• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.36 no.6_1
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• pp.1449-1463
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• 2020

As recent global warming and climate changes become more serious, the importance of CO2 absorption by forests is increasing to cope with the greenhouse gas issues. According to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, it is required to calculate national CO2 absorptions at the local level in a more scientific and rigorous manner. This paper presents the gridded expansion of forest flux observations and mapping of daily CO2 absorption by the forests in Korea using numerical weather prediction data and satellite images. To consider the sensitive daily changes of plant photosynthesis, we built a machine learning model to retrieve the daily RACA (reference amount of CO2 absorption) by referring to the climax forest in Gwangneung and adopted the NIFoS (National Institute of Forest Science) lookup table for the CO2 absorption by forest type and age to produce the daily AACA (actual amount of CO2 absorption) raster data with the spatial variation of the forests in Korea. In the experiment for the 1,095 days between Jan 1, 2013 and Dec 31, 2015, our RACA retrieval model showed high accuracy with a correlation coefficient of 0.948. To achieve the tier 3 daily statistics for AACA, long-term and detailed forest surveying should be combined with the model in the future.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 2006

Regardless of the recent observed warmer winters in Korea, more freeze injuries and associated economic losses are reported in fruit industry than ever before. Existing freeze-frost forecasting systems employ only daily minimum temperature for judging the potential damage on dormant flowering buds but cannot accommodate potential biological responses such as short-term acclimation of plants to severe weather episodes as well as annual variation in climate. We introduce 'dormancy depth', in addition to daily minimum temperature, as a complementary criterion for judging the potential damage of freezing temperatures on dormant flowering buds of grape vines. Dormancy depth can be estimated by a phonology model driven by daily maximum and minimum temperature and is expected to make a reasonable proxy for physiological tolerance of buds to low temperature. Dormancy depth at a selected site was estimated for a climatological normal year by this model, and we found a close similarity in time course change pattern between the estimated dormancy depth and the known cold tolerance of fruit trees. Inter-annual and spatial variation in dormancy depth were identified by this method, showing the feasibility of using dormancy depth as a proxy indicator for tolerance to low temperature during the winter season. The model was applied to 10 vineyards which were recently damaged by a cold spell, and a temperature-dormancy depth-freeze injury relationship was formulated into an exponential-saturation model which can be used for judging freeze risk under a given set of temperature and dormancy depth. Based on this model and the expected lowest temperature with a 10-year recurrence interval, a freeze risk probability map was produced for Hwaseong County, Korea. The results seemed to explain why the vineyards in the warmer part of Hwaseong County have been hit by more freeBe damage than those in the cooler part of the county. A dormancy depth-minimum temperature dual engine freeze warning system was designed for vineyards in major production counties in Korea by combining the site-specific dormancy depth and minimum temperature forecasts with the freeze risk model. In this system, daily accumulation of thermal time since last fall leads to the dormancy state (depth) for today. The regional minimum temperature forecast for tomorrow by the Korea Meteorological Administration is converted to the site specific forecast at a 30m resolution. These data are input to the freeze risk model and the percent damage probability is calculated for each grid cell and mapped for the entire county. Similar approaches may be used to develop freeze warning systems for other deciduous fruit trees.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2008.05a
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• pp.684-688
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• 2008

