• Information and Communications Magazine
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.100-106
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• 2016

전 세계적으로 드론에 대한 관심이 급격히 커지면서 많은 국가에서 드론을 미래 전략산업의 하나로 주목하고 있으며 드론 관련 기술에 대한 연구개발과 활용을 위해 많은 노력을 하고 있다. 기술개발 투자와 규제해소를 위한 법 정비 등 국내 여건이 미비한 상황에서 군사용 무인항공기 강국인 미국은 국가공역체계 안에서 드론 법제화 정립을 진행하고 있으며, 중국 등 몇몇 국가의 기업들은 초소형 민간 드론 시장에서 강력한 경쟁력을 보이고 있다. 드론 기술의 발전과 시장이 확대되기 위해서는 공공드론의 역할이 매우 중요하다. 기술적 법적 제약이 적지 않은 환경에서 공공분야의 드론 활용은 기술 개발과 수요증대를 동시에 자극 할 수 있는 촉매제가 될 수 있기 때문이다. 본 고에서는 미래 수요 증가의 한 축으로 기대되는 드론의 공공임무 활용부문에 대한 분석과 나아갈 방향을 제시한다.

• Defense and Technology
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• no.6 s.244
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• pp.66-73
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• 1999

휴대용 SAM은 최전방 야전부대와 병행하여 차량 또는 도보로 기동하면서 일정한 사하지점에서 운용병이 직접 휴대하여 운용되므로 진지선정이 용이하고 관심공역에서 명중률이 높아 거점 및 기동방어로, 저고도로 침투하는 항공기를 효율적으로 대처할 수 있는 우수한 방공무기로 평가받고 있다. 따라서 세계 선진국가에서는 방위예산의 삭감에도 불구하고 휴대용 SAM 개발 및 배치를 계속 추진하여 효율적인 지근거리 방공 무기체계로 적극 운용한고 있는 실정이다

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.3-54
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• 2013

Nowadays, major advanced countries in aviation technology are putting their effort to develop commercial and civil Unmanned Aircraft System(UAS) due to its highly promising market demand in the future. The market scale of commercial and civil UAS is expected to increase up to approximately 8.8 billon U.S. dollars by the year 2020. The usage of commercial and civil UAS covers various areas such as remote sensing, relaying communications, pollution monitoring, fire detection, aerial reconnaissance and photography, coastline monitoring, traffic monitoring and control, disaster control, search and rescue, etc. With the introduction of UAS, changes need to be made on current Air Traffic Management Systems which are focused mainly manned aircrafts to support the operation of UAS. Accordingly, the legislation for the UAS operation should be followed. Currently, ICAO's Unmanned Aircraft System Study Group(UASSG) is leading the standardization process of legislation for UAS operation internationally. However, some advanced countries such as United States, United Kingdom, Australia have adopted its own legislation. Among these countries, United States is most forth going with President Obama signing a bill to integrate UAS into U.S. national airspace by 2015. In case of Korea, legislation for the unmanned aircraft system is just in the beginning stage. There are no regulations regarding the operation of unmanned aircraft in Korea's domestic aviation law except some clauses regarding definition and permission of the unmanned aircraft flight. However, the unmanned aircrafts are currently being used in military and under development for commercial use. In addition, the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport has a ambitious plan to develop commercial and civil UAS as Korea's most competitive area in aircraft production and export. Thus, Korea is in need of the legislation for the UAS operation domestically. In this regards, I personally think that Korea's domestic legislation for UAS operation will be enacted focusing on following 12 areas : (1)use of airspace, (2)licenses of personnel, (3)certification of airworthiness, (4)definition, (5)classification, (6)equipments and documents, (7)communication, (8)rules of air, (9)training, (10)security, (11)insurance, (12)others. Im parallel with enacting domestic legislation, korea should contribute to the development of international standards for UAS operation by actively participating ICAO's UASSG.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.181-202
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• 2020

