• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
• /
• v.15 no.4
• /
• pp.328-333
• /
• 2000

This study was carried out to changes in chemical and microbiological properties of spring waters in Tongyeoung area. In this paper, ninety spring water samples were collected from 9 station for 11 month to evaluated chemical and bacteriological water quality. Range and mean values of constituents of the samples are as followed; water temperature 5.2~25.8$^{\circ}C$, 16.3$^{\circ}C$, pH 6.0~7.2, 6.7, total residue 33.6~210 mg/1, 90.6 mg/1, turbidity 0.35~5.48, 1.45NTU, KMnO4 consumed 0.51~4.21 mg/1, 1.39 mg/1, chloride ion 6.23~42.5, 16.7 mg/l, phosphate-phosphorus ND-0.04, 0.02 mg/1, nitrite-nitrogen ND~0.02, 0.01 mg/1, nitrate-nitrogen ND~3.56, 1.42 mg/1, ammonia-nitrogen ND~0.20, 0.14 mg/1, dissolved total nitrogen ND~3.78, 1.57 mg/1, iron 0.04~0.28, 0.13ppm, zinc 0.03~0.66, 0.20ppm, mangan ND~0.01, allumium 0.14~0.58, 0.39ppm, copper ND~0.01, 0.01, lead ND~0.01, 0.01ppm, Arsenic ND~0.01, 0.01ppm, mercury ND~0.02, chrome not detected, cadmium not detetced respectively. The viable cell counts of the spring waters ranged 5.0~760/m1(means 130/m1). Range and mean value of total coliform and focal coliform MPN's of the spring waters were 0~2,400MPN/100 ml, 73MPN/100 ml and 0~540MPN/100 ml, 21MPN/100 ml. Spring water quality was usually poor with viable cell counts exceeding 130 CFU/liter and the coliform counts in spring waters of 73 MPN/liter. Composition of coliform by IMViC reaction was 33.3% E. coli, 15.6% Citrobacter freundii, 35.6% Klebsiella aerogenes and others.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
• /
• v.78 no.1
• /
• pp.11-25
• /
• 1989

Four regions have been selected and surveyed to investigate the effects of air pollution and acid deposition on forest ecosystem. They were Seoul as urban region, Yeochon and Ulsan as industrialized region, and Kangwondo as uncontaminated region. Soil pH and the distribution of elements were analyzed in process of time for three years as well as by distance from pollution sources. In general, forest soils acidified in process of time from pollution sources to suburban areas. Hydrogen ion concentration in forest soils increased in 1988 as much as 60% of that in previous year. Average soil pH values in coniferous forest were 4.45 in Seoul, 4.54 in Yeochon, 4.81 in Ulsan, and 6.03 in Kangwondo. Forest soil pH increased with the distance from pollution sources to suburban areas at constant rate within short ranges (up to 30 km) and at decreasing rate within long ranges (up to 200 km). On the contrary, sulfur content in soils decreased every year except in Yeochon region. Base saturation of forest soils in polluted regions were all below 20% level compared with 70% in Kangwondo region. Active aluminum content in soils increased with the soil acidification at the highest rate in Yeochon, and the next in Ulsan and Seoul. Heavy metal content such as copper and zinc in tree tissues were the lowest in Kangwondo region, and the next in Yeochon, Seoul and Ulsan.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
• /
• v.39 no.3 s.178
• /
• pp.213-227
• /
• 2006