레이더 강우와 관련한 대부분의 연구나 실무적용이 제한을 받는 이유는 레이더 반사도 등의 원시자료를 획득하기가 어려울 뿐만 아니라 이를 처리하여 수문해석에 적용하는 과정이 간단하지 않기 때문이다. 이를 해결하기 위하여 다음과 같은 내용을 연구하였다. (1) 레이더 영상자료를 실용적으로 활용하기 위한 '레이더 영상 디지털 변환법(RAIDOM)'을 연구 개발하였다. 또한 오프라인상에서도 기상청 레이더 합성 CAPPI 이미지 자료를 디지털 강우자료로 직접 변환할 수 있는 방법을 제시하였다. 이러한 기술은 앞으로 레이더 강우 연구와 레이더 강우의 활용성을 넓히는데 크게 기여할 것으로 기대된다. (2) RAIDOM 레이더 강우와 연계한 분포형 강우유출모형을 구축하였다. 본 연구에서는 DEM, 토지피복도, 토양도로부터 분포형 강우-유출모형의 매개변수를 산정하는 방법을 상세히 연구하여 제시하였다. 이러한 연구결과는 앞으로 분포형 강우유출모형에 대한 연구와 활용성을 넓히는데 기여할 것으로 기대된다. (3) 주요 관측 레이더 호우사상을 이용하여 RAIDOM 강우와 구축된 분포형 모형의 적용성을 검증하였다. 이를 위하여 먼저 강우유출자료가 체계적으로 관리되고 있는 평창강 국제수문개발계획(IHP) 시범유역의 자료를 이용하여 모형의 매개변수 보정을 수행하였다. 강우 전 하천의 기저유량과 유역의 초기함수조건을 제외한 나머지 매개변수는 유역특성을 나타내는 인자들이므로 모든 강우사상에 대하여 일정한 것으로 가정하여 매개변수 보정을 수행하였다. 6개 주요 호우사상에 대하여 보정한 결과 4개의 호우사상에 대하여 강우-유출과정을 거의 완벽하게 재현하였으며, 2개의 호우사상에 대해서는 수문곡선의 상승과 하강은 비교적 일치하나 첨두부에서 다소차이가 발생하였다. (4) 보정된 분포형 모형을 2006년 7월에 발생한 국지성 집중호우와 한강유역 중상류지역에 걸쳐 큰 홍수량을 발생시킨 2개의 호우사상에 대하여 레이더 강우자료를 적용하여 검토하였다. 검토결과 임진강유역 3개 수위관측소와 우이천수위관측소 및 중랑교수위관측소에서 모의된 홍수수문곡선은 실측치와 잘 일치하는 것으로 나타나 본 연구에서 제시한 RAIDOM과 이를 적용한 분포형 모형이 강우유출 모의를 위하여 활용될 수 있음을 보여주었다. 앞으로 태풍에 수반된 강우와 장마전선 등을 포함한 다양한 유형의 여러 가지 강우에 대한 적용을 통하여 모형의 검증과 보완을 수행하여 RAIDOM 레이더 강우와 분포형 강우유출모형을 연계한 홍수 예보 시스템으로 발전시켜 나갈 예정이다.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.13-21
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• 2007

Recently, very short-term rainfall forecast using radar is required for regional flash flood according to climate change. This research is to evaluate the feasibility of GIS based distributed model using radar rainfall which can express temporal and spatial distribution in actual dam watershed during flood runoff period. Vflo model which was developed Oklahoma university was used as physical based distributed model, and Namgang dam watershed ($2,293km^2$) was applied as study site. Distributed rainfall according to grid resolution was generated by using K-RainVieux, preprocess program of radar rainfall, from JIN radar. Also, GIS hydrological parameters were extracted from basic GIS data such as DEM, land cover and soil map, and used as input data of distributed model(Vflo). Results of this research can provide a base for building of real-time short-term rainfall runoff forecast system according to flash flood in near future.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.191-200
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• 2009

A localized torrential rainfall and flash floods which are more frequently occurred by extraordinary atmospheric phenomena and rising sea surface temperature require more hydrological data collecting and analysis for small watershed. Urban watershed hydrological data monitoring system is needed because of big flood potential damage and lack of urban watershed hydrological data. Therefore, Urban Flood Disaster Management Research Center operates small experimental catchments(Sinnae1, Gunja, and Children's Park) observing and analyzing hydrological data(rainfall, stage, and discharge). In this study, the discharge of combined sewage for Gunja experimental drainage is analyzed with weekly data and day of the week data. Through several analyses in analyzing the urban runoff characteristics and managing the urban sewage system, direct runoff is calibrated and verified by the estimated values of rainfall-runoff model(SWMM).

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 2010

A regional climate model (RCM) can be a powerful tool to enhance spatial resolution of climate and weather information (IPCC, 2001). In this study we conducted dynamical downscaling using Weather Research and Forecasting Model (WRF) as a RCM in order to obtain high resolution regional agroclimate indices over the Korean Peninsula. For the purpose of obtaining detailed high resolution agroclimate indices, we first reproduced regional weather for the period of March to June, 2002-2008 with dynamic downscaling method under given lateral boundary conditions from NCEP/NCAR (National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research) reanalysis data. Normally, numerical model results have shown biases against observational results due to the uncertainties in the modelis initial conditions, physical parameterizations and our physical understanding on nature. Hence in this study, by employing a statistical method, the systematic bias in the modelis results was estimated and corrected for better reproduction of climate on high resolution. As a result of the correction, the systematic bias of the model was properly corrected and the overall spatial patterns in the simulation were well reproduced, resulting in more fine-resolution climatic structures. Based on these results, the fine-resolution agro-climate indices were estimated and presented. Compared with the indices derived from observation, the simulated indices reproduced the major and detailed spatial distributions. Our research shows a possibility to simulate regional climate on high resolution and agro-climate indices by using a proper downscaling method with a dynamical weather forecast model and a statistical correction method to minimize the model bias.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.36 no.6_3
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• pp.1653-1667
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• 2020

