• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.36 no.7
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• pp.497-503
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• 2003

Pulmonary aspergillosis usually results from the colonization of the existing lung lesions by chronic pulmonary diseases, such as tuberculosis. Most cases of pulmonary aspergilloma have been treated surgically for many years because it is a potentially life-threatening disease causing massive hemoptysis. Here we reviewed our results from the last 10 years. Material and Method: We reviewed 31 cases surgically treated from Aug. 1992 to Jul. 2002. retrospectively. This investigation is designed to illustrate the peak age incidence, sex ratio, chief complaints, preoperative study, anatomic location of operative site, postoperative pathologic finding and postoperative complications. Result: The peak age Incidence laid in the 3rd and 4th decade of 20 cases (64.5%). The most common complaint was hemoptysis in 27 cases (87.1%). The 31 cases had a history of treatment with anti-tuberculous drugs under impression of pulmonary tuberculosis. The 19 cases (61.3%) showed the so-called “Air-meniscus sign” on the preoperative chest X-ray. In the 31 cases (100%) on the chest computed tomography. as a preoperative diagnostic modality, positivity was shown in 37.9%, 83.3% was shown on the fungus culture of sputum for Aspergillus, serum immunodiffusion test for A. fumigatus, respectively. The anatomical location of aspergilloma was mainly in the upper lobe in 19 cases (61.3%) and the majority of cases were managed by lobectomy. The postoperative pathologic findings showed that 31 cases (100%) were combined with tuberculosis. The postoperative complications include empyema, prolonged air leakage, remained dead space, postoperative bleeding and these numbers of cases is 3 cases (9.7%), 2 cases (6.45%), 2 cases (6.45%), 1 case (3.23%), respectively. one case was died postoperatively due to massive beeding, and asphyxia. Conclusion: Compared with the previous study, there is no significant difference in results. Preoperative chest computed tomography and immunodiffusion test were more commonly available and showed high positivity. Operations often became technically difficult because of pleural space obliteration, indurated hilar structures, and poor expansion of the remaining lung, which were more prominent in the patients with complex aspergillosis. In such cases, medical treatments and interventional procedures like bronchial artery embolization are preferred. However, cavernostomy is also recommanded with few additional morbidity because of its relatively less invassiveness. Early surgical intervention is the recommended management for patients with simple aspergilloma considering the Row surgical mortality and morbidity in recent days.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.197-206
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• 1996

Water extract of Coix locrvmn seeds (Co-Ex) was separated into several components; dissolved with Tris-Cl buffer and the supernatant (WC 1), ammonium sulfate treatment supernatant (WC2) and the pellet nvc31,9AE column chromatography of WC 1 and the peak portions; WC4, WCS and WC6. Murine peritoneal macrophages in DMEM containing 10% heat-inactivated FCS were infected with tachyzoites of ToxopIQsmc gondii, RH strain, in uifo. By adding modulators such as Co-Ex, WC 1,2,3,4.5,6 and LPS or IFN-γ for 24 hrs . toxoplasmastatic activity of macrophages was examined in relation to nitrite production. Nitrite production of macrophages was enhanced especially in the series of WC2, WC1 and the combination sample (WC1 + WC2 + WC3) by order than other components or fractions (WC4, WC5, WC6) tested . Toxoplasmastatic actions such as percentage of the inacrophages infected by T. gonnii and fold increase of T gondii in macrophages showed retroverse relations with the amount of nitrite production; i.e. as nitric oxide (NO) increased the phagocytic index of macrophages and the fold increase of tachyzoites in macrophages decreased . Nitrite (NO-2) production was increased by adding IFN-γ in all cases together with enhancement of biostatic effects. Through the results obtained, it is speculated that some components other than the non-proteinous and defatted components in Coix lacrwmn seeds may contribute to activate macrophages through induction of NO for the biostatic activity.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.169-176
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• 1996

