• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2019.10a
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• pp.27-27
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• 2019

본 연구는 멸종위기 아고산수종 구상나무의 보존 복원을 위한 유전다양성을 고려한 표본추출전략을 구명하는데 그 목적이 있다. 2019년 9월에 한라산 영실 집단($14,000m^2$)에서 총 152개체를 대상으로 선발된 10개의 nSSR 마커를 이용하여 유전다양성 및 공간적 유전구조를 분석하였다. 평균 유전다양성은 관찰된 대립유전자수(A)가 7.2개, 유효대립유전자수($A_e$)가 3.6개, 이형접합도 관찰치($H_o$)가 0.528, 이형접합도 기대치($H_e$)가 0.595이며, 고정지수(F)는 0.071 이었다. 조사구내 구상나무 성목 152개체는 평균 수고 3.6 m, 흉고직경 17.3 cm로 나타났다. 구상나무의 개체목간 평균거리는 3.94 m, 임분밀도는 700 본/ha 이며 개체의 공간적 분포는 임의분포 형태로 나타났다. 구상나무의 유전변이에 대한 공간적 자기상관성(spatial autocorrelation) 분석 결과, 조사구의 구상나무는 약 15 m 이내에서 분포하는 개체들 간 유전적 유사성이 있게 분포하는 것으로 나타났으며 임분밀도가 높고 수고가 낮은 특성으로 인하여 비교적 작은 유전군락이 형성된 것으로 사료된다. 결과적으로 영실의 구상나무 집단의 보존 복원을 위한 표본추출전략은 15 m의 간격을 두고 개체를 선발하는 것이 타당한 것으로 나타났다.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.75-91
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• 1993

Structure and dynamics of Abies koreana community in Mt. Gaya were studied to provide the basic data for conservation of Abies koreana community, an endemic species in Korea. A. koreana community of this study site was composed of tree layer (4~7m), subtree layer (2~4m), shrub layer (1~2m), and herb layer (below 1m). The heights of tree and subtree layers were low. Floristic composition showed that this study site was subalpine and dry site. In frequency distribution diagram of diameter classes of major species consisting of A. koreana community, those of both A. koreana and other species showed reverse J-shaped types. From these results, it was estimated that A. koreana community of this site might be maintained continuously as a stable climax state like present state. In the spatal distribution diagram of major species, saplings of A. koreana were established under the canopy of A. koreana and Pinus koraiensis and under the dead tree of A. koreana. From these results, it was known that A. koreana saplings were recruited before the community was disturbed and regeneration was accomplished by advance regeneration pattern, in which these saplings established before occurrence of disturbance fill with open site originated from death of mature tree. Growth of annual rings was variable among individuals, it was estimated that such variation was originated in that growth of each individual relates to microclimatic conditions rather than macroclimatic ones. Ecological longevity of A. koreana in this study site estimated by disturbance types and age of dead trees was about 120 years.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2019.10a
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• pp.28-28
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• 2019

본 연구는 멸종위기 아고산수종 구상나무 잔존집단 복원을 위해서 묘목처리 및 입지환경이 구상나무묘목 초기생장에 미치는 영향을 구명하고자 수행하였다. 연구대상지는 경상남도 금원산으로 해발 1,300 m 이상 능선부(1입지)와 구상나무 잔존집단(2입지)을 선정하였다. 식재한 구상나무 실생묘는 지리산 5개 개체에서 종자를 채취하여 2014년도 파종한 1~5묘 1,350본을 이용하였다. 2019년 5월 연구대상지의 조릿대를 제거 후 무처리, 분해포트, 균근균 접종 실생묘를 9개 구역으로 나누어 3반복씩 입지별 0.15 ha, 4,500 본/ha 밀도로 식재하였다. 식재 후 2019년 5월부터 8월까지 입지별 기상데이터를 수집하였고 묘목의 생존율, 수고, 1년지 생장량 및 근원경을 측정하였다. 환경분석 결과 1입지(88.2%, $42.8umole{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$)가 2입지(84.5%, $29.4umole{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$)에 비해 대기습도와 광량이 높게 나타났다. 구상나무 실생묘의 생존율은 모든 입지에서 100%로 나타났다. 입지별 생장특성 분석 결과 1입지가 수고 17.3 cm, 1년지 생장 4.72 cm 및 근원경 6.20 mm로 2입지(19.0 cm, 3.88 cm, 5.31 mm)에 비해 양호한 것으로 나타났다. 묘목 처리에 따른 분석 결과 무처리와 분해포트 묘목이 모든 입지에서 초기 생장이 양호하였고 균근균 접종 처리는 초기에는 비교적 낮은 생장특성이 나타났다. 결과적으로 대기습도와 광량이 높은 환경 조건이 구상나무 묘목의 초기 생장에 긍정적인 영향을 주었으며 묘목 처리에 따른 생장특성은 지속적인 모니터링이 필요한 것으로 나타났다.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.305-317
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• 1995

