• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.46 no.5
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• pp.474-479
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• 2003

Purpose : The determination of exposure and prevalence of Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia of any region should be helpful for clinical diagnosis. We studied the pattern of occurrence of M. pneumoniae pneumonia among children living in southern central Korea during the last 13 years. This area has a relatively small population and less mobility compared with metropolitan areas. Methods : We performed a retrospective descriptive study of 143 patients admitted to the pediatrics ward among all the patients aged less than 15 years old diagnosed with M. pneumoniae pneumonia at our hospital, from July 1989 to June 2002. Results : The percentiles of incidence per year compared to the total patients admitted to a pediatric ward per year were 0.52% in 1989, 0.48% in 1990, 0.13% in 1991, 0% in 1992, 1.85% in 1993, 1.00% in 1994, 0.15% in 1995, 0.53% in 1996, 1.75% in 1997, 0.65% in 1998, 0.24% in 1999, 1.14% in 2000, 1.30% in 2001, 0.53% in 2002. In the peak incidence of monthly distribution for two consecutive years with outbreaks, its outbreak in the first year was concentrated in late fall and winter, but its outbreak in the following year was earlier than first year. There was peak incidence of age distribution in 4-5 years. It is shown gradually that age distributions per year of outbreak became earlier in age. Conclusion : The occurrences of M. pneumoniae pneumonia in southern central Korea occurred at 3-4 year intervals, 1-2 years in duration, compared to three year intervals, one year in duration, according to reports from metropolitan areas before 1997.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.97-103
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• 2013

The present study examined effects of production performance, immune activity and egg quality by raising on exercise yard in laying Hens, the results of which could be used as baseline data to enhance animal welfare and the safety of livestock products. A total of 90 Hy-line-Brown laying hens of 13 weeks old were used in the experiment for 38 weeks. The cage group (Cage group) was raised in a cage, where an area of $0.084m^2$ was assigned to two hens, while hens in the exercise yard $1.1m^2$ group ($1.1m^2$ group) was assigned to a combination of a chicken house ($0.11m^2$) and a exercise yard ($1.1m^2$) per a hen. Hens in the exercise yard $2.2m^2$ group ($2.2m^2$ group) was assigned to a combination of a chicken house ($0.11m^2$) and a exercise yard ($2.2m^2$) per a hen. Treatment was replicated 3 times with ten birds per replication. Ten birds were arranged according to randomized block design. While initial egg production rate was significantly higher in the Cage group, $1.1m^2$ group exhibited a slightly higher rate in the mid- and late-stage of the experiment, although the difference was not statistically significant. Exercise yard treatment groups exhibited a higher feed intake rate than the Cage group up until the hens were 39 weeks old (P<0.05), but the difference dissipated from that age on. The age at first egg in the exercise yard treatment groups was 16 days later than that for the Cage group (P<0.05), although differences in the quality of the eggs were not observed. The results of immune activity test showed that IgA in the exercise yard treatment groups was significantly higher than that in the Cage group (P<0.05). IgG, IgM, and corticosterone were also higher in the exercise yard treatment groups. The soil in exercise yard increased of organic matter and decreased of cation exchange capacity (CEC) in raised hens. In sum, raising hens in a exercise yard raise style decreased the rate of initial egg production, which was followed by a slight increase during the latter part of the experiment. The exercise yard raise hens' immune activity was heightened.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.105-113
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• 2013

