• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.191-210
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• 2017

The old sources of competitive edge and value added were land, labor, and capital. In today's knowledge-based economy in the 21st century, technology is attracting attention as a new engine of growth. That paradigm shift of world economy has resulted in the global spread of technology transfer and the gradual increase of trade of intangible goods including patents and know-how as well as tangible goods in international trade. An international license agreement is a representative form of technology transfer. In license agreements, the providers of technology keep their ownership of technology, allow the implementation of technology to the users of technology only for a certain period of time, and receive loyalty as a reward. Economic profit through such technology trade can be realized with the smooth implementation and termination of agreement. International license agreements are different from sales contracts, which represent international business transaction based on mutual obligation, in many aspects in that they target intangible goods of technology and aim for rent for a certain period of time. This study thus set out to examine issues that could be controversial in the main and individual obligation of the parties in international license agreements and provide implications helpful for the prevention of disputes in advance.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.1 no.4
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• pp.71-77
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• 2015

Recently, major activities for the transfer and commercialize of the innovatory IT techniques are revitalized with the active study and development of the IT technologies. Nowadays, the primary concern for the systematic technology valuation gets the great attention in order to transfer or trade innovatory IT techniques easily. It is because the accurate appraisal for the technology is the most important step to get its proper utility value in the transfer and commercialize of the techniques. In this paper, we survey the general technology valuation methods for the transfer and commercialize of the techniques and also examine the special technology appraisal method for the innovatory IT techniques, which have relatively short technical life cycle and can create high added values, in order to transfer innovative IT techniques satisfactorily.

• Journal of Arbitration Studies
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.71-89
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• 2008

International technology transfer(ITT) or technology trade is a very comprehensive term covering various mechanisms and channels for shifting technologies across borders. Thus, it refers to numerous complex processes, ranging from innovation and international marketing of technology to its absorption and imitation. It includes technology, trade, and investment. Markets for exchanging technologies are inherently subject to failure due to appropriability problems, spillovers, asymmetric information, and market power. Thus, there is strong justification for public intervention. Technology developers are interested in reducing the costs and uncertainty of making transfers, along with protecting their rights to profit from such transfers. On the other hand, technology importers are interested in acquiring knowledge at minimal costs, asking for restricting sharply the exclusive rights of foreign firms to exploit technology. The purpose of this paper is to review the characteristics, risks, legal issues and contractual check points of ITT, focusing on the avoidance of commercial disputes during the very complex processes of ITT.

• Proceedings of the Technology Innovation Conference
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• 2009.02a
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• pp.355-389
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• 2009

절충교역은 국방과학기술의 다양한 획득방법 중의 하나로써 국외로부터 무기체계를 구매할 경우 반대급부로 핵심기술, 방산물자 및 부품 수출 등을 획득하는 국제무역거래의 한 특수형태이다. 우리나라는 방위산업의 발전과 국방과학기술력 향상을 위해 1983년부터 절충교역을 추진하여 오고 있다. 절충교역은 일반적인 상업 무역거래와는 달리 절충교역 추진국가가 기술 수혜국으로서 소기의 목적을 달성하여 성공적인 기술이전을 완수하기 위해서는 절충교역 추진과장상의 운영의 묘미가 절실히 요구된다. 따라서 우리나라는 그동안 절충교역 추진 효율성을 강화하고 실패사례를 줄이기 위해 절충교역 추진 목적과 정책을 전략적으로 개선하여 절차화 표준화해오고 있다. 최근 방위사업청 개청 이후 절충교역 추진 정책의 방향을 목표지향 성과지향적으로 설정하고 다시 한번 제도를 개선하여 적용하고 있으나 아직까지 정책적 방향성에 부합하는 실무적 절충교역 추진 모델은 미흡하여 여전히 개선의 여지가 존재한다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 절충교역 제도의 완성도를 높여 우리나라의 국방과학기술력 향상과 방위산업 육성을 위해 필요한 기술을 최대한 확보할 수 있도록 하는 선순환 구조의 한국형 절충교역 추진 모델을 개발 제안한다. 제안하는 한국형 절충교역 추진 모델은 현행 제도에 대한 심층적인 분석을 통해 도출된 개선 필요사항을 보완할 수 있도록 전체 절충교역 추진절차를 식별(Detecting), 확보(Securing), 이전(Transfer), 활용(Applying), 확산(Diffusion)이라는 다섯 단계로 나누고 각 단계의 성공적인 목적 달성을 위한 제도적 개선 방안을 제시한다.