The Non-Appropriation Principle was stipulated in the OST and the MA. However the MA, creating CHM in international law for the first time, attempted to further limit the prohibitions to include ownership of resources extracted from celestial bodies, its rejection by the U.S. and most of the international spacefaring community prevented it from serving as a binding international treaty. Individuals or private enterprises intending to perform space exploitation must receive approval from the nation and may not appropriate outer space or celestial bodies. In the course of this space activity, each party will be liable. Articles 6 and 7 of the OST and the Liability Convention of 1972 deal with matters concerning those problems. The CSLCA of 2015 and Luxembourg Space Resources Law of 2017 allows States to provide commercial exploration and use of space resources to their own nationals and to companies operated by other countries within their territory. These laws do not violate Article 2 of the OST. In the case of the CSLCA of 2015, the law clearly states that it cannot claim ownership, sovereignty or jurisdiction over certain celestial bodies. Even if scholars claim that the U.S. CSLCA and Luxembourg Space Resources Law violate the non-appropriation principle of the OST, they cannot prevent these two countries from extracting the space resources on "the first come, first served" basis. The legal status of outer space including the moon and other celestial bodies is res extra commercium, like the high seas, where the fishing vessels from each country catch and sell fish without occupying the sea. Major space-faring nations must push for the adoption of an international regulatory committee which will oversee applications and issue permits based on a set of robust, modern, and forward-thinking ideals that are best equipped to govern and protect outer space as individuals, businesses, and nations compete to commercialize space through mining and the extraction of space-based resources. The new Corpus Juris Spatialis on the development of space resources, whether it is a treaty or a soft law such as recommendation and declaration, in the case of the Moon and Mars, will cover a certain amount of area to develop, and the development period by the states should be specified.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.115-168
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• 2018

An amendment to Japanese Civil Aeronautics Act came into effect December 10, 2015. The Act prohibits flying drones over residential areas or areas surrounding an airport without permission from the Minister of Land, Infrastructure and Transportation. Flying drones during night time and during an event is also prohibited. The term "UAV" or "UA" means any aeroplane, rotorcraft, glider or airship which cannot accommodate any person on board and can be remotely or automatically piloted (Excluding those lighter than a certain weight (200 grams). Any person who intends to operate a UAV is required to follow the operational conditions listed below, unless approved by the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism; (i) Operation of UAVs in the daytime, (ii) Operation of UAVs within Visual Line of Sight (VLOS), (iii) Maintenance of a certain operating distance between UAVs and persons or properties on the ground/water surface, (iv) Do not operate UAVs over event sites where many people gather, (v) Do not transport hazardous materials such as explosives by UAV, (vi) Do not drop any objects from UAVs. Requirements stated in "Airspace in which Flights are Prohibited" and "Operational Limitations" are not applied to flights for search and rescue operations by public organizations in case of accidents and disasters. This paper analyzes some issues as to regulations of UAVs in Korean Aviation Safety Act by comparing the regulations of UAVs in Japanese Civil Aeronautics Act. This paper, also, offers some implications and suggestions for regulations of UAVs under Korean Aviation Safety Act.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.287-325
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• 2017

Considering the development of aerospace, military science and technology since the 20th century, the sky is very important for the nation's existence and prosperity. The proverb "Whosoever commands the space commands the world itself!" emphasizes the need for the command of the air. This essay is the first study on the status of airspace after reunification. First, the territorial airspace is over the territory and territorial sea, and its horizontal extent is determined by the territorial boundary lines. Acceptance of the present order is most reasonable, rather than attempting to reconfigure through historical truths about border issues, and it could be supported by neighboring countries in the reunification period. For peace in Northeast Asia, the reunified Korea needs to respect the existing border agreement between North Korea and China or Russia. However, the North Korean straight baselines established in the East Sea and the Yellow Sea should be discarded because they are not available under United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. It is desirable for the reunified Korea to redefine the straight baselines that comply with international law and determine the territorial waters up to and including the 12-nautical mile outside it. Second, the Flight Information Region (hereinafter "FIR") is a region defined by the International Civil Aviation Organization (hereinafter "ICAO") in order to provide information necessary for the safe and efficient flight of aircraft and the search and rescue of aircraft. At present, Korea is divided into Incheon FIR which is under the jurisdiction of South Korea and Pyongyang FIR which is under the jurisdiction of North Korea. If North Korea can not temporarily exercise control of Pyongyang FIR due to a sudden change of circumstances, it is desirable for South Korea to exercise control of Pyongyang FIR, and if it is unavoidable, ICAO should temporarily exercise it. In reunified Korea, it is desirable to abolish Pyongyang FIR and integrate it into Incheon FIR with the approval of ICAO, considering systematic management and control of FIR, establishment of route, and efficiency of management. Third, the Air Defense Identification Zone (hereinafter "ADIZ") is a zone that requires easy identification, positioning, and control of aircraft for national security purposes, and is set up unilaterally by the country concerned. The US unilaterally established the Korea Air Defense Identification Area (KADIZ) by the Declaration of Commitment on March 22, 1951. The Ministry of Defense proclaimed a new KADIZ which extended to the area including IEODO on December 13, 2013. At present, North Korea's military warning zone is set only at maritime boundaries such as the East Sea and the Yellow Sea. But in view of its lack of function as ADIZ in relations with China and Russia, the reunified Korea has no obligation to succeed it. Since the depth of the Korean peninsula is short, it is necessary to set ADIZ boundary on the outskirts of the territorial airspace to achieve the original purpose of ADIZ. Therefore, KADIZ of the reunified Korea should be newly established by the boundary line that coincides with the Incheon FIR of the reunified Korea. However, if there is no buffer zone overlapping with or adjacent to the ADIZs of neighboring countries, military tensions may rise. Therefore, through bilateral negotiations for peace in Northeast Asia, a buffer zone is established between adjacent ADIZs.

