• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.784-791
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• 2002

The anxiety and stress of nursing students on performance intramuscular injection diminished nursing skill performance. The purpose of this study was to identify the effects of the guided imagery program on anxiety, stress and nursing skill performance of nursing students. Method: The study design was time series with a nonequivalent control group pretest- posttest study. The Data were collected from the 30th of Oct. to the 6th of Nov. 2001. The objects of this study were 36 sophomores of university(18 for the experimental group, 18 for the control group). The Instruments used in this study were State Trait Anxiety Inventory developed by Spielberger (1972), Visual Analogue Scale for Stress and Nursing skill performance developed by the researcher. The guided imagery was provided through audiotapes to the subjects for 8 minutes. The pretest was given before the therapy to measure variables for both groups and the posttests were performed after intervention. The data were analyzed by the SAS program using t-test and paired t-test. Result: The results of this study are as follows. The level of anxiety of students who received the guided imagery were significantly lower than that of control group. the level of stress had a deeling tendency and the nursing skill performance level was significantly higher than that of control group. Conclusion: The guided imagery suggested as an effective nursing intervention did reduce the anxiety and promoted nursing skill performance of nursing students.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.515-524
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• 1997

헤민과 메나디온 제한에 의한 Porphyromonas gingivalis(P. gingivalis) W50의 병독력의 변화를 검색하고자, 실험관내 병독력을 NIH 3T3 세포의 세포활성 변화로 관찰하였고, 생체내 병독력은 배양상청액을 ICR mouse 피하조직에 주사한 후의 염증반응을 관찰하였다. 헤민 존재 하에 배양한 P. gingivalis W50 배양상청액에 의한 mouse 3T3 세포의 세포활성은 헤민과 메나디온 없이 배양한 세포의 활성보다 낮았다. 헤민과 메나디온을 첨가하지 않고 배양한 세균의 생체내 병독력은 중등도의 염증세포 침윤과 울혈에 의한 출혈, 미약한 세포간질의 부종과 근육 파괴를 보였다. 메나디온 존재 하에서 배양한 세균은 미약한 염증세포의 침윤, 울혈에 의한 출혈 및 근육의 파괴가 관찰되었다. 헤민 존재하에서 중등도의 울혈에 의한 출혈, 미약한 세포간질의 부종, 염증세포의 침윤 및 근육파괴가 관찰되었다. 헤민과 메나디온 존재 하에서 배양한 세균은 심한 염증세포의 침윤과 중등도의 세포간질의 부종 및 울혈에 의한 출혈을 보였다. 이상의 연구 결과 P. gingivalis W50 배양 상층액의 병독력은 헤민에 의하여 영향을 받는 것으로 생각된다.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.325-329
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• 2000

근막동통은 발통점과 중추흥분효과가 나타나는 국소적 근육성 동통이다. 발통점은 근육의 일부나 건 부착점에 나타나는 부위로서 단단한 띠로서 느껴지고 촉진시 통증을 유발한다. 통증은 관련된 발통점의 위치에 따라 연관된 부위에 나타난다. 이러한 근막 발통점에 따른 증상은 약한 기능이상부터 일상생활이 어렵게 되는 정도의 심한 통증까지 다양하다. 이의 발생에는 국소적 근육이상, 심부 동통, 심리적 스트레스의 증가, 수면장애와 전신적인 요인들도 관여한다. 일반적으로 치료는 보존적인 처치로써, fluoro-methane 같은 vapocoolant spray를 사용하는 사용하여 분사신장하는 방법이 있으며, 국소적인 주사, 마사지, 초음파, 온열요법등이 있다. 여러 환자에서 근막동통을 가지는 환자에 분사신장요법을 시행한 결과 대부분 환자에서 증상의 개선을 보였다. 근막동통의 치료시 분사신장요법은 매우 보존적인 처치로 임상가의 적용과 접근이 쉬우며, 환자로 하여금 치료에 따른 불안감을 줄이면서 만족을 느낄 수 있는 치료로 사료된다. 그러나 만성 환자의 경우 분사신장요법의 치료결과에 대한 만족도가 높지 않았다. 분사신장 용법은 근막동통을 가진 환자 모두에서 효과적이지는 않으나 치료의 도입으로, 근막동통을 진단시에 일차적으로 사용할 수 있는 안정한 보존적인 용법으로 사료된다.

