• Title/Summary/Keyword: 극락조

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Angle-dependent color changes in breast feather of birds of paradise

  • Kim, Gwan-Ho;Jo, Ji-Hwan;Song, Yeong-Min
    • Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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    • 2016.02a
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    • pp.373-373
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    • 2016
  • 파푸아뉴기니 열대 우림에 서식하는 극락조의 가슴깃은 독특한 나노 구조를 가지고 있다. 이 독특한 구조에 의해 구조색이 발현된다. 또한 이 구조색은 입사하는 빛의 각도에 따라 색이 변화 하며 아름다운 색을 낸다. 극락조의 가슴깃의 구조는 keratin과 melanin으로 구성 되어 있는데 keratin과 melanin이 한 층씩 교대로 위치하여 multi layer 구조를 가진다. 가슴깃의 단면의 형태는 부메랑 모양의 구조로 되어 있는데 물질은 주로 keratin 으로 이루어져 있고 keratin 내부에 melanin rodlet이 층층이 박혀서 multi layer를 형성한다. 부메랑 모양의 단면에서 keratin 피질의 각도는 약 $30^{\circ}$ 정도로 이루어져 있고 내부의 melanin 기둥이 이루는 층은 약 $11.3^{\circ}$ 정도로 이루어져 있다. 본 연구에서는 극락조 가슴깃의 구조를 도식화 하여 입사하는 빛의 각도에 따라 나타나는 구조색을 FDTD simulation을 통해 계산하였고 실제 구조에 의해 측정된 reflectance spectra와 비교하여 특성이 유사하게 나타남을 확인 하였다. 실제 극락조 가슴깃의 반사 특성은 부메랑 모양 구조의 가운데 부분에서는 파장이 610 nm 정도인 주황빛이 주로 반사가 되고, 부메랑 모양 구조의 양옆 부분에서는 파장이 420 nm 정도인 파란빛이 주로 반사되어 나타난다. 그리고 각도에 따른 구조색의 변화는 보통의 multi layer의 특징과 다르게 나타난다. 입사하는 빛의 각도가 커질수록 reflectance peak가 나타나는 파장이 점점 짧아지는 특징은 일반적인 multi layer와 일치하지만 일반적인 multi layer가 입사 각도가 커질수록 reflectance가 커지는데 반해 극락조 가슴깃의 반사특성은 입사 각도가 커질수록 reflectance는 오히려 작아진다. 우리가 도식화한 구조를 FDTD simulation한 결과는 이러한 특징이 실제 구조의 측정 결과와 일치하게 잘 나타났다. 또한 keratin과 melanin층의 각도 및 두께변화에 따른 reflectance를 FDTD simulation을 통해 계산 해보았고 구조변화에 따른 특징들을 확인해 보았다.

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A Study on the Deok and Its Practice in Daesoon Thought: The Great Deok of Heaven and Earth of Kang Jeungsan (대순사상에 나타난 덕(德)과 그 실천수행 -강증산의 '천지대덕(天地大德)'과 관련하여-)

  • Joo, So-yeon;Ko, Nam-sik
    • Journal of the Daesoon Academy of Sciences
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    • v.38
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    • pp.1-46
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    • 2021
  • Since ancient times, the word Deok (德, virtue) has been used as a term in ethics. In the east, it originally meant 'to acquire (得),' and during the warring states period, it was used to indicate 'personality' or 'value;' especially for political leaders. Then, in Confucianism, the word Deok developed into an ethical term suggesting that people should acquire Deok in their action so as to achieve human perfection. In Daesoon Thought, Deok originates from the Dao, and the two are close in the same manner that Yin and Yang are close and interrelated. The Dao of Daesoon Thought indicates the Great Dao of Heaven and Earth, which Gucheon Sangje had opened when he performed his Gongbu (holy work) at Daewonsa Temple, is such that the Great Deok was divided into the Deok of Heaven, the Deok of Earth, and the Deok of Humanity. This allows for the realization of Deok in each of the Three Realms. Jo Jeongsan, the successor of Gucheon Sangje, said that he will inherit the Great Deok originated from the Great Dao and enlighten the world to the Dao. The cause of the accumulation of grievances in the Three Realms was due to the failure to sufficiently spread Deok throughout the Three Realms. The Later World is where Deok will be offered in its full extent as it was secured by the Cheonjigongsa (Reordering Works of Heaven and Earth) performed by Gucheon Sangje. However, as the main agent of spreading Deok is the heart-mind, humans need to cultivate their heart-mind in the correct way. When humans finally become Dotong-gunja (beings who are perfectly unified with the Dao) and generously practice Deok in the world, there will be no grievances anywhere in the Three Realms. There are four ways of practicing Deok: Deok by caring for life, Eondeok (Deok of speech), Gongdeok (practicing meritorious Deok), and Podeok (spreading of Deok) to the world. Practicing the Deok by caring for life is to save and protect living beings based on the spirit of Jesaenguise (saving lives and curing the world). Eondeok is practiced when people speak to others in a positive way that fosters widespread goodness based on the spirit of Sangsaeng (mutual beneficence). When people perform Gongdeok they will be rewarded for their actions. Podeok can be realized when the followers of Sangje spread the Great Dao of Heaven and Earth based on the teachings of Daesoon Thought.

