• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2023.05a
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• pp.15-15
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• 2023

2020년 기준 국내 상수도 보급률은 99.1% 차지하고 있으며(환경부, 2019), 수도관리차원에서 수돗물은 먹는 물로 시판되어질 만큼 우수한 관리체계를 유지하고 있다. 그 반면에 지하수는 생활용수, 식품가공, 농·축산, 양어, 군부대를 비롯한 전국지역에서 연간 10억 8천만톤 용수를 소비하고 있음에도 (환겨례 신문, 2013; 환경부, 2019) 사용되는 지하수의 약 65%가 음용수 불가판정을 받았으며, 최근 지하수의 오염비율은 급격히 증가하는 추세이다. 특히, 지하수관정의 관리부주의에 의한 수질오염 및 수인성 다제내성균(슈퍼박테리아) 등에 의한 오염사례가 국내는 물론, 국제적으로 다수 보고되고 있는 실정이다 (환경부, 2013). 현재 지하수 수질관리는 공공기관 및 지자체 지정기관을 통해 진행되고 있으며, 검사기간은 수질채취로부터 통상 7~15일정도 소요되어 수질 관리 및 기준, 검사주기에 대한 애로가 많다. 현장 지하수관정에서 실시간 수질을 모니터링하고 이에 연동된 자동 수처리 시스템의 개발 및 도입은 나날이 심각해지는 환경오염 상황에서 선제적 예방과 해결방법으로 중요한 요소기술이다. 현재 지하수오염 및 부적합 음용의 수질처리는 화학약품, 필터여과, UV살균, O₃ (플라즈마)을 이용하는 것이 대표적이나, 화학약품의 경우 2차 오염이나 식품 세척 및 가공에 있어 부적합성의 한계점이 있다. 필터여과의 대표적인 RO필터의 경우 약 50% 순손실이 발생하고, UV 살균의 경우 UV에 의한 사용관리자의 위험 및 장비의 광부식 문제, O₃ 의 경우 고압전류 사용에 따른 위험성 등의 한계점이 나타나고 있다. 지하수 수질정화를 위한 광유도 활성산소(¹O₂, ·O^-₂)는 광감응제에 가시광의 빛 조사를 통해 생성되는 활성산소로의 에너지 및 전자 전이가 동시 진행되어 단일항 산소(¹O₂)와 슈퍼옥사이드 이온(·O^-₂)을 생성하게 된다. 생성된 활성산소는 유해미생물 또는 유기화학물과 개열, 제거, 치환 반응 등을 통해 미생물사멸 및 유해화학물질들이 분해 가능하다. 이를 이용한 지하수 유해미생물 사멸기술, 장비, 실시간 지하수의 분석기술 및 정수처리, 지하수 물순환 시스템 개발뿐만 아니라 지하수 음용수 및 오염개선, 지하수 기저유출에 의한 오염원 저감으로부터 지류·지천, 하천 본류 수질개선 등의 대상지역에 활용 가능하다. 또한 광유도 활성산소는 기존 상수도 수처리에 있어 오존(O₃) 처리와 이산화티탄을 이용한 AOP과정을 단일처리 공정으로, 기존 O₃ 의 특성상 확산 거리가 매우 길어 사람을 포함한 생체 내에 유입 시 다양한 부작용 발생과 O₃ 차폐시설 요구의 문제점 극복의 대안으로 환경 및 인체에 무해한 광유도 활성산소 시스템을 적극적으로 도입 및 적용해야 한다. 본 연구 목적은 정류상태 흡광분광기술을 이용한 실시간 수질 모니터링과 광유도 활성산소를 이용한 유해 미생물의 멸균효능 및 지하수 수질관리 기술로의 적용 가능성을 제시하고자 한다.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.52 no.2
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• pp.126-135
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• 2019

