• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.77-81
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• 2009

Purpose: The PET of the PET/CT (Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography) quantitatively shows the biological and chemical information of the body, but has limitation of presenting the clear anatomic structure. Thus combining the PET with CT, it is not only possible to offer the higher resolution but also effectively shorten the scanning time and reduce the noises by using CT data in attenuation correction. And because, at the CT scanning, the contrast media makes it easy to determine a exact range of the lesion and distinguish the normal organs, there is a certain increase in the use of it. However, in the case of using the contrast media, it affects semi-quantitative measures of the PET/CT images. In this study, therefore, we will be to establish the reliability of the SUV (Standardized Uptake Value) with CT data correction so that it can help more accurate diagnosis. Materials and Methods: In this experiment, a total of 30 people are targeted - age range: from 27 to 72, average age : 49.6 - and DSTe (General Electric Healthcare, Milwaukee, MI, USA) is used for equipment. $^{18}F$- FDG 370~555 MBq is injected into the subjects depending on their weight and, after about 60 minutes of their stable position, a whole-body scan is taken. The CT scan is set to 140 kV and 210 mA, and the injected amount of the contrast media is 2 cc per 1 kg of the patients' weight. With the raw data from the scan, we obtain a image showing the effect of the contrast media through the attenuation correction by both of the corrected and uncorrected CT data. Then we mark out ROI (Region of Interest) in each area to measure SUV and analyze the difference. Results: According to the analysis, the SUV is decreased in the liver and heart which have more bloodstream than the others, because of the contrast media correction. On the other hand, there is no difference in the lungs. Conclusions: Whereas the CT scan images with the contrast media from the PET/CT increase the contrast of the targeted region for the test so that it can improve efficiency of diagnosis, there occurred an increase of SUV, a semi-quantitative analytical method. In this research, we measure the variation of SUV through the correction of the influence of contrast media and compare the differences. As we revise the SUV which is increasing in the image with attenuation correction by using contrast media, we can expect anatomical images of high-resolution. Furthermore, it is considered that through this trusted semi-quantitative method, it will definitely enhance the diagnostic value.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.163-178
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• 2003

The purpose of this study is to find the effect of restaurant brand image upon service quality, price acceptability, and revisit intention, and to propose the importance of brand image to operators and managers who manage restaurants. To accomplish the purpose of this study, sampling was taken among customers who visit six deluxe hotels and six family restaurants in Seoul. Six hundreds questionnaires were distributed to each hotel and restaurant and 487 valid samples were selected for statistical analysis. The questionnaire consists of 77 items about demographical characteristics, brand image, service quality, revisit intention, price acceptability, and spending patterns. SPSS WIN 10.0 was used for statistical analysis. A research model was built up and three null hypotheses were established. Based on theses research model and three null hypotheses, the test was conducted, and the results are as follows. Brand image has an effect upon service quality, and furthermore this can be preceding variable of service quality. Also Service quality has an effect upon price acceptability and revisit intention.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.23 no.1 s.29
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• pp.22-32
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• 1990

Associations between type A behavior Pattern (TABP) and parental social control were examined by a questionnaire survey in a sample of 803 undergraduates of the three universities in Daegu city in 1988. TABP was assessed by the Student Jenkins Activity Survey (SJAS, short form) and social control of parents by Bernstein and Brandis' Index of control and communication which were both dichotomized by median. The mean age of the sample was 20.7 (standard deviation, 2.2) and mean of total score of SJAS was 5.6 with its standard deviation and median, 2.7 and 5, respectively. In stratified analysis for TABP-social control association by the native place, sex and socioeconomic status (SES), males of rural origin with low SES showed odds ratio (OR), 2.49 but those with high SES 0.40. For females of rural origin, those with low SES showed OR, 1.02, whereas those with high SES did 0.35. For those who was of urban origin, males with low SES had OR 1.27, and those with high SES did 1.29. Females with high SES showed 0.85 and those with low SES 0.67. None of the TABP-social control associations among the strata showed confidence intervals not including unity. In multiple logistic regression by native place, for those with rural origin the only term showed a statistically significance was the social control-SES of parents interaction, OR 3.99 (95% confidence interval, $1.03{\sim}15.46$). For those of urban origin, none of the terms are statistically significant. These results suggest a social upward mobility by education of the rural disadvantaged group and a Confucian idea that regards academic achievement as one of social virtues, both of which may reflect the different sociocultural structures from the West.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.449-459
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• 2015

