• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.99-114
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• 2021

Substance identification is the first step in implementing chemical legislation, such that subsequent hazard and risk assessments can be accurately followed. Based on the web page and related guidance documents of the European Chemicals Agency and available consortia information, the procedure for substance identification carried out in Registration, Evaluation, Authorization and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH) is surveyed. In this study, the importance of substance identification and substance sameness check, as well as the necessity of generating a substance identity profile (SIP) are considered. In addition, the SIPs of several substance types are presented, which focused on information utilization in the instrumental analysis results and organization of information to generate the SIP. Analytical science can contribute to the accurate and effective implementation of chemical regulation at the starting stage of substance identification. However, understanding of the regulation and consequent final wrap-up of analytical results as a SIP should be followed for communication among registrants in Substance Information Exchange Forum (SIEF) as well as with related authorities.

• The Journal of the Institute of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.151-161
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• 2022

As Internet traffic surges due to global CPs, a request to share network investment costs has emerged in the industry. This has significantly changed the issue of the principle of network neutrality from accessibility to network fee. Some of the academic researchers had a negative view to network fees in the Internet space. However, in the industry, a number of disputes have occurred and some have escalated into court battles, and attention has been focused on the court's decision. The courts began to accept fee-for-service under network neutrality, and the government responded quickly by revising regulations. However, it still focuses on service stability, and there is no regulation that directly stipulates payment of network fee. In the study, changes in network neutrality were verified by analyzing cases of disputes between operators, court judgments, and improvement of regulations. And referring to the tragedy of the commons, the restoration of the correct price signal based on the principle of beneficiary pays was suggested as the most important solution. The payment of network fee by CP is one of the solutions.

• Proceedings of the KOR-KST Conference
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• 1998.10a
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• pp.442-451
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• 1998

최근 들어 공항운영에도 마케팅개념을 도입해야 한다고 주장하는 경우를 자주 볼 수 있다. 항공 운송산업 초기에서부터 1970년대까지 공항운영은 안전성확보에 초점이 맞추어져 있었다. 1980년대 이후 항공운송산업의 규제완화와 항공수요 급증에 의한 공항 혼잡화 문제가 대두되면서 공항 운영에도 효율성과 수익성을 강조하게 되었고 일반기업 경영에서 개발한 운영 기법을 공항운영에 도입하게 되었다. 이러한 추세는 당연히 공항운영에 마케팅 개념도입을 고려하게 된 것이다. 그러나 아직도 공항마케팅에 대한 체계적 고찰이 이루어진 적이 없어 본 연구는 공항 마케팅에 관한 일반적 고찰을 목적으로 수행하게 되었다. 본 연구는 공항운영에 있어서 마케팅 개념이 도입되게 된 배경과 공항 마케팅의 특성 등을 고찰해보고 공항운영에서 마케팅 개념을 어떻게 실현 할 수 있는지를 파악하는 것을 구체적 목적으로 했다. 우선은 공항운영에 있어서의 마케팅 개념 도입 배경을 살펴보고, 공항마케팅의 특성을 고찰한 후, 공항마케팅이 처하게되는 환경과 공항마케팅의 목표를 분석했다. 논의된 환경 하에서 마케팅 목표실현을 위해 어떠한 방법으로 마케팅 부서를 조직하고 어떤 업무를 수행하는지를 선진국 공항의 예를 들어 정리하고, 공항마케팅의 주요 대상인 항공사와 여객에 대한 공항의 마케팅 활동 방법을 분석함으로써 본 연구의 목적을 달성하도록 했다.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.3-25
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• 1994