• The Inventors News
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• no.61
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• pp.1-16
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• 2007

협회창립 14주년 축하행사 성료/여성발명경진대회 대통령상 격상/발행인 칼럼/기술이전 수요기술조사 실시/자문위원 칼럼/한국여성발명협회 창립 14주년 및 출판기념식 이모저모/상상 속 아이디어의 현실화 '첫 삽'/정지천 교수의 (여성건강과 한방)/(환희)못다쓴 이야기/발명은 글로벌시대를 여는 도전정신입니다/여성발명계의 '젊은피' 신세진 비솝대표/어린이발명만화 'Why' 시리즈 1천만부 돌파/형태변화 가능한 조명등 특허출원 활발/건강가이드/아이디어 착상 및 발명기법/21세기 민족의 먹거리는 여성 힘으로/엉뚱한 발상 하나로 세계적 특허를 거머쥔 사람들/아무도 몰랐던 몰래발명이야기/국제특허출원(PCT) '지속증가'/올해2/4분기특허기술상 시상식 개최/우수대학생 8명 지재권국제프로그램 참가/학교발명 순회교육 30만 돌파/호신용 휴대폰 특허 증가/내년부터 특허기술 이전거래 사업화/여성발명이 손오공을 만난다면/

• Korea Trade Review
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.27-45
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• 2017

A new phenomenon in recent trade is the rising interest in the trade of product production and manufacturing methods themselves, unlike in the past, when the interest was focused on the trade of tangible goods. That is, technology is considered as the object of trade instead of a simple element of production as "technology itself is commercialized". The broad meaning of technology encompasses all the property of knowledge with economic value. Its narrow meaning refers to technology used to produce and manufacture goods. Technologies have features such as no forms, heterogeneity, accumulation of value and extinction of right. The trade of technology commands different styles and content from that of tangible goods due to their unique characteristics; and accordingly, has various risk factors. In other words, technology can be traded in various ways according to commercial objectives including licensing, technical partnership, and joint investment in addition to general trading. The specific forms of technology transfer strategies depend on the purposes and situations between corporations. In case of technical trade with any form, the parties should be cautious about the following practical aspects: First, the contract should clearly define the scope and transfer method of technology. It is a very important matter how the provider of technology will provide the user of technology with abstract technology with no substantiality. Second, a monopoly on technology recognized as intellectual property rights is granted to their inventors for some periods of time, but anyone can have access to that technology after the term of existence. Thus, it is important to check the terms of existence of a patent as well as the terms of contract. Third, the user of technology should fulfill his confidentiality obligation to prevent the technology of the provider from being leaked to a third party unjustly. Fourth, the provider of technology should make a contribution to the successful implementation of the technology by the user as well as provide the licensed technology. Finally, a model contract is recommended to minimizing the legal hiatus of complex technology transfer trade when concluding a contract.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.705-710
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• 2021

Nowadays, cutting-edge information communication technology is the genuine core technology of the fourth Industrial Revolution and is still making great progress rapidly among various technology fields. The biggest issue in ICT fields is the machine learning based Artificial Intelligence applications using big data in cloud computing environment on the basis of wireless network, and also the technology fields of autonomous control applications such as Autonomous Car or Mobile Robot. Since value of the high-tech ICT technology depends on the surrounded environmental factors and is very flexible, the precise technology valuation method is urgently needed in order to get successful technology transfer, transaction and commercialization. In this research, we analyze the characteristics of the high-tech ICT technology and the main factors in technology transfer or commercialization process, and propose the precise technology valuation method that reflects the characteristics of the ICT technology through phased analysis of the existing technology valuationmodel.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.59
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• pp.3-26
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• 2013