A scanning electron microscopic study was performed to observe the surface ultrastructures of the third-stage larvae of Gnathostoma hispidun. The early third-stage larvae (EL3) were collected from the viscera of Chinese loaches by the artificial digestion method . The advanced third-stage larvae (AdL3) were recovered from mice experimentally infected with EL3. Both larval worms were fixed with 2.5% glutaraldehyde, dehydrated in graded alcohol. dryad in critical point dryer, and coated with gold. The specimens were observed with a SEM (DS- l30C). On the head bulb of both larval stage, the mouth had a pair of lateral lips of equal size and of half moon shape. Each lip had a couple of labial papillae and a small amphid located between the two papillae. The hooklets on the head bulb had single-pointed tips and curved posteriorly. The cuticular spines of EL3 were larger and more densely distributed in the anterior area (about 1.8 Mm in length) and gradually decreased in size and number posteriorly. The cuticular spines in the anterior area of AdL3 were sharp-pointed and about 4.5 Mm in length, and those in the middle area were about 1.75 Mm. The velvety cuticular folds and dot-like cuticular spines were distributed in the posterior area. A cervical papilla was located between the 7th and 8th transverse striations. A dome-like body papilla was located at the posterior 1/4 of body. An ellipsoidal excretory pore was located between the 17th and 18th striations. From the above results, it is suggested that the characteristic SEM findings obtained from this study may be helpful on the species identification of larval Gncthostomn.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.64 no.1
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• pp.33-41
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• 1984

This study was conducted to examine the physiology of pine mushroom mycelia cultured with various media for artificial culture of pine mushroom. The results obtained were as follows: 1) Among the various media, the medium composed of honey, boiled pine mushroom and soil extract fluid, fibrous root extract fluid, dry yeast, $KH_2PO_4$ inositol, folic acid, and biotin was the best for the growth of pine mushroom mycelium. 2) The optimum temperature for germinating pine mushroom spore and for culturing pine mushroom mycelium, was $24^{\circ}C$ and the optimum pH was 4.5. 3) There was no significant difference in growth between the mycelium separated from the tissue of pine mushroom sporophore and that separated from the spore. 4) No noticeable effect was found on the growth if such salts as $ZnSO_4$, $MnSO_4$, $MgSO_4$, $CaCl_2$ and ferric citrate were added to the Hamada's medium. 5) The addition of fibrous root extract promoted the growth of pine mushroom mycelium. 6) As a carbon source of artificial media, honey was more effective than glucose. 7) The culture infiltration of Mortierlla growing often in Fairy Ring was good for the growth of mycelium compared with the control. 8) The addition of fibrous root extract, inositol, biotin, and folic acid to artificial culture media was greatly effective in growth. When the temperature was lowered $19^{\circ}C$ after mycelium has appeared, the formation of primordium was observed.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.73-82
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• 2008

The resource plants of the Mt. Geonji was listed 354 taxa; 92 families, 242 genera, 303 species, 48 varieties and 3 forms. 354 taxa listed consists of 205 taxa of edible plants(57.1%),234 taxa of medicinal plants(65.2%), 167 taxa of ornamental plants(46.5%) and 218 taxa of the others(60.7%). Specific plant species by floral region were total 22 taxa; Trapella sinensis var. antennifera in class IV, Iris ensata var. spontanea in Class II, 16 taxa(Salix glandulosa, Alnus hirsuta, Chrysosplenium flagelliferum, Mallotus japonicus, Ilex macropoda, Grewia biloba var. parviflora, Vaccinium oldhami, Lysimachia barystachys, Fraxinus mandshurica, etc.) in class I. The naturalized plants in this site were 12 families, 23 genera, 28 species, 2 varieties, 30 taxa(Bromus unioloides, Phytolacca americana, Oenothera erythrosepala, Ipomoea hederacea var. hederacea, Aster pilosus, Erechtites hieracifolia) and naturalization rate was 8.5% of all 354 taxa vascular plants. Wild plants disturbing ecosystem like Solanum carolinense and Ambrosia artemisiifolia var. elatior have been increasing. So, it needs continuing control and conservation measures on the plant ecosystem.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.249-258
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• 1993

Naegleria fowleri is the cause of primary amoebic meningoencephalitis in man, IL-2 levels after stimulation of T lymphocytes by PHA or N.fowleri lysates. the amounts of T lymphocyte subsets and the blastogenic responses of T lymphocytes in mice after Infected with pathogenic N. fowleri were studied comparing between two study groups, one $1{\;}{\times}{\;}10^4$ trophozoites inoculated mice and the other $1{\;}{\times}{\;}10^5$ trophozoites inoculated mice. All experimental samples were obtained on the day 7, 14 and 24 after inoculation. The mice inoculated with $1{\;}{\times}{\;}10^4$ trophozoites showed a 14.3% mortality rate, and 72.2% in the mice inoculated with $1{\;}{\times}{\;}10^5$ trophozoites. The IL-2 levels on day 14 of two experimental groups were significantly decreased as compared with the control group. Thy 1.2+T cells in the total spleen Iymphocytes of $1{\;}{\times}{\;}10^5$ trophozoites inoculated group on day 7 were significantly increased compared with the control group. There was no significant difference between $1{\;}{\times}{\;}10^4$ trophozoites inoculated group and the control group. $L3T4^{+}{\;}T$ cells and $Ly2^{+}$ T cells in the total spleen Iymphocytes of $1{\;}{\times}{\;}10^5$ trophozoites inoculated group on day 7 were sigrlificantly increased compared with the control group. The DNA S fraction of T cells in the spleen of $1{\;}{\times}{\;}10^5$ trophozoites inoculated group was significantly increased on day 7. The amount of S fractions of DNA were sequentially decreased on day 14 and 24 but they were also signiacantly increased compared with the control group. The results obtained in the experiments indicats that cell mediated immunity after N.fowleri infection acts on very important host's protection immunity around the 7th day after infection. IL-2 level was much suppressed on day 14 which resulted from the exhaustion of host immune response. It was observed that the level of IL-2 production ability and the amounts of T lymphocytes subsets and the blastogenic responses of T lymphocytes were not well correlated during the observation period.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.24-32
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• 1985