The conventional National Forest Inventory(NFI)-based forest carbon stock estimation method is suitable for national-scale estimation, but is not for regional-scale estimation due to the lack of NFI plots. In this study, for the purpose of regional-scale carbon stock estimation, we created grid-based forest carbon stock maps using spatial ancillary data and two types of up-scaling methods. Chungnam province was chosen to represent the study area and for which the $5^{th}$ NFI (2006~2009) data was collected. The first method (method 1) selects forest type map as ancillary data and uses regression model for forest carbon stock estimation, whereas the second method (method 2) uses satellite imagery and k-Nearest Neighbor(k-NN) algorithm. Additionally, in order to consider uncertainty effects, the final AGB carbon stock maps were generated by performing 200 iterative processes with Monte Carlo simulation. As a result, compared to the NFI-based estimation(21,136,911 tonC), the total carbon stock was over-estimated by method 1(22,948,151 tonC), but was under-estimated by method 2(19,750,315 tonC). In the paired T-test with 186 independent data, the average carbon stock estimation by the NFI-based method was statistically different from method2(p<0.01), but was not different from method1(p>0.01). In particular, by means of Monte Carlo simulation, it was found that the smoothing effect of k-NN algorithm and mis-registration error between NFI plots and satellite image can lead to large uncertainty in carbon stock estimation. Although method 1 was found suitable for carbon stock estimation of forest stands that feature heterogeneous trees in Korea, satellite-based method is still in demand to provide periodic estimates of un-investigated, large forest area. In these respects, future work will focus on spatial and temporal extent of study area and robust carbon stock estimation with various satellite images and estimation methods.

• The Korean Journal of Archival Studies
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• no.16
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• pp.39-96
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• 2007

Traditionally, the concept of transfer is that physical records such as paper documents, videos, photos are made a delivery to Archives or Records centers on the basis of transfer guidelines. But, with the automation of records management environment and spreading new records creation and management applications, we can create records and manage them in the cyberspace. In these reasons, the existing transfer system is that we move filed records to Archives or Records centers by paper boxes, needs to be changed. Under the needing conditions of a new transfer paradigm, the fact that the revision of Records Act that include some provisions about electronic records management and transfer, is desirable and proper. Nevertheless, the electronic transfer provisions are too conceptional to apply records management practice, so we have to develop detailed methods and processes. In this context, this paper suggest that a electronic records transfer process model on the basis of international standard and foreign countries' cases. Doing transfer records is one of the records management courses to use valuable records in the future. So, both producer and archive have to transfer records itself and context information to long-term preservation repository according to the transfer guidelines. In the long run, transfer comes to be the conclusion that records are moved to archive by a formal transfer process with taking a proper records protection steps. To accomplish these purposes, I analyzed the 'OAIS Reference Model' and 'Producer-Archive Interface Methodology Abstract Standard-CCSDS Blue Book' which is made by CCSDS(Consultative committee for Space Data Systems). but from both the words of 'Reference Model' and 'Standard', we can understand that these standard are not suitable for applying business practice directly. To solve this problem, I also analyzed foreign countries' transfer cases. Through the analysis of theory and case, I suggest that an Electronic Records Transfer Process Model which is consist of five sub-process that are 'Ingest prepare ${\rightarrow}$ Ingest ${\rightarrow}$ Validation ${\rightarrow}$ Preservation ${\rightarrow}$ Archival storage' and each sub-process also have some transfer elements. Especially, to confirm the new process model's feasibility, after classifying two types - one is from Public Records center to Public Archive, the other is from Civil Records center to Public or Civil Archive - of Korean Transfer, I made the new Transfer Model applied to the two types of transfer cases.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.97-110
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• 2019

