• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.2199-2206
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• 2014

This research, used an contrast agent, which weighs about 1mmol/mL, of twice as much amount of gadolinum, per unit, for the test of magnetic-resonance shoulder arthrography. the reasearch which was carried out from January, of the year 2012 to August of the year 2013. consisted, of target of 41, patients including 20 ones, of whom an original, contrast agent of amount of 0.5mmol/mL, 21, ones of whom, a new, of amount of 1mmol/mL was used on, were the test target, in order to figure out the differences, according to the amount of gadolinum, according to the test results, the SNR of the contrast agent, of amount of 1mmol/mL, which is of high amount of gadolinum, was noticeably higher than the one of amount of 0.5mmol/mL(the percentage of joint space 38.01%, the supraspinous muscle 8.40%, head of humerus 12.78%). and CNR of the contrast agent, of amount of 1mmol/mL, which is of high amount of gadolinum, was higher than the one of amount of 0.5mmol/mL(the percentage of joint space and supraspinous muscle 48.96%, the one of joint space and head of humerus 42.00%). In conclusion, one of the methods of increasing the reducing effect of T1, is to use contrast agent of amount of 1mmol/mL, in order to increase the reducing effect of T1, acquire the visual of high testing quality.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.91-108
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• 1996

The present study was designed to examine effect of short term treadmill and weight-training on aging arophy in the rat skeletal muscle. Male rats of 24 months old were used. Each groups included control, treadmill and weight-training for 4 weeks by using treadmill apparatus and body press apparatus. The histo and cytochemical, ultrastructural and stereological changes in senile skeletal muscles of the rat were observed in the present study. During the training period the body weight and muscular weight in all groups remained constant. The volume density of muscle fiber type IIC and IIB were increased, that of type IIA was decreased, but type I remained constant in treadmill-training group. In weight-training rat, the density of type IIA and IIB were increased, both those of type IIC was decreased. But, all changes of muscle fiber type is not significant. Senile control group some usual formation of mild contraction band, liposuscin pigment and muscular splitting were observed. After treadmill-training, histological and ultrastructural changes occurred in the muscle fiber, such as irregularity of the sarcolemma, interfibrillar vacuolization, longitudinal splitting, and widened I-bond. After weight-training, the changes occurred in the trained muscle fiber, such as appearances of many lysosomes and autophagic vacuoles, severe contraction band, and breakup of myofibrils. Histo and cytochemical studies showed that the activities of succinic dehydrogenase and acid phosphatase remained constant, activities of $Mg^{++}$-ATPase decrease with training. Stereological changes were not observed in the volume and numerical density of all subject component, but the surface density of mitochondrial inner membrane was increased with treadmill-training. These experimental results suggested that endurance training during short-term may result in the adaptible response in senile skeletal muscles. On the other side, weight-training is bad for senile skeletal muscle.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.48 no.6
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• pp.897-906
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• 2006

This study was conducted to determine effects of different supplementation periods (2, 3 and 4 months) of spent composts of Se-enriched mushrooms (Se-SMC) on plasma glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity and selenium deposition of finishing Hanwoo steers for the optimal supplementing period determination in order to produce Se-fortified Hanwoo beef. In the present study, 30 Hanwoo steers were allotted to treatments in six groups of five steers per pen. Treatments were separated into control and Se-SMC for each supplementation period. Dietary selenium contents were 0.1 and 0.9 ppm for control and Se-SMC treatments, respectively. At the end of each supplementation period, steers by periods were slaughtered to collect hind leg and liver samples for their selenium analyses. Blood samples were taken to analyze whole blood Se concentration and plasma GSH-Px activity at the last day of each supplementation period. Dry matter intakes were unaffected by Se-SMC and supplementation periods. In addition, average daily gain was not different between control and Se-SMC treatments and among supplementation periods. There was no difference for total body weight gain between control and Se-SMC treatments within each supplementation period. The supplementation of Se-SMC significantly (P<0.001) increased whole blood Se concentration, but whole blood selenium concentration was not affected by the supplementation period. Furthermore, plasma GSH-Px activity showed similar trend as shown in the pattern of whole blood Se concentration, but no difference by supplementation periods was observed. Selenium contents in hind legs significantly (P<0.05) increased with increasing supplementation periods, and also they were significantly (P<0.001) higher for Se-SMC supplementation groups in comparison to controls. However, there was no difference for selenium contents of hind legs between three and four months supplementation. Selenium contents in livers tended to slightly increase with increasing supplementation periods with no significant difference, but they were significantly (P<0.01) higher for Se-SMC supplementation groups compared with controls within the same period. The results indicated that the optimal Se-SMC supplementation period for the selenium deposition in Hanwoo steers might be around two or three months when we considered selenium contents in hind legs and livers.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.159-166
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• 1996