The geochemical evolution of mine drainage and leachate from waste rock dumps and stream water in Pb-As-rich abandoned Sechang mine area was investigated to elucidate mechanisms of trace metals. Total and sequential extractions were applied to estimate the distribution of trace metals in constituent phases of the waste rocks and to assess the mobility of trace metals according to physicochemical conditions. These discharged waters varied largely in chemical composition both spatially and temporally, and included cases with significant]y low pH (in the range 2.1-3.3), and extremely sulphate (up to 661 mg/l and metal contents (e.g. up to 169 mg/l for Zn, 27 mg/l for As, 3.97 mg/l for Pb, 2.99 mg/l for Cu, and 1.88 mg/l for Cd). Arsenic and heavy metal concentrations at the down-stream of Sechang mine have been decreased nearly to the background level in downstream sites (sites 8 and 16) without any artificial treatments. The oxidation of Fe-sulfides and the subsequent hydrolysis, of Fe(II), with precipitation of poorly crystallized minerals, constituted an efficient mechanism of natural attenuation which reduces considerably the transference of trace metals (i.e. Fe and As) to rivers. The dilution of drainage by mixing with pristine waters provoked an additional decrease of trace metal concentrations and a progressive pH increase. On the other hand, the most soluble cations (i.e. Zn) remained significantly as dissolved solutes until the pH was raised to approximately neutral values. With respect to ecotoxicity, it is likely that the Zn pollution is of particular concern in Sechang mine area. This was confirmed by the sequential extraction experiment, where Zn in wet waste-rock samples occurred predominantly in the exchangeable fraction (65-89% of total), while Pb was the highest in the reducible and carbonate fractions, and Cd, Cu and As in the residual fraction. Pb concentration in the readily available exchangeable fraction (34-48% of total) was dominated for dried waste rock samples. Considering the proportion of metals bound to the exchangeable and carbonate fractions, the comparative mobility of metals probably decreased in the order of Zn>Pb>Cd>As=Cu.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
• /
• v.4 no.2
• /
• pp.71-77
• /
• 1985

Soil samples collected from paddy field adjacent to zinc-mining sites were sequentially extracted to assess chemical fractions of Cd, Zn, Cu and Pb. The purpose of this study was two fold; (i) to examine the chemical forms of heavy metal in soils by sequential extraction. and (ii) to determine relationships between the chemical distribution of heavy metal in the soil and the heavy metal content of the brown rice. The results are summarized as follows. The content of exchangeable, organically bound and carbonate Cd and residual Zn was 73.9% and 63.8% of total Cd and Zn in the soil, respectively. The content of exchangeable Cd, Zn and Pb in soil showed highly negative correlations with pH, organically bound Cd, carbonate Cd, sulfide Cd, Zn and Pb in soil showed highly positive correlations with pH. The content of organically bound Cd, Zn, Pb and carbonate Cu in soil showed highly positive correlations with organic matter content, while the content of sulfide Cu and residual Cd in soil showed highly negative correlation with organic matter content. The content of carbonate Cd, Zn, Pb and residual Cu in soil showed highly positive correlations with CEC, but the content of exchangeable Cd, Zn, Cu, Pb and organically bound Cu in soil showed highly negative correlations with CEC. The content of total, organically bound, carbonate, sulfide and residual Cd in soil were highly correlated with that of Cd in brown rice. The content of any Pb fractions in soil were not correlated with that of Pb in brown rice. The content of water soluble and exchangeable Zn in soil were highly correlated with that of Zn in brown rice.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
• /
• v.26 no.1
• /
• pp.27-43
• /
• 2017

The objectives of the study were to evaluate fish compositions, endangered species, community structure, physical habitat, and general water quality for a preliminary environmental impact assessment of Jeokbyeok River on the road construction between two regions. Total number of species and total number of individuals, based on CPUE, were 23 and 1186, respectively. The endangered species (I, II) as the legal protection species were Pseudopungtungia nigra (79 samples) Gobiobotia brevibarba) (5) Gobiobotia macrocephala (2), indicating a requiring of endangered species conservation. In the meantime, exotic species and ecological disturbing species such as Micropterus salmoides and Lepomis macrochirus, were not present, indicating a well conserved area. According to fish community analysis, values of species diversity index were high (range: 0.788 - 1.030), and the dominance index were low (range: 0.097 - 0.183), indicating that the fish community in this area was maintained well without high dominacne by specific species. Also, fish analysis on tolerance guilds and trophic guilds showed that the proportions of sensitive species were largely exceeded the proportions of the tolerant species, while the proportions of insectivore species were largely exceeded the proportions of the omnivore species. This outcome suggests that the ecosystem was well maintained in terms of tolerance and trophic compositions (food chain). Ecological health, based on the multi-metric fish model of Fish Assessment Integrity (FAI), reflected those fish conditions. In other words, values of FAI model averaged 82.4, which means a "good condition" in the criteria of ecological health by the Minstry of Environment, Korea. In addition, general water quality and physical habitat analyses showed that the system was in good condition. Under these conditions, if the road constructions between the two regions happen in the future, inorganic suspended solids may increase in the waterbody, and this may result in indirect or direct influences on the physical habitats and food chain as well as fish compositions, so the ecological protections and prevention strategy from the soil erosion are required in the system.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
• /
• v.12 no.2
• /
• pp.87-94
• /
• 1979