We carried out a literature review of fish food sources research in the coast - estuary areas of Korean peninsula for the last fifty years(1969~2018). A total of 101 research papers were reviewed, of which 81 were published in domestic journals, 7 were puliched in domestic reports and 14 were published in international journals. When divided into the decade periods, 21 papers (19.4%) between 1990 and 1999 and 26 papers (24.1%) between 2000 and 2009, and 42 papers (48.1%) were published in 2010 and 2018, respectively. When divided into the survey area by a bearing (East sea, South-East sea, South Sea, and West Sea), 65 papers(69.1%) were carried out in the South Sea. Followed by 13 papers (13.8%) in the East Sea and 8 papers (8.5%) in the West Sea and the South-East Sea, respectively. The surveyed area was dominant in Gwangyang Bay (18 papers; 24.3%), followed by Gadeok-do (8 papers; 10.8%). Of the diversity indices, 14 indices were used to calculate the ecological status. The dominant indices were IRI(Index of relative importance), Pi(Prey-specific abundance) followed by E (electivity index) and Bi (dietary breadth index). A total of 11 statistical methods were used to find feeding strategy. The correlation analysis and Bray-Curtis similarity matrix were applied most frequently. In terms of ecological research topics, the papers focused on seasonal or spatial differences before 2000. Since 2000, specifically, the international journal papers have been published based on competition, sympatric, niche overlap and other ecological topics.

• Archives of design research
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• v.20 no.3 s.71
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• pp.151-162
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• 2007

How can new media devices and networks provide an effective response to the world's growing sector of cultural and historically-minded travelers? This study emerged from the question of how mobile handsets can change the nature of cultural and historical tourism in ubiquitous city environments. As wireless network and mobile IT have rapidly developed, it becomes possible to deliver cultural and historical information on the site through mobile handset as a tour guidance system. The paper describes the development of a new type of mobile tourism platform for site-specific cultural and historical information. The central objective of the project was to organize this cultural and historical walking tour around the mobile handset and its unique advantages (i.e. portability, multi-media capacity, access to wireless internet, and location-awareness potential) and then integrate the tour with a historical story and role-playing game that would deepen the mobile user's interest in the sites being visited, and enhance his or her overall experience of the area. The project was based on twelve locations that were culturally and historically significant to Korean War era in Busan. After the mobile tour game prototype was developed for this route, it was evaluated at the 10th PIFF (Pusan International Film Festival). After use test, some new strategies for developing mobile "edutainment content" to deliver cultural historical contents of the location were discussed. Combining 'edutainment' with a cultural and historical mobile walking tour brings a new dimension to existing approaches of the tourism and mobile content industry.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.150-159
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• 2008

The marine litter generated as by-products of human activities and economic development enters to the sea through rivers or stream Indirectly, and through sea-based activities directly. It is commonly comprised of materials that degrade very slowly, such as various plastic products, polystyrene, glass, rubber, metal, wood, derelict fishing nets, wire, rope and so on. Such litter is found in the water column and on the seafloor as well as coastal areas In the Northwest Pacific region. It causes injury or death of human and other living organisms and also accident or damage of the vessel. It is not only a problem of country but also regional and/or global problem because it is transported by currents and winds from one country to another. In this regard, Northwest Pacific Action Plan (NOWPAP) Marine Litter Activity (MALITA) project had been carried out during 2006-2007 biennium and NOWPAP Regional Action Plan on Marine Litter (RAP MALI) has been also continuously implemented in the 2008-2009 biennium as next phase step of MALITA. MERRAC, one of four Regional Activity Centres (RACs) of NOWPAP, has developed monitoring guidelines, sectoral guidelines, and brochures related to sea-based marine litter and port reception facilities and services through MALITA project. Based upon these output, MERRAC will continuously implement relevant activities of RAP MALI in order to help to establish and improve a regional mechanism to deal with the sea-based marine litter problem. This paper aims to introduce MERRAC activities under MALITA and RAP MALI, and to suggest several recommendations to reduce marine litter in the NOWPAP region.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.36 no.3 s.104
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• pp.356-368
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• 2003