The present study was performed to assess the worth of using the by products for seaweed (Eucheuma spinosum) ethanol production process (SEPPB) as broiler feeds. For this purpose, 225 broiler chicks (white mini broilers) were used as experimental animals. The control (Control group) was fed with the broiler feeds. 5% mixture (5% SEPPB group) was fed with a 5% SEPPB mixture feeds, and the 10% mixture (10% SEPPB group) was fed with a 10% SEPPB group mixture feeds. The experiment was repeated for five times and 15 birds were assigned in each experiment and the experimental period was five weeks. There was no difference in the rate of weight gain until the second week of the 5% SEPPB group and 10% SEPPB group. However, the weight gain rate was increased to 6.2% for the 5% SEPPB group and 11.4% for the 10% SEPPB group as compared to the Control group at the third weeks of the experimental period. There was no statistical significant difference in terms of feed FCR and feed intake. Analyses of the quality of chicken breasts showed that pH was 2.5% higher in the 5% SEPPB group and 2.3% higher in the 10% SEPPB group. Shearing force was 31.3% lower in the 5% SEPPB group and 14.7% lower in the 10% SEPPB group, while heating loss was 14.4% lower for 5% SEPPB group and 10% SEPPB group when compared to the Control group. No significant differences were observed in terms of moisture, protein, and crude ash components in chicken breast analyses. However, crude fat was 36.8% higher in the 5% SEPPB group when compared to the Control group (P<0.05). Analyses of fatty acid in chicken breast meat showed that stearic acid was significantly higher in the 10% SEPPB group (P<0.05) and linolenic acid was significantly higher in 5% SEPPB group and 10% SEPPB group in comparison to the Control group (P<0.05). Interleukin-2 (IL-2) in blood serum was 44% higher in the 5% SEPPB group and 36% higher in the 10% SEPPB group (P<0.05). Interleukin-6 (IL-6) was similar in both the Control and the 5% SEPPB group, but it was 62% higher in the 10% SEPPB group in comparison to the Control group (P<0.05). Analyses of serum chemical values revealed that albumin was the highest in the 5% SEPPB group, followed by the Control group and then 10% SEPPB group.

• 대한공업교육학회지
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.163-194
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• 2013

This study aims at giving examples that can be applied in the real education field, and it develops theme-based integrative education program for Industrial Specialized high school students. It analyzed the models of many scholars about the development of education course, and devised developmental models and procedures of the theme-based integrative education program of engineering specialized high school from those. As a result, it used and reorganized ADDIE model which is the systematic education course development model and the theme-based integrative education development model of Frazee and Rudnitski(1995) as the basic structure, and came to devise theme-based integrative education program of engineering specialized high school while referring to creative engineering design education program development model by Lee Chang-hoon. This study that is theme-based integrative education program for engineering-specialized high school students and is the result of this study has the following characters. First, This theme-based integrative education program that is developed for engineering-specialized high school students can be applied and the initial example that approach the Theme-Based. Second, This Education Program included the Activity project that is "Making Maglev" for the third grade at the engineering-specialized high school and One of the Program's aim is to bring up their attitude that engaged to in the class having the Interest. Third, Theme-based integrative education program for engineering-specialized high school is composed the workbook for the students and the teaching guidance plan for the teachers. Workbook for the students is composed four Units;"Brief about the Maglev","Basic principles about the Maglev","Intensive principles about the Maglev", Activity project about the Maglev". And each unit is made by Learning Purpose, Introducing, Learning Contents(Deepen Learning, Reading Magazines), Assesment etc. Teaching guidance plan for the teachers include that Summary, Purpose, Time Planing & Streaming Map for the class, contents associated Maglev, prerequisite learning, constructure of the education program, flow chart, learning activity, assesment(self-appraiser and peer review).

• Neonatal Medicine
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.25-35
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• 2009

Purpose: The characteristics of hospitalized patients in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs), including hospitalization costs (HC) and National Health Insurance (NHI) status were studied. Methods: We gathered the following data from 7 hospitals in Korea during 2006: the distribution of patients according to birth weight (BW), and the duration of the hospital stay according to BW and He. Results: The patients who were admitted to the NICU consisted of high-risk neonates, including low birth weight or premature neonates, which comprised 50% of all neonates admitted to the NICU. The duration of hospitalization was 75-90 days for neonates with BW <1,000 g, 45-60 days for neonates with BW between 1,000 and 1,499 g, and approximately 15 days for neonates with BW between 2,000 and 2,499 g. The portion of the HC covered by the NHI was 77.1%, 22.9% of the total HC was not covered by the NHI (19.5% was included in the list, but not covered by the NHI and 3.4% was not listed, but covered by the NHI). The average total HC per person was 4,360,000 won, and the HC covered and not covered by the NHI were 3,677,000 won and 1,007,000 won, respectively. The mean HC were as follows; 35,000,000 won for a BW <500 g, 18,000,000 won for a BW between 500 and 999 g, 16,000,000 won for a BW between 1,000 and 1,499 g, and 4,200,000 won for a BW between 1,500 and 1,999 g. Conclusion: Not only premature, but also ill neonates were under the care of the NICU. The HC increased as the BW decreased and the hospitalization period increased. The proportion of the patient's financial burden is >25% of the total He. For this matter, additional NHI is needed.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.282-288
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• 1999