In order to study the water pollution in Suyeong Bay, Busan, some chemical constituents were determined at 25 stations in the neap tides on 9 Aug. 1977 and spring tides on 30 Aug. 1977. Range and mean values of the constituents in the spring tides are as follows: $pH\;6.54\~8.06,\;7.54;$ electrical conductivity $0.413\~0.481\times10^5\;\mu\mho/cm,\;0.467\times10^5\;\mu\mho/cm;\;transparency\;0.2\~5.5m,\;2.2m;$ turbidity $1\~60ppm$, 14ppm, chlorosity $15.20\~18.11g/\ell,\;17.67g/\ell;$ fluoride ion $0.94\~1.03ppm$, 0.99ppm; dissolved oxygen $0.17\~7.60ppm$, 4.77ppm; sulfide $0\~0.46ppm$, 0.07ppm; chemical oxygen demand $1.20\~40.74ppm$, 6.11ppm; ammonia-nitrogen $0.060\~0.520ppm$, 0.180ppm; nitrite-nitrogen $0.001\~0.026ppm$, 0.009ppm; nitrate-nitrogen $0\~0.037ppm$, 0.014ppm; phosphate-phosphorus $0.002\~0.261ppm$, 0.050ppm; n-Hexane soluble $0.5\~5.4ppm$, 2.1ppm ; iron $1.0\~104.11\;ppb$, 24.15ppb ; copper $0\~27.45ppb$, 4.19ppb; lead $0\~2.50ppb$, 0.92ppb; zinc $0\~5.15ppb$, 1.47ppb ; cadmium $0\~0.26ppb$, 0.04ppb; and mercury $0.05\~0.37ppb$, 0.11ppb respectively. The variations of the contents of the chemical constituents in the spring tides were larger than in the neap tides. The contents of COD, sulfide, nutrient salts and heavy metals were the highest in the estuary of Suyeong River, and decreased in order of off Kwangan-Ri region, outer Bay and off Haeun-Dae region. The water quality in Suyeong Bay was particularly shown that the concentrations of COO, iron, copper and mercury were higher than those of other coastal aseas and deficiency in dissolved oxygen was observed in some parte of Suyeong Bay. In consideration of the relationship between the chlorosity and the concentrations of nutrient salts, COD and total heavy metals, water pollution of this area is considered due to the inflow of Suyeong River which was extremely polluted by sewage and industrial wastewaters.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
• /
• v.29 no.3
• /
• pp.157-181
• /
• 2020