Water quality of effluent from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPS) was reviewed to examine the feasibility of agricultural reuse using USEPA and WHO guidelines. It might meet the guidelines for BOD and SS, however, the most critical microbiological concentration was too high and further treatment is required. The pilot study of three treatments were performed to reduce microbiological concentrations. The UV irradiation was proved to be very effective in disinfection of secondary level effluent, and about 30 mW ${\cdot}$ s/$cm^2$ of dose was suggested to meet the even most stringent USEPA guidelines. Slow sand filter demonstrated effective removal of bacteria, and effluent concentration of total coliform (TC), fecal coliform (FC), and E. coli. dropped from about 10,000/100 mL to 300, 200, and 150 MPN/100 mL, respectively, showing over 95% removal. These level of bacterial concentration sufficiently meet the WHO guidelines ($10^3\;{\sim}\;10^5$ FC/100 mL), and could meet the more stringent USEPA guidelines (200 FC/100 mL) if properly applied. Slow sand filter also provided about 50% removal of SS, turbidity, and BOD in addition to bacterial removal. The removal efficiency of pond system was relatively poor, but still showed over 85% removal and effluent concentration of TC, FC, and E. coli was all below 10,000/100 mL. The pond system alone could meet the WHO guidelines, but hardly meet the USEPA guidelines and further treatment might be necessary. Overall, three methods evaluated in the study treat the effluent to meet the WHO microbiological guidelines for agricultural reuse. The UV disinfection and slow sand filter might also could the USEPA guidelines, while the pond system can hardly meet the USEPA guidelines if applied alone. The WHO and USEPA guidelines were made based on data from upland field agricultural system and may not be directly applicable to the paddy field agricultural system. Therefore, national standards for agricultural reuse of reclaimed water should be made considering domestic agricultural systems as well as international guidelines. Also, further investigation is recommended to develop optimum and feasible treatment measures for agricultural reuse of effluent from WWTPs.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.151-162
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• 2009

When viewing that since the 1990s local governments have tried to build golf courses as a plan to revitalize the attraction of home and abroad tourists and to increase their tax incomes and that big companies are interested in leisure business including golf courses as a future promising business in the 21st century, golf courses seem to continuously increase in the future. On the contrary, noticing that golf courses are not only the main culprit behind the damage of natural environment and environmental pollution but also a target of real estate speculation and that golf makes a sense of incongruity between the classes of a society as a luxury sports, environment activists and local residents raise criticism to golf. Golf in our country shows a special sports phenomenon of which the pros and cons appear continuously. So, it is judged that policy for golf development direction should be set up based on verified scientific data. Thus, the research aims at deriving the location types of golf courses by looking at laws from the period of formation of the initial domestic golf courses to the recent period, grasping their distribution status according to time series and regions, conducting a questionnaire survey regarding location factors for golfers and the workers of golf courses, and dividing golf courses into several types. It is expected that the research will be a fundamental material when a golf course is built later on, contributing to the research of golf courses.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.129-135
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• 2010

The relationship between rainfall variable and zooplankton dynamics was studied in the Upo wetland, an ecosystem of international importance. Water sampling was conducted on biweekly basis from January 2002 to December 2007 in the study site. The annual average of total rainfall was 1,324 mm during the study period. Total rainfall amount in 2003 (1,766 mm) was unusually high, while total rainfall amount in 2005 (975 mm) was exceptionally lower than the average. Most of basic limnological parameters (water temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, conductivity and turbidity) in the study site were greatly influenced by the flooding events and rainfall amounts in summer. There were statistically significance between seasonal and inter-annual differences in zooplankton abundance and the total rainfall amount (ANOVA, P<0.05). Zooplankton abundance was high in summer (mean${\pm}$s.d.: $1,594{\pm}1,598\;Ind.\;L^{-1}$) and low in winter ($246{\pm}234\;Ind.\;L^{-1}$. The 47% of annual total zooplankton abundance in the study site were observed in summer. The seasonal pattern of rotifers was similar to that of total zooplankton. This reflected the fact that rotifers strongly dominated and occupied ca. 65% the total zooplankton abundance (annual mean: $398{\pm}1,139\;Ind.\;L^{-1}$, n=149), followed by cladocerans ($65{\pm}140\;Ind.\;L^{-1}$) and copepods ($58{\pm}84\;L^{-1}$). Planktonic rotifers such as Keratella cochlearis, Polyarthra spp. and Brachionus calyciflorus were dominant from winter to spring and attached rotifers such as Lecane spp., Monostyla spp. and Trichocerca spp., observed commonly from spring to fall. Among the environmental variables considered, rainfall in summer seemed to play the most important role in determining characteristics of zooplankton community dynamics in the Upo wetland.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.56 no.1
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• pp.53-62
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• 2023