본(本) 연구(硏究)에서는 인력계획(人力計劃)을 위한 인력필요량(人力必要量) 예측(豫測)에 초점(焦點)을 맞추기보다는 인력공급전망(人力供給展望), 인력수요분석(人力需要分析), 수급간(需給間) 상호관계(相互關係)등에 주목함으로써 고등교육제도(高等敎育制度)의 개혁과제(改革課題)를 도출(導出)하고자 하였다. 인력공급(人力供給) 측면에서는 2000년대 고졸자의 격감(激減)을 전망(展望)하고 이에 근거(根據)하여 대학교육(大學敎育)에 대한 초과수요(超過需要)를 전제로 하였던 규제위주(規制爲主)의 교육제도(敎育制度)의 근본적인 변화(變化)가 요구됨을 보인다. 인력수요(人力需要) 측면에서는 우리 경제(經濟)가 지식집약경제(知識集約經濟)로 이행(移行)함에 따라 고등교육(高等敎育)의 양적(量的) 팽창(膨脹)보다는 질적(質的) 향상(向上)이 보다 요구되고 있음을 논의한다. 또한 수급간(需給間) 상호관계(相互關係)에도 주목하여 직업기술(職業技術) 고등교육기관(高等敎育機關)과 기업(企業)을 연계(連繫)하는 네트워크가 구축(構築)되어야 함을 강조(强調)한다. 이러한 인력수급분석(人力需給分析)을 바탕으로 대학(大學)의 경쟁여건(競爭與件) 조성(造成)과 직업기술 고등교육의 산(産) 학(學)네트워크 구축(構築)을 위한 교육개혁(敎育改革)의 기본과제(基本課題)를 제시(提示)한다.

• Journal of Korea Fair Competition Federation
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• no.118
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• pp.7-17
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• 2005

전기통신사업법상 이동전화사업자의 단말기보조금 지급금지 그 자체는 경쟁원리에 부합하지 않는다. 단말기 보조금의 금지를 정당화하는 유일한 근거는 그것이 갖는 비대칭적 성격이나, 그로 인하여 유효경쟁이 촉진될지는 확실치 않다. 이동전화시장에서 사업자 전환에는 요금이나 통화품질보다 이용자의 전환비용이 매우 큰 영향을 미치며, 따라서 전환비용을 낮추는 것에 초점을 맞출 필요가 있다. 그렇다면 번호이동성을 통하여 충분히 제거되지 않는 고착효과 및 전환비용을 가능한 해소하기 위해서는 지금과 같이 엄격하고도 일률적인 단말기보조금 금지는 재고할 필요가 있다. 여기서 유의할 것은 경쟁적인 보조금 지급이 후발사업자의 존속을 위태롭게 할 수 있다는 점에서 통신시장에서 어느 정도 유효경쟁체제가 자리잡은 이후에야 보조금 지급을 완전히 허용할 수 있다는 점이다. 다만, 비대칭규제의 취지는 어디까지나 이미 쏠림현상으로 고착화된 독점적 시장구조를 유효경쟁체제로 전화하는 데에 있다는 점에서 볼 때, 어느 시점에서 단말기 보조금을 허용할 것인지는 현재 또는 향후의 시장 상황에 대한 면밀한 분석을 요한다.

• Journal of Science and Technology Studies
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.185-207
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• 2012

Since the Hwang scandal, the South Korean state has expressed often-conflicting interests of encouraging stem cell research and the IVF industry to save the country and introducing the ethical regulation in conformity with "Global Standard." As the tightening ethical regulation of stem cell research has enervated the field of human Embryonic stem cell(hESC) research, somatic stem cells (re-)emerged as an alternative savior that could rescue the future of research communities, bio-industry, practicing doctors, patients and the nation itself from the crisis. The recent literature on Korean biotechnology, however, mainly focus on hESC and relatively little attention has been given to the rapidly growing field of research on somatic stem cells like hematopoietic stem cells(HSCs) or Adipose derived stem cells(ASCs). While the hESC therapy is often regarded as experimental and ethically controversial, the HSCs or Mesenchymal stem cell(MSC) therapies have already made their ways into people's everyday life through market without much public discussion. Many ordinary people in South Korea are familiar with the story of patients who survived leukemia with the HSCs treatment; the number of doctors who are actively marketing the ASCs therapies is on the rapid increase; the concept of cosmetic products made from ASCs is gaining popularity among consumers. In this context, this article argues that the current ethical debates solely focusing on hESC or on the state policy and research regulation are too limiting to fully illuminate the politics of stem cell technologies in South Korea.