In this study, we coupled a computation fluid dynamics (CFD) model to the local data assimilation and prediction system (LDAPS), a current operational numerical weather prediction model of the Korea Meteorological Administration. We investigated the characteristics of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) distributions in a building-congested district. To analyze the effects of road emission on the PM2.5 concentrations, we calculated road emissions based on the monthly, daily, and hourly emission factors and the total amount of PM2.5 emissions established from the Clean Air Policy Support System (CAPSS) of the Ministry of Environment. We validated the simulated PM2.5 concentrations against those measured at the PKNU-AQ Sensor stations. In the cases of no road emission, the LDAPS-CFD model underestimated the PM2.5 concentrations measured at the PKNU-AQ Sensor stations. The LDAPS-CFD model improved the PM2.5 concentration predictions by considering road emission. At 07 and 19 LST on 22 June 2020, the southerly wind was dominant at the target area. The PM2.5 distribution at 07 LST were similar to that at 19 LST. The simulated PM2.5 concentrations were significantly affected by the road emissions at the roadside but not significantly at the building roof. In the road-emission case, the PM2.5 concentration was high at the north (wind speeds were weak) and west roads (a long street canyon). The PM2.5 concentration was low in the east road where the building density was relatively low.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.34 no.s02
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• pp.45-65
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• 1989

The Korean peninsular having the complexity of the photography and variability of climate is located within passing area of a lots of typhoon occurring from the southern islands of Philippines. So, there are various patterns of wind and flooding damages in paddy field occuring by the strong wind and the heavy rain concentrated during the summer season of rice growing period in Korea. The wind damages to rice plants in Korea were mainly caused by saline wind, dry wind and strong wind when typhoon occurred. The saline wind damage having symptom of white head or dried leaves occurred by 1.1 to 17.2 mg of salt per dry weight stuck on the plant which was located at 2. 5km away from seashore of southern coastal area during the period(from 27th to 29th, August, 1986) of typhoon &Vera& accompanying 62-96％ of relative humidity, more than 6 m per second of wind velocity and 22.5 to 26.4$^{\circ}C$ of air temperature without rain. Most of the typhoons accompanying 4.0 to 8. 5m per second of wind and low humidity (lesp an 60％) with high temperature in the east coastal area and southen area of Korea. were changed to dry and hot wind by the foehn phenomenon. The dry wind damages with the symptom of the white head or the discolored brownish grain occurred at the rice heading stage. The strong wind caused the severe damages such as the broken leaves, cut-leaves and dried leaves before heading stage, lodging and shattering of grain at ripening stage mechanically during typhoon. To reduce the wind damages to rice plant, cultivation of resistant varieties to wind damages such as Sangpoongbyeo and Cheongcheongbyeo and the escape of heading stage during period of typhoon by accelerating of heading within 15th, August are effective. Though the flood disasters to rice plant such as earring away of field, burying of field, submerging and lodging damage are getting low by the construction of dam for multiple purpose and river bank, they are occasionally occurred by the regional heavy rain and water filled out in bank around the river. Paddy field were submerged for 2 to 4 days when typhoon and heavy rain occurred about the end of August. At this time, the rice plants that was in younger growing stage in the late transplanting field of southern area of Korea had the severe damages. Although panicles of rice plant which was in the meiotic growing stage and heading stage were died when flooded, they had 66％ of yield compensating ability by the upper tilling panicle produced from tiller with dead panicle in ordinary transplanting paddy field. It is effective for reduction of flooding damages to cultivate the resistant variety to flooding having the resistance to bacterial leaf blight, lodging and small brown planthopper simultaneously. Especially, Tongil type rice varieties are relatively resistant to flooding, compared to Japonica rice varieties. Tongil type rice varieties had high survivals, low elongation ability of leaf sheath and blade, high recovering ability by the high root activity and photosynthesis and high yield compensating ability by the upper tillering panicle when flooded. To minimize the flooding and wind damage to rice plants in future, following research have to be carried out; 1. Data analysis by telemetering and computerization of climate, actual conditions and growing diagnosis of crops damaged by disasters. 2. Development of tolerant varieties to poor natural conditions related to flooding and wind damages. 3. Improvement of the reasonable cropping system by introduction of other crops compensating the loss of the damaged rice. 4. Increament of utilization of rice plant which was damaged.