• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• v.52 no.6
• /
• pp.581-592
• /
• 2019

Purpose: This study investigated major dietary patterns among healthy Korean adults using cluster analysis and analyzed the relationship between energy intake and skeletal muscle mass. Methods: This study was conducted using the data from the 2008 ~ 2010 Korea National Health and Nutrition Survey. The data of 7,922 subjects aged 30 years and over, without any missing values, were included in the final analysis. K-means cluster analyses were conducted to identify the dietary patterns of the study subjects, which were based on the energy intake from 21 food groups using a 24-h recall method. The changes in energy intake with each dietary pattern, according to quartiles of skeletal muscle mass, were investigated. Results: Three dietary patterns were identified for both men and women: 'Flour, Animal fat', 'White rice' and 'Healthy mixed diet'. The association between energy intake and skeletal muscle mass for both men and women was significant only in the 'White rice' dietary pattern. In the 'White rice' pattern, the energy intake increased up to > 300 kcal from the lowest to the highest quartile of skeletal muscle mass after adjustment for covariates. Within the 'White rice' pattern, skeletal muscle mass was linearly associated with energy intake in all the age groups in men. Conclusion: Energy intake was significantly associated with changes in skeletal muscle mass only in the 'White rice' pattern. Furthermore, the degree of association between the change in skeletal muscle mass and energy intake differed according to gender. These results indicate that the association between skeletal muscle mass and energy intake may be specific to Korean people who are accustomed to a traditional Korean diet.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
• /
• v.6 no.1
• /
• pp.1-14
• /
• 1997

This experiment was conducted to find out the compositions of nutrient solution for closed system in substrate culture of cucumber. Cucumber(Cucumis sativus L. cv. Eunsung baekdadagi) plants were grown in the substrates supplied with the nutrient solutions whose strengths were 1/2, 1, and 3/2 of the original concentration developed by National Horticultural Research Station in Japan. By increasing the nutrient concentrations, plant height decreased but leaf length, leaf width, and leaf number showed little differences. A number of marketable fruit and marketable yield were the highest in the concentration of 1 strength. The nutrient compositions of solution developed for closed system in cucumber substrate culture were N 11.4, P 3.3, K 6.0, Ca 4.5, and Mg 3.5 me.$\ell$$^{-1}$ during the vegetative growth period and N 10.4, P 3.3, K 5.0, Ca 4.5, and Mg 3,5 me.$\ell$$^{-1}$ during the reproductive growth period. To examine the suitability of nutrient solution developed in the above experiment, cucumber plants were grown in the substrates supplied with different solutions and concentrations - Yamasaki's nutrient solution(Yamasaki) of 1 S, nutrient solution of Research Station for Greenhouse Vegetable and Floriculture on the Netherlands(PTG) of 1 S, nutrient solution developed in the above experiment(SCU) of 1/2, 1, and 3/2 S. EC and pH in root zone changed little in the all treatments during growing period. As cucumber plants grew, the concentrations of N, P, and K in root zone decreased but Ca concentration increased. Net $CO_2$ assimilation rate of cucumber leaves was high in SCU of 1 and 3/2 S, and Yamasaki of 1 S. Growth of cucumber plants was the lowest in SCU of 1/2 S.

• Resources Recycling
• /
• v.9 no.6
• /
• pp.36-44
• /
• 2000

Fly ash was composed of the unburned carbon and mineral particles. The former was able to attach on the bubbles, while the latter was not. Therefore, it was possible to separate the unburned carbon and the mineral from fly ash using the froth flotation process. This study was carried out to evaluate the separation efficiency as a function of the ny ash particle properties in the column flotation. Separation efficiency was analyzed for various size fraction of -38 fm,38~125 fm and 1125 W, and for various fly ash samples containing 7, 11, and 20 wt% unburned carbon. For the size fractions of -38 fm containing 7 wt% unburned carbon, separation efficiency was 86ft, whereas separation efficiency was found to be 74% for the size fraction of +125$\mu\textrm{m}$ containing 20 wt% unburned carbon. The results indicated that separation efficiency increased with the decrease in the particle size and the unburned carbon content of the fly ash.