• KIPS Transactions on Software and Data Engineering
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• v.9 no.12
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• pp.387-402
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• 2020

Conventional automotive development has mainly focused on ensuring correctness and safety and security has been relatively neglected. However, as the number of automotive hacking cases has increased due to the increased Internet connectivity of automobiles, international organizations such as the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe(UNECE) are preparing cybersecurity regulations to ensure security for automotive development. As with other IT products, automotive cybersecurity regulation also emphasize the concept of "Security by Design", which considers security from the beginning of development. In particular, since automotive development has a long lifecycle and complex supply chain, it is very difficult to change the architecture after development, and thus Security by Design is much more important than existing IT products. The problem, however, is that no specific methodology for Security by Design has been proposed on automotive development process. This paper, therefore, proposes a specific methodology for Security by Design on Automotive development. Through this methodology, automotive manufacturers can simultaneously consider aspects of functional safety, and security in automotive development process, and will also be able to respond to the upcoming certification of UNECE automotive cybersecurity regulations.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.278-284
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• 2006

The popularity of the diesel engine revolves around its fuel efficiency, reliability, and durability compared to the gasoline engine. However, the main disadvantage of diesel engine is the emission of particulate matter (PM) which is known as carcinogenic substance. Therefore recent progress in engine management and after-treatment systems has led to great improvement to satisfy strict emission regulations. To comply with powerful environment regulations, this study is focused on the decrease of PM(soot) as to increase significantly exhaust temperature. Therefore, HC injection is used as the method to go to the PM regeneration temperature in front of filters composed of diesel oxidation catalyst(DOC) and diesel particulate filter(DPF). And especially, LPG is used because it has good chemical reactions with exhaust. In this study, we could manufacture the test bench thought LPG injection - with which soot can be decreased-, construct 3 kinds of database(DB) according to quantity of temperature to decide the LPG injection quantity and develop DPF ECU algorithm.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.788-793
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• 2012

This study was focused on the estimations of air pollutants, such as PM(Particulate matters), SOx(Sulfur Oxides), $CO_2$(Carbon diOxides) and NOx(Nitrogen Oxides), from a diesel propulsion engine installed on a naval vessel. Legislative and regulatory actions for exhaust emissions from ships are being strengthened in international communities and national governments to protect human health and the environment. In this context, various technologies have been developed from all of the nations of the world to meet strict standards. These regulations are based on commercial ship applications and according to size, but are not suitable for military naval vessels, which have much different engine operating conditions and hull architectures. Additionally, there is no international emission control system for military ships. Emission factors have been updated for commercial ship types from work at various research institutes; however, it is difficult to develop emission factors for military vessels because of their characteristics. In this paper, exhaust emissions from diesel engines installed on naval vessels under steady navigation condition were estimated with emission inventory methodology applied to ocean going vessels using fuel-based methods and fuel sulfur content analysis.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.397-425
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• 2003

This paper develops a simple theoretical model that is consistent with the empirical evidence of an inverted U-shpated relationship between pollution and per capita income, which is so-called environmental Kuznets curve in this literature. Also, by incorporating the issue of environmental externality into an endogenous growth model, I investigate the circumstances under which growth can be sustained with the optimal control of pollution, and hence the sustainable development can be achieved. In order to study the problem of implementing the social optimum in a market economy, I examine the optimality of three different kinds of environmental policy instruments; pollution tax, pollution-permit trading system (pollution voucher), and direct regulation. This paper shows that the optimum can be implemented with a pollution tax or with a voucher system. Also, it is shown that the socially optimal rate of pollution tax should increase proportionally to the growth rate of consumption.