The worm development and egg laying pattern of Echinostoma hortense (Trematoda; Echinosto-matidae) were studied in albino rats and the brief clinical course was observed in human volunteers. A total of 21 rats were infected with 20~69 metacercariae each and two humans were with 7 and 27 metacercariae, which were collected from the loaches. For recovery of worms, the rats were sacrificed at irregular intervals from the 6th to 150th day after infection and the human volunteers were treated with praziquantel and purged with magnesium salt on the 26~27th day. The stools of the rats and humans were examined for the eggs. The results were as follows: 1. The worm recovery rate from the rats was not affected by the increase of infection time but varied individually; 9.1~50.0% (31.1 % in average). From humans, 14.3% and 37.0% (32.4% in average) of challenged were recovered. 2. In the rats, it was revealed that the worms rapidly grew for the first 14 days to become 7.59mm in average length and 1.17mm in average width but the growth became much slower thereafter until the 150th day; 7.95mm in length on the 21 th day, 9.04mm on the 28th day, 10.21mm on the 49th day and 12. 62mm on the 150th day. During the early stage of infection, the growth of genital organs (male or female) was expressed as sigmoid curves whereas non-genital organs (such as suckers) was simply as straight lines. 3. The prepatent period of this fluke was 10~12 days in the rats and 16~17 days in men. After the start of oviposition, the egg production by the worms remarkably increased, reached maximum on the 32~33th day, followed by decrease thereafter. The maximum value of E.P.G./worm was 390. 4. The major subjective symptoms in human volunteers were abdominal pain and diarrhea during the early stage of infection. The results show that human is as susceptible as the rats to E. hortense infection and the amount of egg production in the rats is greatly affected by the age of worms.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.101-108
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• 1989

This study was performed to observe the role of Pneumocystis carinii as an etiologic agent of interstitial pneumonia in immunocompromised hosts. Total 90 male Sprague-Dawley rats, approxi. mately 150-180 g, were used. Fifteen of them were used as control group and remaining 75 (5 groups) were as immunosuppression groups; group 1 received prednisolone (25 mg/kg twice weekly) only; group 2 Prednisolone and tetracycline (75 mk/kg/day) ; group 3 Prednisolone, tetracycline and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxasole (50~250 mg/kg/day) : group 4 prednisolone and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxasole; and group 5 prednisolone and griseofulvin (300 mg/kg/day) until death. The survival days of each group rat were calculated, and upon death their lungs were removed immediately and then stamp smears were prepared and stained by Giemsa or toluidine blue O. For histopathologic observation, lungs were fixed in 10% formalin, cut into sections and stained with Gomori's methenamine silvei, hematoxylin-rosin, and Brovkn & Brenn stain. The results obtained were as follows: 1. The mean survival time of each group rat was 19.3$\pm$5.2 days (group 1), 41.1$\pm$14.0 days (group 2), 50.5$\pm$18.4 days (group 3), 43.0$\pm$22.9 days (group 4) or 21.8$\pm$5.1 days (group 5). Significant differences were noted between group 1 and group 2(p<0.01), group 1 and group 3 (p<0.01), and group 1 and group 4 (p<0.01), which represented bacterial infections were most fatal in immunocompromised rats. Group 5 revealed no difference in the survival day from group 1, while significant differences were noted between group 2 and group 5(P<0.01), group 3 and group 5(p<0.01), and group 4 and group 5(p<0, 01), which represented little importance of fungal infection as the cause of death of the rats. 2. The first fatality due to p. carinii pneumonia occurred 17 days after the beginning of the immunosuppression. The occurrence rate of P. carinii pneumonia in the decreasing order was 92.9% (group 3), 80.0% (group 2 and group 5), 78.6% (group 4) and 33.3% (group 1). With regard to the pathological stage of P. carinii pneumonia, the stage 1 was 11.3%, the stage 2, 28.3%, and the stage 3, 60.4%. 3. Viewing from the duration of immunosuppression, bacterial pneumonia chieay appeared in 1 month, mixed infections (P. carinii and bacteria, or p. carinii and fungi) in 1~2 months, and pure P. carinii pneumonia after 2 months. The present study revealed that P. carinii pneumonia was the most important cause of death of immunocompromised rats later than 1 month after the start of immunosuppression.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.7-17
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• 1985