Purpose: A cross-calibration equation is needed to compare bone mineral density measured by different dual X-ray absoptiometry systems. We performed this study to establish appropriate cross-calibration equations between two different dual X-ray absorptiometry systems. Materials and Methods: Bone mineral density of anterior-posterior lumbar spine (L2-4 level) and femoral neck were measured in 109 women ($55{\pm}11yr$) using two different dual X-ray absorptiometry systems (Lunar EXPERT-XL and Hologic QDR 4500-A). Bone mineral density values measured by two systems, including area, bone mass content, bone mineral density and percentile of young normals were compared and cross-calibration equations between two systems derived. Results: The bone mineral density values of 109 women measured by Lunar system were $0.958{\pm}0.17g/cm^2$ at L2-4 and $0.768{\pm}0.131g/cm^2$ at femur neck, which were significantly higher ($13{\pm}6%$ at L2-4 and $19{\pm}7%$ at femur neck, p<0.001) than those ($0.851{\pm}0.144 g/cm^2$ at L2-4 and $0.649{\pm}0.108 g/cm^2$ at femur neck) by Hologic system. Bone mineral content and percentile of young normals measured by Lunar system were also significantly higher than those by Hologic system (p<0.001), whereas there was no difference in area (p>0.05). There was a high correlation between bone mineral density values of L2-4 and femoral neck obtained with both dual X-ray absortiometry systems (r=0.96 and 0.95, respectively). Cross-calibration equations relating the bone mineral density were Lunar= 1.1287${\times}$Hologic -0.0027 for L2-4 and Lunar= 1.1556${\times}$Hologic+0.0182 for femoral neck. Conclusion: We obtained cross-calibration equations of bone mineral density between Lunar EXPERT-XL and Hologic QDR 4500-A. These equations can be useful in comparing bone mineral density obtained by different dual X-ray absorptiometry systems.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.199-213
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• 2008

Saemangeum salt-water Lake has been created by the completion of the sea-dike in April 2006. To monitor the water qualities of the lake during the sea-dike construction, salinity, SS, nutrients(DIN, DIP, DISi), and chlorophyll-$\alpha$ was analyzed for the surface water from 1999 to 2007. Due to the dike construction, weaker tidal current and lesser resuspension of bottom sediment resulted in the marked decrease of the concentrations of SS in the lake water. Consequently the clearer lake water has provided better condition for primary production with deeper penetration of sunlight into the water column and sufficient nutrient content in the water. Finally the chlorophyll-$\alpha$ content became approximately double in the concentration after the dike construction. Highly stimulated algal production with the marked decrease of the concentrations of SS was decreased the concentration of DIP in the surface water. On the other hand the concentration of DIN and DISi in surface water was increased after dike construction due to the expansion of the freshwater and the supply from bottom layer. As a result, the lake revealed an extremely high NIP ratio and a DIP-limited ecosystem. The lake has been transformed from a typical coastal ecosystem to a brackish one. Since the dike completion, the lake has shown a similar change pattern to the Geum River estuary. Due to the salt-wedge intrusion of seawater, it is highly probable to expect the formation of low-oxygen zone at the bottom layer near the river-mouth area of the lake during the summer. Therefore we need a continuous sentinel monitoring of bottom water qualities in the near future.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.674-682
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• 1988

