 숫자가 포함된 숫자표현 약 63,000개론 구성하였다. 패턴화된 구조 및 중의성이 없는 구조를 12가지로 밝히고 중의성이 있는 구조의 유형을 밝혔으며 분류사 후치어와의 결합 관계, 좌우 문맥정보를 통해 중의성 해결의 단서를 제시하고자 하였다.