A feeding experiment was conducted using juvenile Korean rockfish (Sebastes schlegeli) to evaluate supplemental vitamin premix in a test diet containing fish meal as protein source for nutritional study. Four vitamin premixes were prepared by adjusting different quantity and combination of vitamins. Each vitamin premix contained (mg/kg diet) : premix-1 : ascorbic acid, 2666 ; a-tocopheryl acetate, 417 ; thiamin, 60 ; riboflavin, 200 ; pyridoxine, 40 ; niacin, 800 ; Ca-D-pantothenate, 280 ; myo-inositol, 4000 ; D-biotin, 6 ; folic acid, 15 ; p-amino-benjoic acid, 400 ; mennadione, 40 ; A, 16 ; $D_3$, 0.1 ; choline chloride, 8000 ; cyanocobalamin, 0.09 ; premix-2 : ascorbic acid, 270 ; a-tocopheryl acetate, 189 ; thiamin, 13.5 ; riboflavin,, 27 ; pyridoxine, 13.5 ; niacin, 135 ; Ca-D-pantothenate, 135 ; myo-inositol, 135 ; D-biotin, 1. 4 : folic acid, 4.9 ; mennadione, 5.4 : A, 5.4 ; $D_3$, 2.2 ; choline chloride, 3000 ; cyanocobalamin, 0.05 ; premix-3 : ascorbic acid, 570 ; a-tocopheryl acetate, 107 ; thiamin, 20 ; riboflavin, 14.3 ; pyridoxine, 14.3 ; niacin, 71,3 ; Ca-D-pantothenate, 57 ; myo-inositol, 456 ; D-biotin, 0.7 ; folic acid, 2.9 ; p-aminobenjoic acid, 285 ; mennadione, 5.7 ; A, 5.7 ; $D_3$, 1.1 ; choline chloride, 1500 ; cyanocobalamin, 0.03 ; premix-4 : ascorbic acid, 190 : a-tocopheryl acetate, 36 ; thiamin, 6.7 ; riboflavin, 4.8 ; pyridoxine, 4.8 ; niacin, 23.8 ; Ca-D-pantothenate, 19 ; myo-inositol, 152 ; D-biotin,0.2 ; folic acid, 1 ; p-aminobenjoic acid, 95 ; mennadione, 1.9 ; A, 1.9 ; $D_3$, 0.4 ; choline chloride, 500 ; cyanocobalamin, 0.01. Triplicate groups of the 50 fish averaging 4.25 g were fed one of four isoproteic ($47\%$) and isolipidic ($9\%$) experimental diets to satiation twice a day for 10 weeks. Weight gain, feed efficiency and protein retention in fish fed the diet with vitamin premix-1 were significantly higher than those in fish fed the other diets (P<0.05). Moisture, protein and lipid contents of muscle and whole body were not affected by different dietary vitamin premix (P>0,05). These results indicate that premix-1 can be used to adequate supplemental vitamin premix in test diet containing fish meal as protein source for juvenile Korean rockfish.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.89-93
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• 1976

The physiological saline solution for animals is known as Ringer's solution which is used for keeping the function of cold blooded vertebrate animals. Primaily the saline solution is used for the purpose of perfusion experiment in frogs. Later the saline solution is applied in several kinds of animals including human being with satisfactory results. However, this saline solution was introduced to silkworm and it was found that the result was not as successful as in the case of other animals and human being. Normally, in the case of silkworm, the physiological saline solution is prepared in order to maintain the normal function of separated organs and tissues. To this end, the saline solution is adjusted to contain the certain amount and strength of ions, osmosis pressure and hydrogen concentration. The most of cases, the physiological saline solution should be prepared so that the constituent of the solution be the same with the blood selium and body fluid. The hydrogen concentration in the ion element of the saline solution is adjustable by adding Na$\^$＋/, K$\^$＋/, Ca$\^$＋＋/, Mg$\^$＋＋/ which are followed by adding of buffer solution such as NaHCO$_3$and NaH$_2$PO$_4$. Determination of optimum concentration of cation in the physiological saline solution, and the optimum mixing rate of more than two kinds of cations are based on the movement of dorsal vessel in the silkworm larvae. The optimum concentration of cations in the solution is prepared by adding NaCl solution which is under zero point. However, this solution was further added with the different concentration of KCl and CaCl$_2$. By dropping the prepared solution on the 5th larvae, the effects of solution was measured. The measurement was done by observation of movement' of dorsal vessel and its time length, and the number of pulses. According to the experiment, it was found that when only NaCl solution was applied, the number of pulses is increased for a moment, and the pulse stopped after one hour or so. When KCl solution was added the time of pulse was prolonged and in the contrast, the number of pulses was slow down. If KCl and CaCl$_2$solutions are added the time of pulse was further prolonged. Even though the adding of KCl and CaCl$_2$are found to be effectible, the correlation between the concentration of solution and the movement of dorsal vessel was not observed. However, it was same in the case of adding Ca$\^$＋＋/ or K$\^$＋/. It was found that when Mg$\^$＋＋/ was added to dorsal vessel the number of the pulses was not decreased although the prolonged time pulse was observed.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.31 no.7
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• pp.660-667
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• 1998