The bryophyte communities on the forest floor of the mixed coniferous, deciduous broad-leaf forest and the evergreen coniferous forest of cool temperate and subalpine zones in Chiri Mountains with the highest peak (Cheonwangbong 1915 m) in south-central part of the Korean Peninsula were investigated from the phytosociology viewpoint. As a result, five bryophyte communities were recognized, considering the species composition of vascular vegetation; A. Sasamorpha borealis-Abies koreana/Dicranum scoparium-Plagiothecium silvaticum community, B. Bosta minor-Abies koreana/Anomodon rugelii-Plagiomnium cuspidatum community, C. Abies koreana/Hylocomiopsis ovicarpa-Entodon rubicundus community, D. Abies koreana-Picea jezoensis/Hylocomiopsis ovicarpa-Thuidium kanedae community, E. Abies koreana-Pieea jezoensis/Hylocomium splendens-Pleurozium sehreberi community. Among these, the communities A, B, C and D were distributed in the mixed coniferous and deciduous broad-leaf forest of lower altitudes (1200 to 1700 m) and characterized by the elements of the cool temperate zone. They were confimled as synusies belonging to the Fraxino-Abietetum koreanae Song 1988. The community E was distributed in higher altitudes (1700 m to near the summit) and characterized by the species group of the holarctic elements, e.g. Hyloeomium splendens, Pleurozium sehreberi, Dieranum majus, etc. limited in subarctic; subalpine and arctic; alpine zones. The community E was confirmed as a synusie of the Abieti koreanae-Piceetum jezoensis Song 1991 belonging the Vaecinio-Pieeetea Br.-BI. 1939. Up to date many investigator have described the coniferous forest distibuted above 1200 m in Chiri mountauns as the forest vegetation of subalpine zone. However, from the results of the present study, the boundary of the mixed forest and the true subalpine coniferous forest was elucidated to be ca. 1700 m phytosociologically. Species richness was highest in the community E, and the other four communities showed a similar species richness. Among the species diversity indices, H' and D were high in the communities Band E, low in the communities A and C, and medium in the community D. The values of J' decreased with the increase in altitudes and the community E showed the lowest value. The result of Bray-Curtis ordination revealed that the diversity analysis and the division of the above two forest zones are justifiable. The taxa of the bryophyte communities were composed of 25 families, 46 genera, 73 species, 1 subspecies and 2 varieties.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.96 no.4
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• pp.387-392
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• 2007

Characteristics of needle morphology and anatomy were examined in 14 populations of Abies nephrolepis (Trautv.) Maxim. and A. koreana Wilson. Additionally we studied the classification index to distinguish between the species by the method of discriminant analysis. Characteristics of needle for A. nephrolepis could be distinguished from those for A. koreana by flatten arrangement, thin and long length for needle form, many stomata row, and marginal position of resin duct Nested ANOVA showed that there were statistically significant differences among populations as well as among individuals within populations in all 9 needle traits. For the needle indices such as needle thickness, number of stomata row, and the distance between resin duct and vascular for both species, variance components among populations were larger than those among individuals within populations. The characteristics that contributed most to the separation of A. nephrolepis and A. koreana according to the discriminant analysis using stepdisc procedures were needle index and thickness of needle, needle arrangement index, distance between resin duct and vascular, and number of stomata row.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.358-371
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• 2020

As climate change is expected to lead to a severe reduction of biodiversity, studies to investigate the reasons for habitat loss, growth decline, and death of Korean fir (Abies koreana Wilson), endangered alpine/subalpine species in Korea, have been conducted for years but found no clear answer yet. This study reviewed previous studies on Korean fir published in the journals in the past 40 years, 1980 through 2020, into 10-year units, examined the study trend by period, region, and subject with a focus on ecological studies, and analyzed the study results. The ecological studies were categorized into evolutionary ecology, physiological ecology, population ecology, and landscape ecology. Based on the results, we suggested the required research fields in the future. We found a total of 73 papers published in the past 40 years and 48 (65.8%) of them published in the past 10 years. In terms of region, Mt. Halla accounted for the most as 41 papers were on it. In terms of ecological subjects, the physiological ecology accounted for the most with 38, and the evolutionary ecology accounted for the least with 10. The review of the study results showed that many studies identified water stress caused by the water resource imbalance due to temperature increase and spring precipitation reduction following climate change as the main reason for the decline and habitat loss of Korean fir. However, recent studies suggested other factors, such as soil environment, disturbing organisms, and climatic events. The cause of the decline and death of the Korean fir not yet being clearly identified is that most of the studies dealt with the basic content, were carried out intermittently, and were concentrated in some regions. Therefore, we need long-term studies with advanced technology in each study subject at a local scale to find the cause of Korean fir decline and present sustainable management and conservation. Moreover, it is necessary to extend our study subjects to ecosystem ecology and systems ecology to integrate the results from various study subjects for a comprehensive understanding of the reason for Korean fir declines. The results of comprehensive studies could provide clearer answers for Korean fir's declines and the alternatives of conservation management and practices.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.62-71
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• 2024