• Journal of agriculture & life science
• /
• v.46 no.6
• /
• pp.117-126
• /
• 2012

This study carried out on the manufacturing of pidan. The production of pidan can be one of solutions for over-produced eggs and stable egg price. For the alkali-pickling solution for manufacturing of Pidan, the tested concentration of NaOH and NaCl were respectively as 3, 5, 7% and 5, 10, 15, 20%, and examined every 2 days for 14days. According to the results, pH value of alkali-pickling solution was increased by the increment of NaOH concentration and the pickling period, and was decreased by the increment of NaCl concentration. The pH value of egg yolk was increased by the increment of NaOH concentration, but it was not significantly different by the NaCl concentration. By the increment of NaOH and NaCl concentrations, the alkali infiltration in egg yolk and egg white was accelerated. Furthermore, the weight change of the eggs in the alkali-solution has no effects on manufacturing of Pidan. Liquefied albumen showed significant differences by NaOH concentration rather than that of NaCl. There was no liquefied albumen for 14days at 3% of NaOH, but it was found between 11-12days at 5% and 8-10days at 7%, respectively. The pH values of egg white when it was liquefied albumen were between 11.8 and 12.0. Pidan was made by heat treatment after 6-7days dipped in the solution at the concentration of 7%, about 10days at 5%, and 12-14days at 3% of NaOH, respectively. Although, the period of manufacturing of Pidan was saved by the increment of NaOH concentration, liquefied albumen was accelerated and the food preference was decreased by ammonia odor. Therefore, the suitable concentration of NaOH is between 3 and 5%, and that of NaCl is between 5 and 10% due to the effect of salinity by the soaking period. Through this study, optimal pickling solution and dipping time for manufacturing of Pidan was figured out, and also find out that it can save a time about 15days for manufacturing of Pidan.

• FLOWER RESEARCH JOURNAL
• /
• v.19 no.1
• /
• pp.22-29
• /
• 2011

The experiment investigated effect of duration, temperature, and light condition during chilling treatment on growth and flowering of four Campanula species in a factorial experiment. Two parent species, Campanula punctata Lam. var. rubriflora Mak. and C. Punctata Lam., and their two $F_1$ hybrids, C. punctata Lam. ${\times}$ C. punctata Lam. var. rubriflora Mak. ('Jiknyeo') and C. punctata Lam. var. rubriflora Mak. ${\times}$ C. punctata Lam. ('Gyeonu'), were used. Plants were cultured in vitro for five weeks at $25^{\circ}C$ under about $75{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$ PPFD before being chilled at 4 or $25^{\circ}C$ for 3, 6, or 9 weeks under a darkened or lighted (about $10{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$ PPFD) condition. After chilling treatment, plants were transplanted to 10 cm pots filled with a commercial growing medium and were transferred to environment-controlled growth chambers and subsequently to a greenhouse to observe their reproductive growth. Growth of all species and flowering of a $F_1$ hybrid 'Jiknyeo' were affected by duration, temperature, and light condition during chilling treatment. The greatest growth and survival percentage were observed in C. punctata Lam. var. rubriflora Mak. The survival percentage was greater when plants were chilled in a lighted than darkened condition, whereas it decreased when plants were chilled more than six weeks in vitro. Among the four species tested, flowering was observed only in a $F_1$ hybrid 'Jiknyeo' with 62.5% flowering plants when it was chilled at $25^{\circ}C$ for three weeks under a lighted condition. Percent flowering plant was affected by duration, temperature, and light condition during chilling treatment. Three-week chilling at $4^{\circ}C$ under a darkened condition significantly reduced days to flowering. These results suggest that the low temperature requirement for flowering is not qualitative but quantitative in Campanula species. Further experiment with more number of plants is necessary to ascertain this conclusion.

