• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.81-87
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• 2007

It was decided by national vote in Panama to expand the Panama canal. Therefore 12,000TEU sized vessel can pass the canal from 2014. The Far East-North America shipping route, over than post panamax size vessels have to use other routes such as Mini land bridge instead of using the panama canal due to limitation of canal size. Therefore, some changes in the transport route in Far East-North America are expected duo to expansion of Panama canal. The objective of this paper is to analyze the transport cost between Far East and North America then compare the competition between panama canal route and land bridge route.

• Korean Journal of Legislative Studies
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.135-170
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• 2018

The recent success of populist parties and candidates in the US and European countries leads to a massive amount of empirical research on populism, a deviant form of representative democracy. Much ink has been spilled to define populism and to identify the causes of its rise and continued success in democratic political system. However, little is known about populist attitudes of individual voters. Using a large-scale online survey fielded in the context of the South Korean presidential election in 2017, this study examines (1) what determines populist attitudes of South Korean voters and (2) how populist attitudes are associated with evaluations of political parties, candidates, and political issues. Statistical analysis reveals that people high on populism are more likely to support an underdog left-wing political party and its presidential candidate, and are less likely to support policies implemented or proposed under the auspices of the Park Geun-hye administration. These findings do not necessarily suggest the inherent affinity between populism and left-wing ideology; rather, it implies populist attitudes happened to appear in 2017, in reactions to lack of confidence in the previous government.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science Conference
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• 한국연초학회 2001년도 제45회 학술발표회 및 심포지움:담배산업의 환경변화와 최근의 연구동향
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• pp.44-54
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• 2001

담배는 오랜 과거부터 규제의 주요 대상이 되어 왔다. 1950년대 이전까지만 해도 담배관련 규제는 담배의 생산 및 제조활동과 함께 윤리 또는 규범적 차원에서 주로 이루어져 왔으나, 1950년대 초 이후부터 흡연의 건강 위해성에 관한 연구가 본격화되고 건강에 대한 공중의 관심이 확산되면서 담배와 흡연에 대한 사회적·법적 규제가 크게 강화되어 왔다고 할 수 있다. 담배산업이 그 동안 지속적인 성장을 하는 가운데에서도 담배와 흡연에 대해 강도 높은 규제가 가해져 온 이유는 담배가 성인들의 기호품으로써 보편화 된데 반해 건강 위해적 요소들을 내재하고 있고, 담배의 높은 수익가치로 인해 담배의 생산 및 판매가 정부의 재정사업으로 관할됨에 따라 정보에 의한 강력한 통제가 불가피했기 때문이라 할 수 있다. 세계 각 국에서 적용되고 있는 담배에 대한 일반적인 규제유형으로는 크게 흡연(smoking) 규제와 판매 및 촉진활동(sales & promotion) 규제, 경고문 부착(labeling)에 관한 규제, 그리고 진입 및 무역(entry & trade) 규제 등으로 구분될 수 있다. 한국의 경우는 전통적으로 흡연에 대해 매우 관대한 태도가 유지되어 왔으나, 95년도 중반 이후 국민건강 증진법 등의 규제법률이 제정·시행되면서 제도적·정책적 규제가 크게 강화되어 현재는 세계 최상위 수준을 유지하고 있다고 할 수 있다. 이러한 가운데 99년 5월 이후, 담배에 대한 표준화된 규제지침의 설정과 강화를 통해 궁극적으로 세상에서 담배를 근절시키고자 하는 목적 하에서 세계보건기구(WHO)의 주 역점사업으로서 추진되고 있는 담배규제협약(FCTC)은 담배에 대한 규제가 초국가적 차원으로 발전되는 계기를 제공하고 있다. 향후, 담배규제협약안의 세부사안들에 대한 합의과정에서 각 국별로 상당한 이견과 반발이 예상되고 있지만, 협약안의 전체 회원국 투표에서 승인될 경우 각 국가들뿐만 아니라 담배산업과 담배기업들에게 미치는 파급효과가 매우 클 것으로 예상된다. 대부분의 국제협약들이 그러하듯이, 담배규제협약도 그 적용 범위와 수준이 어느 정도로 결정되는지에 따라 각 국가와 기업별 이해관계가 크게 달라지게 되기 때문에 신중한 대응전략이 요구된다고 하겠다.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 한국수자원학회 2015년도 학술발표회
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• pp.267-267
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• 2015