In order to determine the susceptible age of Enterobius vermicular is to anthelmintics and to observe the chronologie growth of female E. vermicularis in man, experimental infections were done. About 500 eggs were challenged to 19 volunteers. After 4, 8, 16, 20, 24, 28, 32 and 35 days of infection, each case was treated by either mebendazole or pyrantel pamoate. On the 40th day of infection all cases including control were treated again to terminate the experimental infection and to evaluate the effect of previous treatment. Each case collected 3-day stools to harvest the expelled worms. The results could be summarized as follows: 1. The infection rates of females were in range of 0.6~13.1 % in control cases. Because the collected worms showed comparable growth and development by day, the worms were concluded to be derived from experimental infection. 2. Cases that were treated with mebendazole on 4, 8 and 16 days after infection expelled 37.5%, 2.5% and 67.5% of the number expelled by a control case on the 40th day. Cases treated thereafter expelled no worms on the 40th day. 3. Cases that were treated with pyrantcl pamoates on 4, 8, 16, 24, 28, 32 and 35 days, expelled 90.7%, 25%, 45.3%, 8%, 2.7%, 5% and 29.3% of the number collected from control cases in respect. 4. All the worms collected were females. The total body length increased consistently and comparably from the 20th day of infection. Those collected on the 20th day were 2.5~3.0 mm long with vagina, sac-like structure and strands of ovaries; 24 day-old worms may have short uterus, 28 day-old worms had long uterus without eggs, 32 day-old worms began to produce eggs, 35 day-old worms showed wide variations in egg deposit in uterus, and 40 day-old worms had uterus filled with eggs from vulva to anal levels. From the above results, it was inferred that the life span of female Enterobius vermicularis was longer than 40 days, and the developmental stages of worms younger than 16 days resisted considerably to both mebendazole and pyrantel pamoate.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.49-59
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• 2015

Spatial variation in the reproductive effort of Manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum is often closely associated with variation in the seawater temperature and food availability, which determines gonad maturity and the quantity of gamates produced during spawning. Previous studies also have reported that severe infection by the protozoan parasite Perkinsus olseni exerts a negative impact on clam reproduction, retarding gonad maturation or decreasing the reproductive effort. In the present study, we investigated impacts of P. olseni infection on the reproductive condition of Manila clam during a spawning season. Histology revealed that 54% of female clams in Wando off the south coast were in spawning, while only 10% of the female from Gomso and 0% of the female from Seonjaedo in Gyeonggi bay off the west coast were engaged in spawning at the end of May in 2004. Ray's fluid thioglycollate media (RFTM) assay was applied to assess P. olseni infection and indicated that the infection intensity in Wando ($3,608,000{\pm}258,000cells/g$ wet tissue) was significantly higher than the levels in Gomso ($1,305,000{\pm}106,000cells/g$ wet tissue) and Seonjaedo ($1,083,000{\pm}137,000cells/g$ wet tissue, p < 0.001). The size of the ripe female follicle determined from histology was significantly smaller in Wando ($0.032mm^2$) compared to the sizes in Gomso ($0.059mm^2$) and Seonjaedo ($0.052mm^2$, p < 0.05). Accordingly, the number of ripe eggs in the follicle was significantly fewer among clams in Wando (14) compared to the numbers determined in Gomso (23) and Seonjaedo (22). The absolute quantity of egg in ripe clams from Wando (31.01 mg) was also significantly smaller than Seonjaedo (61.79 mg) and Gomso (133.3 mg). Quantity of total protein, carbohydrate, and lipid in the tissue in the Wando samples was significantly smaller than the quantities determined in Gomso and Seonjaedo (p < 0.001). The observed poor reproductive condition and proximate tissue composition of the females in Wando were, in part, explained by the extremely high level of the parasites, sapping the ability to store energy in the host tissues, which is used in tissue growth and the egg production.