To assess the ecological changes of Korean fir (Abies koreana E. H. Wilson) under climate change conditions, growth and physiological responses were analyzed over a 5-year period in a control group (outdoors) and in a treatment group where the temperature and CO2 levels were elevated to closely resemble RCP 4.5 conditions. The results showed an increasing trend in annual branch length of A.koreana in the climate change treatment group over time. While climate change conditions did not significantly impact the morphological differences of A.koreana leaves, they did influence the biomass of the leaves, suggesting that as climate change progresses, the productivity of A.koreana leaves may decline. On the other hand, the chlorophyll content in A.koreana under climate change conditions was higher in the climate change treatment group, whereas the photosynthesis rate, transpiration rate, water use efficiency and stomatal conductance was higher in the control group. This suggests that an environment with elevated temperature and CO2 could influence an increase in stomatal density, but having a negative impact on photosynthetic reactions. Further research on stomatal density under each environmental treatment will be required to confirm this hypothesis. Additionally, as this study only observed changes in leaf biomass, further empirical research should be considered to understand the changes in biomass of A.koreana under climate change conditions. In conclusion, the environmental adaptability of A.koreana is expected to weaken in the long term under elevated temperatures and CO2.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.1-12
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• 2018

This study sought to analyze changes in the vegetation structure and species diversity indices in the Abies koreana forest in the Yeongsil area of Hallasan Mountain and establish basic data for Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER). The results show that the number of woody plants per 1ha has increased by 804 (45.1%) from 1,781 to 2,585 individual plants, whereas the number of live A. koreana did not change much with 796 individual plants. The number of dead tree plants, however, jumped by 807 (82.2%) from 982 to 1,789 plants. With other tree species, the number of live individual plants increased by 807 (82.2%) from 982 to 1,789 plants, whereas the number of dead plants increased by 31 from 10 to 41 individual plants. Results of the average importance index analysis show that the number of A. koreana decreased, while the number of Weigela subsessilis, Rhododendron yedoense for. poukhanense, and Magnolia sieboldii increased. The species diversity index increased by 6.7% as per the maximum level in the upper layer and by 7.2% in the lower layer, respectively. Results of the stem morphology analysis show that the number of AS type was highest with 700 individual plants among A. koreana, while their distribution by type shifted from AS>AL>DS>DB to AS>DS>AL>DB. As for other species, the AS type was most abundant with 1,580 individual plants, while their distribution by type shifted from AL>AS>AF>AB to AS>AL>AB>AD. The number of newly sprouted tree plants has increased from 420 in 2014 to 453 in 2016. Of the individual plants that were alive in 2014, 23 were found dead and 33 individual plants younger than 3 years old have been newly added to the group. The number of deaths after 2014 was highest among the 2 years olds, whereas the number of 2 years olds that sprouted in 2014 was highest among the newly sprouted tree plant group. In the A. koreana forest in Yeongsil, the density of other species was rising rapidly with the exception of the dead and live A. koreana. The occurrence of new tree plants is decreasing rapidly, thereby confirming the rapid change in the area's vegetation structure. Therefore, there is a need for continuous long-term ecological research to monitor vegetation change. It can also be used as a basic data for efficient restoration research.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.719-729
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• 2012

Baekdudan has 670km long within South Korea, so the study for detail vegetation characteristics is needed. In this study, we surveyed the plant community structure from Daetjae to Baekbongryung for the next restoration and management plan. We designated 40 quadrats ($10m{\times}10m(100m^2)$ for this study. As a result of TWINSPAN, plant community separated 8 different communities such as Abies koreana comm., Pinus densiflora comm., Quercus mongolica comm. and Larix kaempferi comm. etc. Abies koreana comm. and Pinus densiflora comm. which is mainly located in the mountain ridge and near rocks are needed avoidance from the competition with Quercus mongolica comm. The possibility of atrophy of these communities is to be high, the protection is needed. Species diversity index was between 0.8046~1.1283. Most communities have multi-layer structure and have the ecological value of protection.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.59 no.4
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• pp.417-420
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• 2020

In this study, to grasp the current status of cone insects occurrence on Korean fir (Abies koreana) in Mt. Halla, 117 cones damaged by cone insects in three areas in Mt. Halla were collected and placed in growth chamber until adults emerged from the cones from August to October on 2019. And species and numbers of adults emerged from the cones were identified. Also proportion of cones damaged by cone insects was examined at four study plots in Mt. Halla. As a result, total 233, 101, and 4 adults of Dioryctria abietella (Denis & Schiffermüller), Cydia kamijoi Oku, and Scathophaga stercoraria (L.) were identified from 117 collected cones, respectively. The average number of emerged adults per cone was 1.99 for D. abietella and 0.86 for C. kamijoi. And the average damage rate of cone insects in four study plots of Mt. Halla ranged from 49.7-80.1 percent, with differences between regions. Also, our results show that positive correlation between the damage rate per tree and the number of cones per tree, and between number of emerged cone insects and the size of cones were found. It suggests that the cone insects prefer host trees with lots of cones per tree and with larger size of cones.