가상수의 흐름을 보다 가시적으로 파악하기 위하여 대두된 개념이 물발자국(water footprint)이다. 이는 흔히 사용되고 있는 생태발자국(ecological footprint)이나 탄소발자국(carbon footprint)에 착안하여 도입된 개념으로 한 국가의 물발자국은 직 간접적으로 물건이나 재화를 생산하는데 국민이 소비하는 물의 총량으로 정의된다. 물발자국을 내적/외적으로 단순히 구분하여 산정하는 방식이 진화하여 1단위의 생산에서 유통 및 서비스까지 확대하여 그 전 과정을 모두 포함하는 물발자국 산정방식이 도입된 것은 최근의 일이다. 직접적인 물사용과 간접적인 물사용을 구분하여 물발자국을 산정하고, 그 위에 물의 성질에 따라 green water, blue water, 그리고 grey water로 각각 개념을 상세화하여 물발자국을 산정하는 방안이 도입되었다. 2009년 물발자국 산정의 표준화를 위한 스위스의 제안이 ISO에 제출되었고, 각 국가들에 의한 투표가 진행되어 2010년 물발자국 국제표준안이 채택되었다. 본 연구는 이러한 국제기구에 의한 일련의 국제표준화 작업을 대상으로 진행되었다. 2014년 ISO/TC 207 국제총회가 개최되어 환경경영시스템(SC1), 환경감사(SC2), 환경 라벨링(SC3), 환경성과평가(SC4), 전과정평가(SC5), 온실가스관리(SC7)의 6개 분과위원회(Sub-Committees)가 구성되어 세부논의가 진행되었으며, 이러한 과정을 분석함으로서 물발자국 국제표준(ISO 14046)과 향후 우리나라의 대응방안을 고찰하였다. 물발자국 국제표준(ISO 14046) 제정을 통해 물발자국의 필요성 및 중요성에 대한 국가 간 합의는 도출되었으나, 적용시기 및 세부적인 방법론 등에 대한 이견이 여전히 존재하고 있다. ISO 14046의 실질적 적용에 필요한 세부사항과 관련된 기술보고서 작업초안(WD 14073)은 작업반(SC5/WG8)에서 진행되고 있다. 그러나 물발자국 국제표준이 국가 간 무역장벽이나 특정국의 진입을 막는 수단으로 사용될 수 있는 점 등 실질적으로 국제표준의 도입에 따른 문제점 역시 존재한다. 본 연구에서 제시된 국제표준의 도입 방안을 통하여 가상수무역의 국제적 선점효과를 기대함과 동시에 수자원의 유효한 활용을 기대할 수 있을 것이다.

• Korean Journal of Legislative Studies
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.35-68
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• 2021

In the German federal election in 2021, the Social Democrats returned to power by a narrow margin and the Green Party emerged as the biggest winner. The two political parties took the lead by proposing policies that met the expectations of the people in the policies of climate and environment, pandemic response and health, and labor and social security. The Merkel effect did not play a significant role in the election, and it is highly likely that it will lead to government policy after the formation of a coalition. While the class cleavage in voting behavior has weakened, the generational cleavage has grown relatively large. Older people showed more support for the two major parties, while younger people showed higher support for the Green Party and the FDP. If the generational cleavage continues, it can be linked to the growth of the Green Party and the FDP, the continued weakening of the two major parties and the emergence of other new parties. In addition, the regional cleavage between the former East and West Germany still remain, which will affect the direction of the AfD and the Left and combine with other political cleavages. The 2021 German federal election can be said to be an election that heralds the realignment of the political party system.

