• Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.134-139
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• 2005

The purpose of this study is to quantify the penetration behavior of spilled weathered oil and dispersed oil and to evaluate the influence of the penetrated oils on seawater infiltration in tidal flat environment. The penetration depths of the spilled oils into the tidal flat sediments were gradually deeper according to increase the stranded oil volume. The penetration depth of stranded oil were abruptly dropped at first falling tide, but were not significantly fluctuated after that. Moreover, hydrocarbon concentration was most high within the upper 2 cm. Seawater infiltration was decreased in proportion to the stranded oil volume. Dispersed oil was easily permitted the seawater infiltration than weathered oil and crude oil. Therefore, quick cleaning actions fur penetrated oil will be required far recovery of seawater infiltration, because the seawater contains oxygen and nutrients required for the survival of benthic organisms in tidal flat.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.75-80
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• 2003

Understanding the seawater infiltration into tidal flat sediments is very important, because it is significantly correlated with the supply of dissolved oxygen, nutrients and organic matter to benthic organisms for survival. However oil blocks interstitial spaces of sediments, reduces seawater infiltration and results in the decrease in oxygen, nutrients and other food supply to benthic communities. The penetration depth of the stranded oil into the sediments is one of the most significant information to know the effect of spilled oil on biological communities and to set up a cleaning method. So we initiated this study to quantify the penetration behavior of spilled oil and to evaluate the influence of the penetrated oil on seawater infiltration in tidal flat environment and its ecological implications. The penetration depth of the crude oil into the tidal flat sediments was two times deeper than that of the fuel oil C, and the depth was significantly affected by stranded oil volume. However, the penetration depth of stranded oil was abruptly dropped at first falling tide but not significantly fluctuated after that. Moreover, hydrocarbon concentration showed the highest within the upper 2 cm. Seawater infiltration was decreased in proportion to the stranded oil volume. The seawater infiltration was more affected by the penetrated fuel oil C about 1.7 times than the crude oil, because the interstitial spaces of the top of sediments were more cleared by the fuel oil C. Therefore, quick cleaning actions for penetrated oil will be necessary for recovery of seawater infiltration because the seawater contains oxygen and nutrients necessary for the survival of benthic organisms in tidal flat.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.81-86
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• 2003

Understanding the penetration behavior of the spilled oil is very important to remove itself and to minimize its impact on intertidal biological communities by earlier treatment of the oil. The purpose of this study is to clarify the effects of wave and tidal actions on the penetration of spilled oil and to evaluate main factors of oil penetration using a sandy-beach model. Infiltration processes into the sediments showed significant difference between seawater and crude oil. Seawater was infiltrated by both wave action and tidal fluctuation into the sediments in sandy beach. However, spilled crude oil penetrated into the sediments only by falling tides and not by wave action, and the first tide is most important for the penetration of stranded oil. Over 70% of bulk fraction in penetrated crude oil was concentrated to the top 2 cm sediment-layer when spilled oil volume was 1 L/$\textrm{m}^2$. Moreover, the penetration of stranded oil into the sandy beach sediments was strongly correlated with the oil viscosity affected by temperature.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.37-44
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• 2003

To know the penetration behavior of spilled oil into sandy beach sediment is very important, because the penetration depth of the stranded oil into the sediments is one of the most significant information to know effect of spilled oil on biological communities and to set up cleaning method. The purpose of this study is to clarify the effects of wave and/or tidal action on penetration of spilled oil into the sediments and to clarify main factor in oil penetration using sandy beach model. Specific conclusions derived from this study are as follows. Spilled fuel oil C penetrated into the sediments only by falling tidal fluctuation and not by wave action on sandy beach environment, and the first tide is most important for the penetration of stranded oil. Over 80% of bulk fraction in penetrated fuel oil C was concentrated to the top 2 cm sediment-layer. Moreover, the penetration of stranded oil into the sandy beach sediments was strongly correlated with the oil viscosity affected by temperature.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.227-231
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• 2008

The purpose of this study is to clarify the behavior of stranded crude oil and to estimate the restoration of seawater infiltration by application of dispersant as one of cleaning techniques. We made visualization of infiltration process of seawater and stranded crude oil on the sandy beach sediments by using of a model sandy beach. Major conclusions derived from this study are as follows. The seawater infiltration volume was reduced by the stranded crude oil. However, thirty percentage of the sweater infiltration into the sediments was restored by dispersant application to the penetrated oil in sandy beach. The penetration depth of stranded oil were dropped at first falling tide, but were not significantly fluctuated after that. Moreover, oil concentration was most high within the upper 2 cm. The stranded crude oil was broken into small size droplets and dispersed into the sediments by the dispersant application. Therefore, dispersant applications play an important roles in the large increase of surface area of given volume of oil, and it resulted in promoting to biological degradation process at the oil/water interface, dispersing the stranded oil into the water column and restoration of the supplement of the dissolved oxygen and nutrients to the benthic organisms.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.27 no.10
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• pp.1030-1034
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to clarify the penetration behavior of particulate matters by wave and tidal actions in sandy beach located in enclosed bay and to evaluate the effect of stranded oil on penetration of particulate matters. Experiments were rallied out using a model sandy beach facility. The particulate matters penetrated into saturated sediments by wave action from breaking wave run-up point with a semi-circular forming in low energy beach as enclosed bay. On the other hand, the penetration velocity of the particulate matters was to be faster according to the increase of slope and breaking wave height. The particulate matters by tidal action penetrated into the sediments at an angie of 45 degrees in the direction of porous water flow. The stranded oil completely blocked the penetration of the particulate matters into the sediments. These results indicate that the penetrated oil prevents the penetration of the particulate matters into the sediments and, therefore, results in the reduction in the supply of plankton, bacteria and organic detritus for the benthic organisms in the sandy beach.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Gas
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• v.9 no.4 s.29
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• pp.11-16
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• 2005