Background: This study is to evaluate the effectiveness and application of Lecompte procedure as a treatment for various complex cardiac anomalies with pulmonary outflow tract obstruction. Methods: Between July 1988 and December 1997, 44 patients underwent Lecompte procedure in Seoul National University Children's Hospital. The male to female ratio was 24 to 20 and the mean age was 29.2 months(range, 3 to 83). Of these patients, 28(63.6%) had transposition of great arteries with ventricular septal defect and pulmonary stenosis(or pulmonary atresia), 14(31.8%) had double outlet right ventricle with pulmonary stenosis(or pulmonary atresia), and so on. The principles of the technique are 1) extension of the ventricular septal defect or conal resection, 2) construction of a intracardiac tunnel connecting the left ventricle to the aorta, and 3) direct connection, without a prosthetic conduit, of the pulmonary trunk to the right ventricle. Results: There were 3 in-hospital deaths and their causes were sustained hypoxia, myocardial failure, and sepsis, respectively. There was 1 late death due to sepsis. Reoperations were performed in 6 patients who had pulmonary outflow tract obstructions(4 cases), residual muscular ventricular septal defect(1 case), and recurrent septic vegetation(1 case). The cumulative survival rates by the Kaplan-Meier method were 92.7%, 92.7%, and 92.7% at 1, 2, and over 4 years. The reoperation free survival rates were 92.7%, 92.7%, and 70.2% at 1, 3, and over 5 years. Among the risk factors for the operative death, aortic cross clamping time had statistical significance(p<0.05) and all the risk factors for the recurrent pulmonary stenosis such as age, pulmonary artery index, and materials used for the pulmonary outflow tract reconstruction had no statistical significance(p>0.05). Conclusions: Our review suggests that Lecompte procedure is an effective treatment modality for various complex cardiac anomalies with pulmonary outflow tract obstruction. Repair in early age is possible and the rates of mortality and morbidity are also acceptable.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.193-200
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• 2010

This experiment was performed to evaluate the morphological responses of the duodenal epithelial cells of the mouse, inoculated with Ehrlich carcinoma cells in the inguinal area, following administration of Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG). In the experimental groups, each mouse was inoculated with $1{\times}10^7$ Ehrlich carcinoma cells subcutaneously in the inguinal area. From next day after inoculations, 0.2 mL of saline or BCG (0.5 mL/25 g B.W.: $0.03{\times}10^8\sim0.32{\times}10^8$ CFU) were injected subcutaneously to the animals every other day, respectively. The day following the 7th injection of saline or BCG, each mouse was injected with a single dose of $0.7{\mu}Ci$/g of methyl-$^3H$-thymidine (25 Ci/mmol, Amersham Lab, England) through tail vein. Seventy minutes after the thymidine injection, animals were sacrificed, and duodenal tissues were taken and fixed in 10% neutral formalin. Deparaffinized sections were coated with autoradiographic emulsion EM-1 (Amersham Lab, England) in a dark room and dried and were placed in a light-tight box. The number of labeled epithelial cells in the duodenal mucosae (mean number of labeled epithelial cells per 3.5 mm length of mucosa) were observed and calculated. On the light microscopic study, duodenal mucosae had no severe morphological changes following the injection of BCG. In the tumor control and BCG treated groups, a number of small lymphocytes and eosinophile leucocytes are slightly increased as compared with those of the normal control ones. On the autoradiographic study, number of the labeled cells of normal control, tumor control and BCG-treated mice were 632.3 (${\pm}14.47$), 761.7 (${\pm}27.65$) and 505.0 (${\pm}17.09$) respectively. From the above results, BCG may suppress the DNA synthesis of the duodenal epithelial cells, but does not results severe structural defect on the duodenal mucosae. And it is suggested that BCG may greatly improve the anticancer therapy on certain kind of cancer.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.11-18
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• 2004