Recently, due to the influence of climate change, the occurrence of damage to heavy rain is increasing around the world, and the frequency of heavy rain with a large amount of rain in a short period of time is also increasing. Heavy rains generate a large amount of outflow in a short time, causing flooding in the downstream part of the mountainous area before joining the small and medium-sized rivers. In order to reduce damage to downstream areas caused by flooding, it is very important to calculate the outflow of mountainous areas due to torrential rains. However, the sewage network flooding analysis, which is currently conducting the most analysis in Korea, uses the time and area method using the existing data rather than calculating the rainfall outflow in the mountainous area, which is difficult to determine that the soil characteristics of the region are accurately applied. Therefore, if the rainfall is analyzed for mountainous areas that can cause flooding in the downstream area in a short period of time due to large outflows, the accuracy of the analysis of flooding characteristics that can occur in the downstream area can be improved and used as data for evacuating residents and calculating the extent of damage. In order to calculate the rainfall outflow in the mountainous area, the rainfall outflow in the mountainous area was calculated using MIKE SHE among the MIKE series, and the flooding analysis in the downstream area was conducted through MIKE 21 FM (Flood model). Through this study, it was possible to confirm the amount of outflow and the time to reach downstream in the event of rainfall in the mountainous area, and the results of this analysis can be used to protect human and material resources through pre-evacuation in the downstream area in the future.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.49 no.1
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• pp.137-146
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• 2007

This study was conducted to determine fertilizer nutrient and pollutant production of Holstein dairy cattle by estimating manure characteristics. The moisture content of feces was 83.9% and 95.1% for urine. The pH of feces and urine were in the ranges of 7.0～7.4 and 7.5～7.8, respectively. The average BOD5, COD, SS, T-N, T-P concentrations of the dairy feces were 18,294, 52,765, 102,889, 2,575, and 457mg/ℓ, respectively. Dairy urine showed lower levels of BOD5(5,455mg/ℓ), COD(8,089mg/ℓ), SS(593mg/ℓ), T-N(3,401mg/l), and T-P(13mg/ℓ) than feces. The total daily produced pollutant amounts of a dairy cow were 924.1g(Milking cow), 538.8g(Dry cow), 284.4g(Heifer) of BOD5, 2,336.5g (Milking cow), 1,651.8g(Dry cow), 734.1g(Heifer) of COD and 4,210.1g(Milking cow), 2,417.1g(Dry cow), 1,629.1g(Heifer) of SS and 194.8g(Milking cow), 96.4g(Dry cow), 58.3g(Heifer) of T-N and 24.0g(Milking cow), 10.2g(Dry cow), 6.1g(Heifer) of T-P. The calculated amount of pollutants produced by a 450kg dairy cow for one year were 181.3kg of BOD5, 492.5kg of COD, 899.9kg of SS, 36.0kg of T-N and 4.1kg of T-P. The total yearly estimated pollutant production from all head(497,261) of dairy cattle in Korea is 90,149 tons of BOD5, 244,890 tons of COD, 447,491 tons of SS, 17,898 tons of T-N and 2,008 tons of T-P. The fertilizer nutrient concentrations of dairy feces was 0.26% N, 0.1% P2O5 and 0.14% K2O. Urine was found to contain 0.34% N, 0.003% of P2O5 and 0.31% K2O. The total daily fertilizer nutrients produced by dairy cattle were 197.4g (Milking cow), 97.4g(Dry cow), and 57.9g(Heifer) of Nitrogen, 54.2g(Milking cow), 22.2g(Dry cow), and 14.2g(Heifer) of P2O5 and 110.8g(Milking cow), 80.4g (Dry cow), and 39.5g(Heifer) of K2O. The total yearly estimated fertilizer nutrient produced by a 450kg dairy animal is 36.2kg of N, 8.8kg of P2O5, 24.6kg of K2O. The estimated yearly fertilizer nutrient production from all dairy cattle in Korea is 18,000 tons of N, 4,397 tons of P2O5, 12,206 tons of K2O. Dairy manure contains useful trace minerals for crops, such as CaO and MgO, which are contained in similar levels to commercial compost being sold in the domestic market. Concentrations of harmful trace minerals, such as As, Cd, Hg, Pb, Cr, Cu, Ni, Zn, met the Korea compost standard regulations, with some of these minerals being in undetected amounts.