• Clinical Pain
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.49-53
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• 2020

Piriformis muscle syndrome is a condition that causes direct muscle pain around piriformis muscle or sciatica from irritated sciatic nerve and the diagnosis remains debatable. The main treatment is symptomatic relief from conservative therapy such as medication and piriformis stretching exercise, and various therapeutic injections including local anesthetic, corticosteroid, botulinum toxin can be considered for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. In this case, a 54-year-old male who had sciatica and gait disturbance showed piriformis muscle hypertrophy in the pelvis MRI. From imaging studies, electrodiagnostic study and physical examination, he was diagnosed with piriformis muscle syndrome. He underwent trigger point injection and botulinum toxin injection into the piriformis muscle, and pain and gait disturbance significantly improved. This case reports a case of piriformis muscle syndrome with clinical symptom of gait disturbance, which was improved by botulinum toxin injection.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.875-883
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• 2009

We investigated the effects of manufacturing method on the quality of beef jerky using electron micrography. Six types of beef jerky were prepared by the addition of sugar (A), licorice (B), one of three kinds of spice extract (clove: C, fennel fruit: D, and Chungyang green pepper extract: E), or a mixture of all spice extracts (F). Microstructural changes in beef jerky during preparation by drying, with respect to drying method and the nature of the added spice extract, were observed by scanning electron micrography (SEM) and transmission electron micrography (TEM). The latter technique showed that the microstructure of fresh meat showed actin and myosin in myofibril lines, and also mitochondria and inner membranes. Beef muscle structure was broken at many myofibril lines and decomposition of inner membrane material was evident after seasoning. SEM of air-blast dried beef jerky with added medicinal herb extracts showed both large spaces and regular myofibrils, whereas hot air-dried beef jerky had no spaces and the muscle myofibrils were still evident. After review of all available micrographs from SEM and TEM, we concluded that use of medicinal herb extracts could be helpful in preserving the muscle myofibril structure during drying, and the air-blast drying method is recommended to optimize the textural quality characteristics of beef jerky.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.135-142
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• 1992

The absorption and excretion times of oxolinic acid(OX) used in farms as new aquatic antibiotics commonly were evaluated with determination of the effects of water temperature and feeding to parameters by using the bioassay technique. On the same time, antibacterial activity and the complex formation of oxolinic acid with serum proteins of two different fishes were compared to those oxytetracycline(OTC). With more than 10 times lower MIC values than those of OTC in the strains among 13 analyzed fish pathogens. OX did not show the decresed antibacterial activity by the binding of serum proteins in carp and tilapia. It implies more powerful potential of OX as aquatic medicine OTC. The serum concentration of OX after different administrations the oral, i.m., i.v and dipping methods were compared. The higher beginning concentration in serum and faster excretion times were obserbed in i.m. and dipping methods respectively. In the oral and i.m. administration, peak serum concentration after 24－48 hrs and slow excretion times demonstrated in both methods. These pharmacokinetic characteristics similar at $30^{\circ}C$ and $20^{\circ}C$ water temperature conditions, however, beginning serum concentration of OX in fish dipped in $50mg/\ell$ sol after starvation for 2 wks was appeared lower than those of fed fish. It suggests the importance of biological condition of the gill or skin for absorption of antibiotics after dipping administration.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.91-95
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• 2009

The pharmacokinetic properties of oxytetracycline (OTC) were studied after intramuscular injection to cultured olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus. Plasma concentrations of OTC were determined after dosage of 12.5, 25 and 50 ㎎/㎏ body weight in olive flounder (average 600 g, $23{\pm}1{^{\circ}C}$). Plasma samples were taken at 3, 5, 10, 15, 24, 32, 48, 72, 120, 168, 240 and 360 h post-dose. With 25 and 50 ㎎/㎏, the peak plasma concentrations of OTC, which attained at 5 h post-dose, were 0.99 and 1.49 $\mu{g}/m\ell$, respectively. However, the peak plasma concentration of 12.5 ㎎/㎏ was 0.35 $\mu{g}/m\ell$ after 10 h post-dose. Plasma concentrations of OTC were not measurable at 360 h post-dose in all doses. The kinetic profile of absorption, distribution and elimination of OTC in plasma were analyzed fitting to a 1-compartment model by Win-Nonlin program. The following parameters were calculated for 12.5, 25 and 50 ㎎/㎏ body weight, respectively: AUC (the area under the concentration-time curve)?D���D24.98, 44.67 and 50.45 $\mu{g}$ $h/m\ell$ $T_{1/2}$ (half-life) ?D���D0.42, 0.59 and 0.41 h; $T_{max}$ (time for maximum concentration)?D���D8.46, 6.34 and 2.66 h; $C_{max}$ (maximum concentration)?D���D0.30, 0.63 and 1.13 $\mu{g}/m\ell$.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.309-316
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• 2003