Total lipids from the roe, muscle and viscus of L. carinata were analyzed for lipid composition by column chromatography, thin-layer chromatography and gas-liquid chromatography. The roe lipids were characterized by a high level of wax esters (63.1%) and a low proportion of trigiycerides (9.9%). The viscus lipids also contained wax esters (32.8%) as its main component, followed by free fatty alcohols and acids (23.5%). On the other hand, the muscle lipids were found to contain a large amount of triglycerides (66.1%) with a trace of wax esters. The main fatty alcohol component of roe and viscus wax esters was C16:0 alcohol (53.0%; 61.7%), accompanied by C18:1 alcohol (10.2%) in the former and by C15:0 alcohol (8.8%) in the latter. Considerable amounts of odd-numbered fatty alcohols were found in both wax esters. On the other hand, the fatty acids of the roe and viscus wax esters contained a high percentage of monounsaturated (49.7%-56.6%) consisting of C16:1, C18:1 and C17:1 acid, and a significant amount of polyunsaturated (41.2%-32.9%), particularly C20:5${\omega}$3. The fatty acid components of triglycerides and phospholipids were different among the tissues tested, especially between roe and muscle or viscus. The fatty acid compositions of free fatty acids from the muscle and viscus were characterized by a higher level of polyunsaturated fatty acids (46.0-34.3%) compared to those of triglycerides 'in the roe, muscle and viscus (28.4%, 19.4% and 19.2%).

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.224-229
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• 2003

Purpose : To examine various neonatal outcomes and perinatal factors resulting from assisted reproduction compared to that of spontaneous conception. Methods : This is a retrospective study. The control cases were all twins of spontaneous conception born between periods from January 1995 to June 2000. The study cases were identified from twins conceived by assisted reproduction in the same time peried. A total of 460 sets of twins consisted of 250 twins of spontaneous conception and 156 twins of assisted reproduction were studied. The primary outcomes were neonatal morbidity and mortality and the secondary outcomes were perinatal factors including number, length and cost of hospitalization for the delivery. Results : No differences were seen in various neonatal factors including gestational age, birth weight and incidences of respiratory distress syndrome, patent ductus arteriosus, necrotizing enterocolitis, hyperbilirubinemia, sepsis, intraventricular hemorrhage and the length of hospitalizations. Lower one minute and five minute Apgar scores and frequently encountered electrolyte abnormalities were observed in neonates of assisted reproduction. In general, the second twin of assisted reproduction had increased incidences of respiratory distress syndrome, sepsis and necrotizing enterocolitis than the first twin. Increased frequencies of preterm labor, hospitalization and elective cesarean section were seen among mothers who underwent artifical conception. However, overall hospital costs in terms of mothers hospitalization for the delivery and neonates hospitalization did not show differences. Conclusion : Assisted reproduction twins had similar neonatal morbidities, mortalities and perinatal morbidities compared to those born by spontaneous conception.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.83-91
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• 2011

In addition to the globalization of the distribution industry and intensified competition, the importance of Private Brands has been emphasized, and thus, many studies that clarify the various preceding factors that affect PB purchase intent are being conducted. Following this trend, the purpose of this study is the following. First, the effect of distributor's corporate image on consumer behavior was verified. Second, the perceived quality difference on PB products according to consumers' job was verified. Third, satisfaction difference for PB products according to consumers' job was examined. Research results were shown as the following. First, factorial analysis, conducted to verify distributor's corporate image, gave out the result of ethicality, reliability, stability factors. Among those factors, ethicality and stability were shown to have an effect on brand attitude. However, reliability was not shown to influence PB brand attitude. Second, through the analysis to see the effect of distributor's corporate image on PB product attitude, it was verified that stability has an effect on PB product attitude but ethicality and reliability do not. Third, the analysis to verify the effect of distributor's corporate image on PB product purchase intent showed that ethicality has an effect on purchase intent, but reliability and stability do not. Fourth, housewives, the most active users of distributors, were shown the highest in the research on whether there is perceived quality difference according to consumers' job. Following the group were college students, and then office workers. Fifth, research on the level of satisfaction according to consumers' job showed that there was not a significant difference. The limitations and suggestions of this research were as the following. First, this study could go over each corporate image according to distributor type and characteristics. Due to the vast development of distribution industry, the companies can be classified according to the various types. Therefore, we propose the corporate image of each distributors to be checked, and furthermore, to verify which image of the different types of distributors has positive influence on consumer attitude. Second, PB products should have various perceived quality. However, in this research, it has not been verified which specific factors among the various perceived quality of PB products has a more meaningful influence on consumer attitude. Therefore, we also would like to propose a need for closer research on the specific factors and on which factor has a more positive influence on consumer attitude.