Background: We tested the effect of indomethacine and total spinal anesthesia on the improvement of placental flow during cardiopulmonary bypass on fetal lamb. Material and Method: Twenty fetuses at 120 to 150 days of gestation were subjected to bypass via trans-sternal approach with a 12 G pulmonary arterial cannula and 14 to 18 F venous cannula for 30 minutes. All ewes received general anesthesia with ketamine. In all the fetuses, no anesthetic agents were used except muscle relaxant. Ten served as a control group in which placenta was worked as an oxygenator during bypass (Control group). The remainder worked as an experimental group in which pretreatment with indomethacine and total spinal anesthesia was performed before bypass with the same extracorporeal circulation technique as control group (Experimental group). Observations were made every 10 minutes during a 30-minute bypass and 30-minute post bypass period. Result: Weights of the fetuses ranged from 2.2 to 5.2 kg. In Control group, means of arterial pressure decreased from 44.7 to 14.4 mmHg and means of Pa$CO_2$ increased from 61.9 to 129.6 mmHg at each time points during bypass. Flow rate was suboptimal (74.3 to 97.0 $m\ell$/kg/min) during bypass. All hearts fibrillated immediately after the discontinuation of bypass. On the contrary, in Experimental group, means of arterial pressure reamined higher (45.8 to 30 mmHg) during bypass (p<0.05). Means of Pa$CO_2$ were less ranging from 59.8 to 79.4 mmHg during bypass (P<0.05). Flow rates were higher (78.8 to 120.2 $m\ell$/kg/min) during bypass (p<0.05). There were slower deterioration of cardiac function after cessation of bypass. Conclusion: In this study, we demonstrated that the placental flow was increased during fetal cardiopulmonary bypass in the group pretreated with indomethacine and total spinal anesthesia. However, further studies with modifications of the bypass including a creation of more concise bypass circuit, and a use of axial pump are mandatory for the clinical application.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.47 no.5
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• pp.703-710
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• 2005

Data from Hanwoo steers and bull calves were analyzed to see the phenotypic and genetic relationships between carcass traits from four different covariance models. Four models fit test station and test period as fixed effect of contemporary group and sire as random effect assuming paternal half-sib relationships among animals. Each model fits one of linear covariate (s) of different slaughter end points-age at slaughter in the first order, age at slaughter in the first and second order, slaughter weight or back fat thickness at 12-13th rib of cold carcass. Age at slaughter in its second order was not significant. Age at slaughter accounted for signifi- cant amount of genetic variances and covariances of carcass traits. Heritability estimates of back fat thickness, rib eye area, carcass weight, marbling score and dressing percentage were 0.34, 0.22, 0.24, 0.42 and 0.18, respectively at constant age basis. The genetic correlation between carcass weight and the other variables were all positive and low to high in magnitude. Genetic correlations between back fat thickness and rib eye area and between marbling score and dressing percentage were low but negative. Variance and covariance structure between these traits were shifted to a great extent when these variables were regressed on slaughter weight or on back fat thickness. These two covariates counteracted to each other but they adjusted each carcass variable or their interrelationship according to differential growth of body components, bone, muscle and fat. Slaughter weight tended to decrease genetic variances and covariances of carcass weight and between component traits and back fat thickness tended to increase those of rib eye area and between rib eye area and carcass weight.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.53-67
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• 2013

This study was aimed to evaluate the masticatory efficiency after botulinum toxin type A (BTX-A) injection during 12 weeks using objective and subjective test. Also, we compared the difference of masticatory efficiency between group that injected into the masseter muscle only (M-group) and group that injected into the masseter and temporalis muscle (M-T group). The mixing ability index (MAI) was used as the objective indicator, and visual analogue scale (VAS) and food intake ability (FIA) index were used as the subjective indicators. It was concluded that masticatory efficiency was significantly lowered after a BTX-A injection into the masticatory muscle, but it gradually recovered in a predictable pattern by the 12 weeks. The disturbance of subjective masticatory efficiency was lasted longer than objective masticatory efficiency. The masticatory efficiency was lower in M-T group than M group. It was statistically significant in the VAS and FIA at 4 weeks, but the MAI showed no significancy. After 4weeks, there was rapid recovery of muscle function in M-T group, and the difference between two groups was not significant. It could be concluded that there will be no serious disturbance of mastication compared to injection is done only into the masseter muscle, even if injection is done into the masseter and temporalis muscle in dose of this study. According to the food properties, it was confirmed that people feel more discomfort on taking hard and tough foods after BTX-A injection and not only hard foods, but also intake of soft and runny foods were influenced by botulinum toxin injection.