• Journal of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Education
• /
• v.10 no.1
• /
• pp.15-30
• /
• 1998

The variation of the catches of Skipjack(Euthynnus pelamis) and the relationships between the SST and the fishing ground is examined using the catches data of skipjack obtained by Iwawada Fisheries Cooperative of Chiba Prefecture in Japan from 1982 to 1988. The annual mean catch for Skipjack was 151,375.1kg. the annual fluctuation of catch was that the catch in 1984 was increasing, but it was decreased less than 50% in 1985, and was repeated after being a little recovered in 1986, and it was recovered with the level of 1984 in 1988. The fluctuation of catch for Skipjack in every fishing term is that daily mean catch of the primary fishing term (January, February and March) is 894.6kg, but the middle fishing term(April and May) more than four times of the primary fishing term is 3,666.0kg, the last fishing term(June and July) was decreasing at 767.9kg and the fishing ground gradually becomes extinct. The annual mean SST in fishing ground was an extent of from $19.0^{\circ}C$ to $20.2^{\circ}C$, the mean SST of every year except 1983 was from $19.0^{\circ}C$ to $19.9^{\circ}C$. It is said that the optimum SST of Skipjack in Sotobo sea area is the degree of $19.0^{\circ}C$. Therfore, the thing which will guess the time and the location appeared the optimum SST is the very important factor to operate efficiently. About the extent of SST in fishing ground, it was from $17.0^{\circ}C$ to $19.0^{\circ}C$ on March, from $17.5^{\circ}C$ to $20.5^{\circ}C$ on April and from $17.5^{\circ}C$ to $23.5^{\circ}C$ on May, which the extent of SST was gradually larger and larger, on June from $21.0^{\circ}C$ to $23.5^{\circ}C$, fishing ground was formed only the degree of SST more than $21.0^{\circ}C$.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
• /
• v.9 no.1
• /
• pp.1-8
• /
• 1976

1. Under an asumption that Ficks diffusion equation could be applicable in soil systems, the diffusivities of NaCl in several flooded soil systems were measured to range from $0.4{\times}10^{-5}cm^2sec^{-1}$ to $0.83{\times}10^{-5}cm^2sec^{-1}$ 2. It was discussed that, when a polder soil with a uniform initial salt content through the profile is desalinated only by diffusion to flooding water, the salt content in profile is a function of soil depth, diffusion time, and diffusivity as following $$C=C^{\circ}erf\frac{x}{\sqrt[2]{Dt}}$$ 3. On the basis of Kirkham, et al's integration of complementary erra function, the speed of desalting was discussed to be inversely proportional to the square root of time as following $$dq/dt=C^{\circ}{\sqrt{D/{\pi}t}}$$ 4. It was estimated enough to exchange the flooding water once or twice, even when desalination of polder soil is carried out only by diffusion, if the desalination begins in June, the used flooding water is fresh water, and flooding depth is 10cm. 5. Desalination of polder soil by diffusion requires 2 month for good standing of planted rice.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
• /
• v.38 no.6
• /
• pp.1383-1392
• /
• 2021

It has been reported that emodin, a major pharmacologically active ingredient of herbal medicines such as Polygonum cuspidatum, Polygonum multiflorum, Rheum palmatum, and Aloe vera, is effective in antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and liver protection. In this study, to investigate the potential of emodin to be used as a skin disease and functional material, the activity related to the improvement of inflammation and skin barrier function was confirmed. To observe the anti-inflammatory effect on HaCaT cells, which are human keratinocytes, cytokine inhibition was confirmed by ELISA kit and protein expression by western blot. In HaCaT cells activated with TNF-α (10 ng/mL)/IFN-γ (10 ng/mL), emodin was treated with each concentration (5, 10, 20, 40) µM. As a result, It was confirmed that the production amount of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 decreased as the concentration of emodin increased. In the experimental results on the expression levels of inflammation-related proteins iNOS and COX-2, it was confirmed that 48% of iNOS and 29% of COX-2 were inhibited compared to control at a concentration of 20 µM of emodin. As an indicator of skin barrier function improvement, the mRNA expression level of filaggrin, involucrin, and loricirn and the production amount of filaggrin, involucrin, and loricirn were confirmed. and excellent results were obtained with an emodin concentration-dependent increase. In particular, filaggrin, which was produced twice as much as the control at a concentration of 20 µM, is a protein involved in the formation of NMF, a natural moisturizing factor, and is known to play an important role in moisturizing the stratum corneum. In conclusion, it was confirmed that emodin can be used as a material for improving inflammation and improving skin barrier function, which is part of the potential for use as a skin disease and functional material. It is believed that if additional research is performed in the future, the scope of its application can be further expanded.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
• /
• v.43 no.3
• /
• pp.334-365
• /
• 2010