• International Area Studies Review
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.155-179
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• 2013

Becoming independent in 1956, Sudan has since experienced a number of coups $d^{\prime}{\acute{e}}tat$, religious conflicts between the Islamic north and the Christian south, conflicts between the north-south population composition and races, two civil wars for nearly 40 years due to a clash of interests over resources and others, and the Darfur crisis in which hundreds of thousands died. In 1983, as the Sudanese government forced Islamic laws on the southern region where many Christians lived, the civil war resumed and suffered heavy casualties. Although a brief period of tranquility is maintained at the present moment as South Sudan seceded, military conflicts continue to arise. The objective of this research is to understand the North-South Sudan conflict by examining its history and course. For this purpose, chapter 2 will make a theoretical and reality approach for conflict items and solutions. Chapter 3 will discuss the historical background and reasons for the Sudanese conflict by considering Sudan before 19th century, the Egyptian conquest of Sudan and the diverging North and South, Sudanese independence and other divisions yet again, and finally the North-South conflicts over religion and resources. In Chapter 4, there will be an analysis of the course of the Sudan Civil War by separating it into the First and Second Civil War. In Chapter 5, the consequences and future prospect will be presented in lieu of the conclusion.

• Cross-Cultural Studies
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• 제44권
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• pp.29-58
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• 2016

'Post-memory' is the act of remembering traumatic events in history by subsequent generations who have not had direct experiences or relations with them. For this reason, the narratives of 'post-memory' are considered as re-interpretations of the past deeply influenced by current perspectives and concerns. The Chilean film NO goes back to the Referendum of 1988 in order to examine the "NO campaign" which was opposed to another eight years of continuation of the Pinochet regime. Although this campaign contributed significantly to the Chilean democratization, the filmmaker does not just celebrate it: rather he attempts to cast a critical reflection on its strategies that eventually turned democracy into a "commodity" by deploying commercial language and marketing tools for characterizing and describing it. On the other hand, the Korean movie The Attorney sheds light on the story of an attorney who, during the military regime in the 1980's, became a human rights lawyer when he tried to advocate for university students accused of violating national security law. This film reconstitutes the meaning of democracy built upon the logic of "common-sense" that privileges freedom and fundamental human rights over Statism. Despite the different historical contexts between Chile and South Korea, these two movies retell the history of a dictatorship that ended a couple of decades ago. In doing so, they raise questions about history, memory and democracy in order to deepen the understanding of current social and political circumstances while placing an emphasis on the roles and responsibilities of intellectuals during the transition to democracy and democratic consolidation.

• Journal of Korean Library and Information Science Society
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• 제48권3호
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• pp.113-130
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• 2017

The goal of this study is to propose the approaches to improve the voters' awareness by analyzing the voters' awareness on the fake news related to the elections and identifying the problems with the focus on the 19th Presidential Election. In accordance with the analysis on the data from 128 respondents (53 male and 75 female respondents), the 99.2% (127 respondents) of respondents had informations on elections mainly through broadcasting(77.2%), smart phone(70.9%), Internet(63.8%) and newspapers 32.3% which accounts for 41 respondents) in that sequence. Next, the 87.4% of respondents thought that the informations on elections had more impact on their voting than the generally expected degree. Meanwhile, the voters' awareness on the facts was analyzed by collecting and presenting the information on elections which stated by candidates in the 19th Presidential Election. In accordance with the analysis, there were the significant differences per age groups. The Scheffe test indicated that the respondents in 30s to 40s had significantly higher average awareness than those in 20s. According to the analysis results, it was proposed that the National Election Commission install the election information investigation and analysis committee in the election organization, investigate and analyze the election informations each election for providing real facts to the public, the voters.

• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.199-219
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• 2018

With the everyday use of the Internet and the spread of various smart devices, users have been able to communicate in real time and the existing communication style has changed. Due to the change of the information subject by the Internet, data became more massive and caused the very large information called big data. These Big Data are seen as a new opportunity to understand social issues. In particular, text mining explores patterns using unstructured text data to find meaningful information. Since text data exists in various places such as newspaper, book, and web, the amount of data is very diverse and large, so it is suitable for understanding social reality. In recent years, there has been an increasing number of attempts to analyze texts from web such as SNS and blogs where the public can communicate freely. It is recognized as a useful method to grasp public opinion immediately so it can be used for political, social and cultural issue research. Text mining has received much attention in order to investigate the public's reputation for candidates, and to predict the voting rate instead of the polling. This is because many people question the credibility of the survey. Also, People tend to refuse or reveal their real intention when they are asked to respond to the poll. This study collected comments from the largest Internet portal site in Korea and conducted research on the 19th Korean presidential election in 2017. We collected 226,447 comments from April 29, 2017 to May 7, 2017, which includes the prohibition period of public opinion polls just prior to the presidential election day. We analyzed frequencies, associative emotional words, topic emotions, and candidate voting rates. By frequency analysis, we identified the words that are the most important issues per day. Particularly, according to the result of the presidential debate, it was seen that the candidate who became an issue was located at the top of the frequency analysis. By the analysis of associative emotional words, we were able to identify issues most relevant to each candidate. The topic emotion analysis was used to identify each candidate's topic and to express the emotions of the public on the topics. Finally, we estimated the voting rate by combining the volume of comments and sentiment score. By doing above, we explored the issues for each candidate and predicted the voting rate. The analysis showed that news comments is an effective tool for tracking the issue of presidential candidates and for predicting the voting rate. Particularly, this study showed issues per day and quantitative index for sentiment. Also it predicted voting rate for each candidate and precisely matched the ranking of the top five candidates. Each candidate will be able to objectively grasp public opinion and reflect it to the election strategy. Candidates can use positive issues more actively on election strategies, and try to correct negative issues. Particularly, candidates should be aware that they can get severe damage to their reputation if they face a moral problem. Voters can objectively look at issues and public opinion about each candidate and make more informed decisions when voting. If they refer to the results of this study before voting, they will be able to see the opinions of the public from the Big Data, and vote for a candidate with a more objective perspective. If the candidates have a campaign with reference to Big Data Analysis, the public will be more active on the web, recognizing that their wants are being reflected. The way of expressing their political views can be done in various web places. This can contribute to the act of political participation by the people.

• The Southeast Asian review
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.245-271
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• 2017

The purpose of this study is to examine and assess the major characteristics and changes of politics, economy, and diplomacy in Thailand in 2016. Specifically, it reviewed the New Constitution that was passed in 2016, the confrontation between different political forces and the trend of military regime around the New Constitution, and the political instability caused by the accession of the new king to the throne. This study also set out to figure out changes to the economy and foreign relations of the country, including its relations with South Korea, under the military regime and make predictions for the impact and future prospects of King Bhumibol Adulyadej's death on the politics and economy of the country. In 2016, the politics of Thailand took a step further toward the transfer of power to civil government and established a foundation for an authoritarian system. The draft of the New Constitution, which does not seem to be democratic, was approved by a referendum and enabled the military authorities to continue their political interventions, even after the general election. The New Constitution, in particular, reduces the power of political parties itself in addition to simply keeping the Thaksin's party in check; thus, anticipating ongoing conflicts between the military authorities and political parties. In this situation, the absence of King Bhumibol Adulyadej, who used to play a decisive role in promoting the political stability of the country, and the accession of the new king to the throne raise concerns about the acceleration of political instability, which has continued after the coup and influenced the diplomatic relations of the country. Today, Thailand is distancing itself from Western nations that do not recognize the current military regime including the U.S.A. and EU member states and instead maintains a rapidly friendly and close relation with China. In 2016, the economy of Thailand made a gradual recovery rather than high growth. The death of King Bhumibol Adulyadej has exerted limited direct economic impacts only on individual consumption and tourism and is not likely to cause a recession. An economic crisis will, however, be unavoidable if the political confrontations escalate before the general election to transfer power to the civil government.