Dedicatory Inscriptions on the Amitabha Buddha and Maitreya Bodhisattva Sculptures of Gamsansa Temple (감산사(甘山寺) 아미타불상(阿彌陁佛像)과 미륵보살상(彌勒菩薩像) 조상기(造像記)의 연구)

  • Nam, Dongsin
    • MISULJARYO - National Museum of Korea Art Journal
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    • v.98
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    • pp.22-53
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    • 2020
  • This paper analyzes the contents, characteristics, and historical significance of the dedicatory inscriptions (josanggi) on the Amitabha Buddha and the Maitreya Bodhisattva statues of Gamsansa Temple, two masterpieces of Buddhist sculpture from the Unified Silla period. In the first section, I summarize research results from the past century (divided into four periods), before presenting a new perspective and methodology that questions the pre-existing notion that the Maitreya Bodhisattva has a higher rank than the Amitabha Buddha. In the second section, through my own analysis of the dedicatory inscriptions, arrangement, and overall appearance of the two images, I assert that the Amitabha Buddha sculpture actually held a higher rank and greater significance than the Maitreya Bodhisattva sculpture. In the third section, for the first time, I provide a new interpretation of two previously undeciphered characters from the inscriptions. In addition, by comparing the sentence structures from the respective inscriptions and revising the current understanding of the author (chanja) and calligrapher (seoja), I elucidate the possible meaning of some ambiguous phrases. Finally, in the fourth section, I reexamine the content of both inscriptions, differentiating between the parts relating to the patron (josangju), the dedication (josang), and the prayers of the patrons or donors (balwon). In particular, I argue that the phrase "for my deceased parents" is not merely a general axiom, but a specific reference. To summarize, the dedicatory inscriptions can be interpreted as follows: when Kim Jiseong's parents died, they were cremated and he scattered most of their remains by the East Sea. But years later, he regretted having no physical memorial of them to which to pay his respects. Thus, in his later years, he donated his estate on Gamsan as alms and led the construction of Gamsansa Temple. He then commissioned the production of the two stone sculptures of Amitabha Buddha and Maitreya Bodhisattva for the temple, asking that they be sculpted realistically to reflect the actual appearance of his parents. Finally, he enshrined the remains of his parents in the sculptures through the hole in the back of the head (jeonghyeol). The Maitreya Bodhisattva is a standing image with a nirmanakaya, or "transformation Buddha," on the crown. As various art historians have pointed out, this iconography is virtually unprecedented among Maitreya images in East Asian Buddhist sculpture, leading some to speculate that the standing image is actually the Avalokitesvara. However, anyone who reads the dedicatory inscription can have no doubt that this image is in fact the Maitreya. To ensure that the sculpture properly embodied his mother (who wished to be reborn in Tushita Heaven with Maitreya Bodhisattva), Kim Jiseong combined the iconography of the Maitreya and Avalokitesvara (the reincarnation of compassion). Hence, Kim Jiseong's deep love for his mother motivated him to modify the conventional iconography of the Maitreya and Avalokitesvara. A similar sentiment can be found in the sculpture of Amitabha Buddha. To this day, any visitor to the temple who first looks at the sculptures from the front before reading the text on the back will be deeply touched by the filial love of Kim Jiseong, who truly cherished the memory of his parents.