Mother-of-Pearl craftwork sketch involves the whole process of making a piece of work. Therefore, it includes types, forms, sizes, and patterns of the work. Some information about when and by whom those works were manufactured and who ordered them are still found in some sketches. This paper seeks to find out popular types and patterns of the works in each period and its demand and the way of supply by examining the collection of approximately 1700 Mother-of-Pearl craftwork sketches from the period of Japanese colonization up to the present time, which are owned by Mr. Song Bang-wung, Important Intangible Cultural Heritage no.10. Typical patterns of sketches are the hua-jo(花鳥 : Flowers and Birds), the Sakunja(四君子 : Four Gracious Plants), cultural treasures, figures in folk tales, 'Su-bok(壽福)' characters, and landscape. The pattern sketches have changed according to the circumstances of Korean society. During the period of Japanese colonization from the 1920s to the 1940s the manufacture and the supply and demand of Mother-of-Pearl craftworks were controled by the Japanese government. As a result, many of the patterns were adjusted to the Japanese taste. Most of its customers were also Japanese. During the 1950s after Independence the American Military Forces appeared as new customers due to the Korean War. Thus, the traditional Korean patterns to decorate accessories adored by American soldiers gained popularity. Foreign Mother-of-Perls were imported from the late 1960s to the 1970s. They were bigger and more colorful than those of Korean and it enabled the sketches bigger and the patterns more various. The most popular pattern in this period was the pattern of cultural treasures, such as an image of Buddha, metalcraft works, porcelains and pagodas. In terms of a technique, new techniques, such as engraving and rusting were introduced. There was a great demand for Mother-of-Pearl craftworks in the 1970s as people were highly interested in them. They were entirely made to order and there was a large demand from diverse organizations, furniture dealers and individuals. And the Mother-of-Pearl craftwork was in full flourish in the 1970s due to the country's economic development and the growth of national income. Mass production of the works was possible and the professional designers who drew patterns actively worked in this period. The favor of Mother-of-Pearl craftworks declined in the 1980s since the built-in furniture and the Western style of furniture became prevalent due to the change of housing into apartments. But it seemed that the manufacture of Mother-of-Pearl craftworks revived for once the technique of Kunum-jil(끊음질 : cutting and attaching) became popular in Tong-young(統營). After the 1990s, however, the making of Mother-of-Pearl craftworks gradually declined as the need of them decreased. Now it barely maintains its existence by a few artisans.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
• /
• v.32 no.1
• /
• pp.41-49
• /
• 2019

Probing the Na environments in Na silicate and aluminosilicate glasses is essential to the macroscopic properties of melts in the Earth. In particular, exploring the atomic structure of Na silicate and aluminosilicate glasses reveals Na-O distance, which plays an important role in transport properties of melts. Here we report the local environment around Na using $^{23}Na$ magic angle spinning (MAS) NMR. We also obtain $^{23}Na$ isotropic chemical shift (${\delta}_{iso}$) of Na silicate and aluminosilicate glasses with varying composition using Dmfit program. The Q mas 1/2 model simulates the experimental results with three simulated peaks while the CzSimple model simulates with one peak. The ${\delta}_{iso}$ decreases with increasing $SiO_2$ content in Na silicate and aluminosilicate glasses. The ${\delta}_{iso}$ increases with increasing $Na_2O$ content in Na-Ca silicate and Na aluminosilicate glasses when the $SiO_2$ content is fixed. Considering the ${\delta}_{iso}$ of Na aluminosilicate glasses available in the previous studies, together with the current simulation results, we confirm that the ${\delta}_{iso}$ has positive correlation with Al / (Al + Si). Those experimental results were reproduced better using Q mas 1/2 model. The disorder of Na in Na silicate and aluminosilicate glasses can be revealed through the simulation of 1D $^{23}Na$ MAS NMR spectra using Dmfit program in a short time.