• Journal of Advanced Navigation Technology
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.329-335
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• 2016

Unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) are defined as the system whose components include the necessary equipment, network, and personnel to control an unmanned aircraft. In the past, UAS were predominately operated for military operations. However, nowadays, the applications of UAS to commercial area are explosively augmented and UAS are being expected to be integrated in national airspace. Therefore, the need for the standardized datalink systems rapidly and the development of control and non-payload communication (CNPC) system are being processed for integration in national airspace in United States and Europe. In this paper, the technology trends for UAS CNPC datalink are explained and presented the performance evaluation results for CNPC system, which is the modified version of IEEE 802.15.4 ZigBee system.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Aeronautical & Space Sciences
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• v.43 no.8
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• pp.739-747
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• 2015

With rapid growth in the technologies and demand of Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems (RPASs), integration of such systems into the existing airspace system is becoming an issue in many countries. RPAS have different flight performances, communication characteristics, separation assurance mechanisms, and human machine interfaces from manned aircraft. To establish rules and regulations for RPAS integration, it is important to understand the impacts of RPASs on the airspace system. A simulation system that integrates manned aircraft, air traffic control, and RPASs is developed in Inha University to investigate these impacts through Human-in-The-Loop (HiTL) simulations. Three conflict resolution scenarios between a manned aircraft and a Remotely Piloted Aircraft (RPA) were constructed and tested. Human factors such as the response times of pilots and controllers were measured and analyzed as well as the risk of each maneuver.

• Journal of Korean Library and Information Science Society
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.365-385
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• 2012

The Naesabones(內賜本) are the books awarded to the organizations and the individuals by the Kings of Joseon(朝鮮) Dynasty. The organizations include the history archives[史庫], the government offices[官廳], the private academies[書院] and the county public schools[鄕校]. The individuals include the royal family members and the members of the cabinet. In Joseon Dynasty, the books were distributed to the government offices, the members of the cabinet, and the people who participated in printing that book. Also after the official ceremonies, the books were given as the rewards. The purpose of this study is to examine the bibliographical features of the naesabones - especially awarded to the individuals - now in Kyujanggak.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.247-276
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• 2017

The protection of space asset has been new major cause of space militarization. For such purpose, it has been officially announced that a policy of deterring and denying any adversaries from accessing the outer space. Space militarization is to be conversed into a new concept of space weaponization. The USA has announced its policy of space weaponization, while China and Russia have not revealed their plan or policy. Latter States, however, have proposed a draft treaty limiting the deployment of warfare in the outer space. The terms of the Outer Space Treaty, reflecting three significant United Nations General Assembly resolutions from the 1960s, support the position that ground rules must be observed in the exploration and the use of outer space, particularly in the absence of specific space law rules. Yet the combination (and culmination) of these two approaches to the legal regulation of outer space-specific rules as and when agreed by the international community and the translation of principles developed for terrestrial regulation to outer space-still leaves much room for uncertainty and exploitation for military and strategic purposes. As space weaponization may contribute to deterring the use of weapon, it may be not against the UN Charter Article 2(4). If space weaponization might generate the space debris such that the outer space is no more available for exploration and use, it is against the proportionality principle and discrimination principle enshrined in the laws of the war. But, if the limitation upon the kind and use of space weaponization is agreed among the States, then the space weaponization may not be against the laws of the war, and be considered permissible within the rationale of limited war.