The purpose of this paper is to examine the several points at issue in international technology transfer contract from licensor's and licensee's perspectives, and to refer them when the licensor and the licensee draw up the contract. This author analyzed the critical points of the related provisions of ICC Model International Technology Transfer Contract(2009) by citing the explanations of the Introduction of the Model Contract. The provisions of the Model Contract are generally divided into two categolies; specific conditions and general conditions. This author selected four topics in the specific conditions; Contents of the Contract, Royalty, Modification and/or Improvements of Products, and Territory and Competition. Likewise this author selected three topics in the general conditions; Resolutions of Disputes, Applicable Law and Taxes. Both parties need to be mindful of the following points in the above topics, when they draw up the contract. First, both parties should make the definitions of special terminologies clear, which are included in the Contract. Second, before the parties sign the Contract, they should check any approvals to be necessary by the both countries' governments. Third, for the calculation of the royalty, they should clear the criteria, the scope, and the object. Fourth, as the local laws or regional laws regarding the territory limitation and taxation are mandatory, any provisions of the Contract should not be inconsistent with them. Therefore, both parties should check before-hand the local laws or rules related with the provisions of the Contract. Fifth, when the parties draw up the Contract, they should examine the Provisions of Dispute Resolution in consideration of the Governing Law. Thus both parties decide to make the technology transfer contract, the three aspects namely profitability, legal conflict with mandatory rules, and sustainability of the business resulting from the Contract should be examined in advance, and then proceed the business using the technology transfer.

• Proceedings of the Korea Technology Innovation Society Conference
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• 2017.05a
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• pp.175-192
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• 2017

4차 산업혁명의 도래와 더불어 ICT 기계, ICT 금융, ICT 의료, ICT 나노 등과 같이 기술분야별 영역의 장벽이 허물어지고, 학제간 연구(Interdisplinary Research)가 일상화됨에 따라 무형자산의 가치평가시에도 융합기술의 가치평가 모형에 대한 니즈가 증대되고 있다. 특히, 기술의 매매, 현물출자, 기술금융(투자유치, 담보 보증), 인수 합병, 청산 소송 등 다양한 용도로 사용되고 있는 기술가치평가 모형은 융합기술의 입력변수 결정에 대한 체계적인 로직을 제공하지 못하고 있는 실정이다. 일반적으로 실제 거래사례가 존재할 경우, 국제가치평가기준(IVS)에 의하면 시장접근법이 우선적으로 적용될 수 있다고 권고된다. 그러나 융합기술의 이전거래를 비롯한 평가 활용사례를 수집하기도 어렵고 그렇다할 평가모델이 존재하지 않는 것이 사실이다. 융합기술에 대한 기술 및 시장의 사업화 환경을 고려하는 경우 소득접근법 기반의 평가기법이 유용하게 활용될 수 있는데, 기술수명, 매출액추정, 할인율, 산업기술요소 등의 핵심변수 결정에 관한 정형화된 로직이 존재하지 않으므로 본 고에서 융합기술 사례에 대해 실용적으로 활용가능한 변수추정 로직을 제시하고자 한다. 기술수명의 경우, 복수 개의 국제특허분류(IPC)별 피인용특허수에 따라 가중 적용하여 수명 추정을 위한 기준값을 정하며, 사업화소요기간 및 비용의 경우 평가대상 융합기술이 속하는 업종별 메타데이터값을 가중평균하여 현금흐름 추정기간을 최종 도출할 수 있다. 소득접근법에서의 매출추정, 할인율, 산업기술요소 변수 추정 이외에도 로열티공제법 적용을 위한 로열티율 결정에 있어서, 융합기술이 응용가능한 산업(업종)별 매출액 기반으로 가중 적용하여 각 변수값을 산출할 수 있다. 본 연구에서 개발된 융합기술 가치평가 모형은 향후 기술의 융복합화 특성을 반영하여 적정 가치를 산출하는 평가 가이드라인을 제공할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.55-60
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• 2019

It is true that Blockchain has been known as a core technology for cryptocurrency like bitcoin (BTC). It is caused by its rapid value rises. Now, one BTC is trading around 10,000 US dollars while it bought just less than one dollar at its first trading in May, 2010. Blockchain makes on-line transactions possible by the safe cryptocurrency swiftly based on P2P network and distributed public ledger while its on-line traffic is rapidly increasing. However, this technology has bigger potential in the fourth industrial revolution era and its application areas will be varied. The evolving intelligent information society needs to make new added value through utilizing, sharing and processing of useful digital information. Obstacles such as hacking and fraud often exist when transactions of digital properties, right transfers, etc. are done through digital network specialized with anonymity. It is expected that blockchain will be a definite solution in this regard. This paper addresses useful development directions and countermeasures for blokchain in the digital economy by analysis of its current status and issues.