This study analyzed various factors of influence affecting the will to start a business and established and empirically analyzed a research model to see which factors significantly affect the will to start a business. To this end, we investigated the general characteristics and experiences of individuals, conducted a study on the will to start a business, and analyzed the entrepreneurship passion for startups, the ability to find business opportunities, and the ability to connect with partner companies. The intent to start a business survey was investigated in a recertive style with a 7 point scale, and the reliability and feasibility review were analyzed through the PLS analysis method, which enables the implementation of a measurement model and a structural model. To collect valid data, the survey was conducted using an entrepreneurial curriculum class hours to collect and analyze 421 data. In summary, the results are as follows: First, college students have many opportunities to develop their capabilities through competitions held by universities and support institutions, and by utilizing them, they have no fear of starting a business. Second, the ability of students to discover product clients themselves has been improved by fostering entrepreneurship in the special lectures on startup in universities. Third, it can be seen that it has received various information on startups from support agencies to enhance its commitment to startups. The implications are as follows. First, they should foster entrepreneurship among college students by offering practical oriented courses that can broaden their understanding of startups. Second, it needs to be improved from entrepreneurial enthusiasm to a program that can grow into a company that can collaborate with partner companies and confirm its commitment to corporate establishment and product development and determine market opportunities. Third, it is necessary to establish an ecosystem of start-ups that can carry out systematic planning and performance management as it is weak to carry out projects with will to startups.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.34-42
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• 2019

Baseflow which is one of the unmeasurable components of streamflow and slowly flows through underground is important for water resource management. Despite various separation methods from researches preceded, it is difficult to find a significant separation method for baseflow separation. This study applied the MRC method and developed the improved approach to separate baseflow from total streamflow hydrograph. Previous researchers utilized the whole streamflow data of study period at once to derive synthetic MRCs causing unreliable results. This study has been proceeded with total nine areas with gauging stations. Each three areas are selected from 3 domestic major watersheds. Tool for drawing MRC had been used to draw MRCs of each area. First, synthetic MRC for whole period and two other MRCs were drawn following two different criteria. Two criteria were set by different conditions, one is flow condition and the other is seasonality. The whole streamflow was classified according to seasonality and flow conditions, and MRCs had been drawn with a specialized program. The MRCs for flow conditions had low R2 and similar trend to recession segments. On the other hand, the seasonal MRCs were eligible for the baseflow separation that properly reflects the seasonal variability of baseflow. Comparing two methods of assuming MRC for baseflow separation, seasonal MRC was more effective for relieving overestimating tendency of synthetic MRC. Flow condition MRCs had a large distribution of the flow and this means accurate MRC could not be found. Baseflow separation using seasonal MRC is showing more reliability than the other one, however if certain technique added up to the flow condition MRC method to stabilize distribution of the streamflow, the flow conditions method could secure reliability as much as seasonal MRC method.

• Korean Journal of School Psychology
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.433-451
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• 2019

This study aimed to develop and validate the Classroom Problem Behavior Scale - Elementary School Version (CPBS-E) measure which is unique to classroom problem behavior exhibited by Korean elementary school students. The focus was on developing a universal screening instrument designed to identify and provide intervention to students who are at-risk for severe social-emotional and behavioral problems. Items were initially drawn from the literature, interviews with elementary school teachers, common office discipline referral measures used in U.S. elementary schools, penalty point systems used in Korean schools, 'Green Mileage', and the Inventory of Emotional and Behavioral Traits. The content validity of the initially developed items was assessed by six classroom and subject teachers, which resulted in the development of a preliminary scale consisting of 63 two-dimensional items (i.e., Within Classroom Problem Behavior and Outside of Classroom Problem Behavior), each of which consisted of 3 to 4 factors. The Within Classroom Problem Behavior dimension consisted of 4 subscales (not being prepared for class, class disruption, aggression, and withdrawn) and the Outside of Classroom Problem Behavior dimension consisted of 3 subscales (rule-violation, aggression, and withdrawn). The CPBS-E was pilot tested on a sample of 154 elementary school students, which resulted in reducing the scale to 23 items. Following the scale revision, the CPBS-E was validated on a sample population of 209 elementary school students. The validation results indicated that the two-dimensional CPBS-E scale of classroom problem behavior was a reliable and valid measure. The test-retest reliability was stable at above .80 in most of the subscales. The CPBS-E measure demonstrated high internal consistency of .76-.94. In examining the criterion validity, the scale's correlation with the Teacher Observation of Classroom Adaptation-Checklist (TOCA-C) was high and the aggression and withdrawn subscales of the CPBS-E demonstrated high correlations with externalization and internalization, respectively, of the Child Behavior Checklist - Teacher Report Form CBCL-TRF). In addition, the factor structure of the CPBS-E scale was examined using the structural equation model and found to be acceptable. The results are discussed in relation to implications, contributions to the field, and limitations.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.61-79
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• 2023