In this paper, the hydrogen osmosis test and the mechanical tensile test were carried out to examine hydrogen cracking behavior of STS444 with welding conditions. In $0.5MH_2SO_4+0.001M \;As_2O_3$ solution, the hydrogen embrittlement characteristics of weld zone of STS444 added to load of $1,400 kg/cm^2$ together with hydrogen osmosis by current of $30mA/cm^2$ for 60 min. was considered. As a result of study on the hydrogen embrittlement and mechanical characteristics of STS444외와 with welding conditions the tensile stress and elongation of STS444 get lower by the absorption of oil or water before welding. Also, the reduction rate of tensile stress and elongation of STS444 is larger because of hydrogen embrittlement by the absorption of oil or water. STS444 by the absorption of water before welding is more sensitive to hydrogen embrittlement than oil.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.399-402
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• 2000

Very little information is known on the canning of fishery products by vacuum pack. In this paper, some fundamental process conditions for the canning of fishery products were investigated. Moisture-controlled mackerel pike, shrimp and oyster were packed in lacquered cans with spice and additives. After sealing, pressure of the cans were reduced by do-aeration through specially designed gas-tight silicone rubber plug previously attacked to the lid. On this investigation, vacuum can prior to thermal processing were set up to 15, 30, 45 and 60 cmHg, The higher vacuum in cans showed the more quick heat transfer in thermal processing. tinder 60 cmHg vacuum, the heat transfer was more quick than that of the conventional water packed products, Under 15 cmHg, however, the heat transfer was markedly increased by air which acted as an insulator in conductive heat transfer. These results demonstrated that high vacuum was essential secure for the heat processing in vacuum pack.

• Proceedings of the Korean Printing Society Conference
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• 2002.05a
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• pp.32-32
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• 2002

디지탈 윤전 등사기 또는 디지털복사 인쇄기(digital duplicator)라고 불리우는 사무용 소형 단색 윤전 인쇄기는 컴퓨터 스캐닝 기술과 스텐실 열천공 기술의 발달로 손쉽게 인쇄기상에서 자동복사 제판이 가능해 짐에 따라 우리나라에 1990년대부터 학교, 관공서, 군 및 교회등의 시험지와 홍보전단지 인쇄용으로 널리 보급되었다. 여기에 사용되는 잉크는 카트리지에 장착식으로 공급되는데, 에멀젼 잉크로서 천공으로 이루어진 스텐실 화상 뒷면으로부터 가압 통과되어 인쇄용지에 윤전식으로 인쇄된다. W/O형 에멀젼 잉크가 그 기본 전형이 된 것은 스텐실의 미세구멍을 통과하도록 큰 로라압력을 받아야 하는 잉크는 우선적으로 높은 점도이어야 하나 수십 마이크론의 미세구멍을 쉽게 빠져 나가도록 침투성이 빨라야 하는 이중적 레올로지 특성이 요구되기 때문이다. 그러나 에멀젼의 원천적인 불안정성과 물과 기름의 상호 대립적인 물리 \ulcorner화학적 특성을 주목하고 번짐, 얼룩, 배면침투, 광택문제, 건조성 지연 등의 인쇄품질을 향상시키고져 그동안 많은 연구개발이 노력이 있어 왔다. 이에 대하여 세계 시장을 크게 장악하고 있는 일본의 특허를 주로 검토하여 디지털 인쇄기용 W/O 에멀젼 잉크 기술 및 현황에 대해서 연구 조사하였다.

• 한국해양학회지
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.324-331
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• 1991

Laboratory experiments were undertaken in mixing chamber to study the water-in-oil emulsion formation tendency, stability and formation rate of 16 crude oils. Arabian, Iran, Dubai, Isthmus and Daekyung crudes showed high emulsion formation tendency and had water contents of 80-90%. Emulsions of crude oils of middle East were very stable, while Isthmus and Daekyung sudes formed unstable emulsion. Emulsion formation tendency rate, and stability showed significant correlations with asphaltene content of crude oil. To evaluate the possibility of preventing mousse formation, inhibition ability of several dispersants and demulsifier was tested. They inhibited mousse formation at 0.1-0.2% concentrations (v/v). Emulsion inhibition by chemical treatment delayed the time of formation, but did not decrease water content. Demulsifying ability of dispersants and demulsifier was tested because biscous emulsion causes formidable problems in skimming, pumping and recovery operation. British demulsifier Alcohol 0 showed excellent emulsion breaking efficiency at 0.1% of emulsion Vol..