연구목적: 스테로이드 계통의 에스트로겐 호르몬은 막 수용체와 결합하고 DNA에 부착되어, 자궁조직에서 발현되는 많은 유전자들의 발현 양상을 조절하는 것으로 알려져 있다. 본 연구에서는 난소를 제거한 생쥐 모델을 이용하여 에스트로겐에 의해 조절되는 전사 관련 유전자(transcription factor)들을 동정하고, early up-regulation gene으로 확인된 Fos related antigen (Fra1과 Fra2) 유전자의 발현 양상을 RT-PCR과 면역염색방법으로 살펴보았다. 연구재료 및 방법: 난소 절제술을 시행한 생쥐에 에스트로겐을 피하주사하고 2, 4, 6, 12시간 간격으로 자궁조직을 적출하였다. 대조군으로는 sesame oil만을 주사한 후 2시간째에 수획한 자궁조직을 사용하였으며, 시간대별로 채취한 자궁조직(n=4)에서 RT-PCR을 수행하였다. RT-PCR을 통해 early response gene으로 확인된 Fra1과 Fra2에 대한 에스트로겐의 영향을 살펴보기 위해 estrogen receptor antagonist인 ICI 182, 780을 주사하여 유전자 발현 양상의 변화를 살펴보았다. 또한, 자궁조직내에서의 단백질 발현 부위를 관찰하기 위해 면역조직화학염색을 실시하였다. 결 과: 생쥐 자궁조직에서 에스트로겐에 의해 발현 양상의 변화가 확인된 유전자는 early up-regulation genes (CREB2, Fra-1, 2, GATA5), late up-regulation gene (E2F1), no response genes (CREB1, ATF1, GLI3, E2F3), down-regulation genes (GLI2, E2F5, GATA-2, 3, 6) 등으로 구분할 수 있었다. 그 중 early up-regulation genes에 해당하는 Fra1과 Fra2 유전자는 ICI 182, 780에 의해 그 발현이 유의하게 감소되는 것을 확인하였다(p < 0.01). 이들 단백질은 생쥐 자궁조직의 상피세포층, 기질층, 근육층에서 고루 발현되었으며, 특히 근육층에서 강한 염색정도를 관찰할 수 있었다. 결 론: 이상의 결과를 통해 Fra1과 Fra2 유전자의 발현은 에스트로겐에 의해 조절됨을 알 수 있었으며, 이들의 강한 발현이 자궁조직의 근육층에서 관찰되어 이들의 기능에 대한 연구가 필요할 것으로 생각된다.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.485-491
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• 1986

Gulbi were made by salting fresh Yellow corvenia (Pseudosciaena manchurica) in three ways; the dry salting method with bay-salt, the dry salting method with purified salt or the abdominal brine injection method with purified salt. Half of the sample was dried by controlling temperature and relative humidity and the other part was dried under the natural condition. The moisture content of the samples were decreased more rapidly by the controlled system than by the natural condition. The lipid content and the iodine values of the muscle and skin of the Gulbi were decreased slowly with laps of drying period. The peroxide values of the sample were increased to its peak after 10 days of drying, and were decreased rapidly thereafter. Both acid values and the thiobarbituric acid values were increased. The deterioration of lipids during Gulbi processing was not notable depending on the salting method, but the natural drying condition affected more severely in their deterioration.

• Journal of Dental Rehabilitation and Applied Science
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.247-251
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• 2011

Botulinum toxin type A (BoNT-A) is used for treating bilateral masseter hypertrophy since 1994. Recently there have been more clinical studies in this area, with some authors reporting that BoNT-A can reduce the size of the masseter muscle, as documented by photography, ultrasonography, computed tomography, and 3D(three dimensional) laser scan. However, earlier studies were only for bilateral masseter hypertrophy cases, not for unilateral masseter hypertrophy cases. The aim of this study was to use 3D laser scanning to evaluate changes in the external facial contour induced by unilateral BoNT-A injection. BoNT-A was injected into hypertrophic masseter muscle unilaterally in 10 patients with asymmetric masseter hypertrophy. The clinical effects of unilaterally injected BoNT-A were evaluated before the injection and 4, 8, and 12weeks after the injection using 3D laser scan. And the mean values of both sides (injection and non-injection sides) were compared with. At injection side, mean values of the volume and the bulkiest height at each time point diminished significantly between pre-injection and 4, 8, and 12weeks post-injection. At non-injection side, in contrast, mean values of the volume and the bulkiest height diminished also but less than that of injected side, and there was no statistical significance. In this limited study, we concluded that the unilaterally BoNT-A injection side showed greater mean values of the reduction of muscle volume than non-injection side at 4, 8, and 12 weeks after the injection.