This study is a case study of overseas banana farms as a global agricultural startup that has hardly been attempted so far in terms of paradigm shift in the industry, beyond regional limitations. It was researched for the purpose of revealing the success factors of 'global agricultural startup' in terms of business process, entrepreneurship, and management dimensions learned through direct participation and observation at the local level. In order to study global agricultural startups, this study also conducted a comparative analysis of global startups (global startups) and global agricultural startups(global agricultural startups). In fact, the analysis consists of 'definition', 'components', and 'success factors', and we want to confirm the difference between the two concepts that can be distinguished. The case analysis tried to maximize the advantages of 'participatory action research' by directly observing and experiencing banana farms. In the case of banana farm cases, by dividing them into preparation process for farm development and farm development and management process, various variables considered in farm management were explained through the whole process of farm management. Through the process of overcoming and responding to specific failure cases, we tried to secure the reliability and validity of the research, and the case studies related to entrepreneurship, management, and organization analyzed by applying them by subdividing them into theoretical areas belonging to components and management that were theorized in existing preceding studies. This study is almost the first study on the process of creating a local entry business by directly moving the head office overseas rather than entering overseas agriculture as a subsidiary, joint venture or overseas corporation. In particular, it is a unique case that corresponds to agriculture in terms of region(Africa), scale(startup), and industry that have not been introduced so far as a global agricultural startup. In terms of entrepreneurship, it also concretely exemplified how entrepreneurship components such as innovativeness, risk-taking propensity, proactiveness, vision sharing, social contribution, leadership, etc., which have not been attempted so far in agricultural cases, are manifested and effective. The management and cultural aspects also went beyond the argument that only cultural aspects are important in overseas business, and also confirmed individual failure cases and their responses in recruitment, job, wage, retirement, development, organizational structure management, etc. As a result, there is significance and implications of this study in that it provides theoretical confirmation as well as practical and responsive basis for 'entrepreneurship', 'farming management', and 'management' aspects in overseas agricultural startup business operation.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.157-171
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• 2024

The purposes of this study were: (1) to revalidate the revised Systems Thinking Measuring Instrument (Re_STMI) reported by Lee et al. (2024) among Vietnamese high school students and (2) to investigate the differences in systems thinking abilities between Korean and Vietnamese high school students. To achieve this, data from 234 Vietnamese high school students who responded to translated Re_STMI consisting of 20 items and an Scale consisting of 20 items were used. Validity analysis was conducted through item response analysis (Item Reliability, Item Map, Infit and Outfit MNSQ, DIF between male and female) and exploratory factor analysis (principal axis factor analysis using Promax). Furthermore, structural equation modeling was employed with data from 475 Korean high school students to verify the latent mean analysis. The results were as follows: First, in the item response analysis of the 20 translated Re_STMI items in Vietnamese, the Item Reliability was .97, and the Infit MNSQ ranged from .67 to 1.38. The results from the Item Map and DIF analysis align with previous findings. In the exploratory factor analysis, all items were loaded onto intended sub-factors, with sub-factor reliabilities ranging from .662 to .833 and total reliability at .876. Confirmatory factor analysis for latent mean analysis between Korean and Vietnamese students yielded acceptable model fit indices (χ²/df: 2.830, CFI: .931, TLI: .918, SRMR: .043, RMSEA: .051). Lastly, the latent mean analysis between Korean and Vietnamese students revealed a small effect size in systems analysis, mental models, team learning, and shared vision factors, whereas a medium effect size was observed in personal mastery factors, with Vietnamese high school students showing significantly higher results in systems thinking. This study confirmed the reliability and validity of the Re_STMI items. Furthermore, international comparative studies on systems thinking using Re_STMI translated into Vietnamese, English, and other languages are warranted in the context of students' systems thinking analysis.