Sediments from rivers, lakes and marine ports serve as end points for pollutants discharged into the water, and at the same time serve as sources of pollutants that are continuously released into the water. Until now, the contaminated sediments have been landfilled or dumped at sea. Landfilling, however, was expensive and dumping at sea was completely banned due to the London Convention. Therefore, this study applied contaminated sedimentation soil of 'Royal Palace Livestock Complex' as soil purification method. Soil remediation methods were applied to pretreatment, composting, soil washing, electrokinetics, and thermal desorption by selecting overseas application cases and domestically applicable application technologies. As a result of surveying the site for pollutant characteristics, Disolved Oxigen (DO), Suspended Solid (SS), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Total Nitrogen (TN), and Total Phosphorus (TP) exceeded the discharged water quality standard, and especially SS, COD, TN, and TP exceeded the standard several tens to several hundred times. Soil showed high concentrations of copper and zinc, which promote the growth of pig feed, and cadmium exceeded 1 standard of Soil Environment Conservation Act. In the pretreatment technology, hydrocyclone was used for particle size separation, and the fine soil was separated by more than 80%. Composting was performed on organic and Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon (TPH) contaminated soils. TPH was treated within the standard of concern, and E. coli was analyzed to be high in organic matter, and the fertilizer specification was satisfied by applying the optimum composting conditions at 70℃, but the organic matter content was lower than the fertilizer specification. As a result of continuous washing test, Cd has 5 levels of residual material in fine soil. Cu and Zn were mostly composed of ion exchange properties (stage 1), carbonates (stage 2), and iron / manganese oxides (stage 3), which facilitate easy separation of contamination. As a result of applying acid dissolution and multi-stage washing step by step, hydrochloric acid, 1.0M, 1: 3, 200rpm, 60min was analyzed as the optimal washing factor. Most of the contaminated sediments were found to satisfy the Soil Environmental Conservation Act's standards. Therefore, as a result of the applicability test of this study, soil with high heavy metal contamination was used as aggregate by applying soil cleaning after pre-treatment. It was possible to verify that it was efficient to use organic and oil-contaminated soil as compost Maturity after exterminating contaminants and E. coli by applying composting.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
• /
• v.41 no.1
• /
• pp.55-64
• /
• 2008

A detailed understanding and appreciation of the important mechanisms operating at the soil:root interface, commonly identified as the rhizosphere, is critical for evaluating the potential for particular plant species to be successfully used as part of a phytoremediation technique. For specific plants, mechanisms may exist to overcome the inherit limitation of the phytoremediation technique when poorly mobile soil metals are of interest. In the present study, the influence of root exudates on the rhizosphere chemistry of soil and consequential metal uptake were investigated following culture of vetiver grass (Vetiveria zizanioides), recognized as a promising plant for land stabilization, in three different long-term contaminated soils and one non-contaminated control soil. The soil solution pH increased (0.3-1.1 units) following vetiver grass culture and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) also significantly increased in all soils with the highest increase in PP02 (23 to $173mg\;L^{-1}$). Chemical changes are contributed to root exudation by vetiver grass when exposed to high concentration of heavy metals. Chemical changes, consequently, influenced metal (Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn) solubility and speciation in the rhizosphere. The highest solubility was observed for soil Ko01 (eg. 2091 and $318{\mu}g\;L^{-1}$ for Cd and Pb, respectively). Initial heavy metal solubility in soils varied with soil and either increased or decreased following vetiver grass culture depending on the soil type. An increase in pH following plant culture generally resulted in a decrease in metal solubility, while elevated DOC due to root exudation resulted in an increase in metal solubility via the formation of metal-DOC complexes. Donnan speciation demonstrated a significant decrease in free Cd and Zn in the rhizosphere and the concentration of Cd, Pb, and Zn in vetiver grass shoot was highly correlated with soluble concentration rather than total soil metal concentration.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
• /
• v.23 no.4
• /
• pp.281-295
• /
• 2010

This paper deals with magnetic susceptibility, mineralogy, soil properties (pH, EC, CEC, loss on ignition), iron and manganese oxides, the content and partitioning of heavy metals (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn), and their mutual relationship in the soil samples of an unpolluted, abandoned mine area, and industrial complex area. The various minerals derived from weathered bedrock were identified by X-ray diffraction in the unpolluted soil samples, except for the magnetic minerals. XRD analysis also revealed the existence of hematite and magnetite related to mine tailings and waste rocks in the abandoned mine area samples. The industrial complex area samples had carbonate minerals, such as calcite and dolomite, that might be due to anthropogenic deposition. The sum of the reducible, oxidizable, and residual fractions was over 80% for the abandoned mine area samples and over 50% for the industrial complex area samples using the sequential extraction method. The industrial complex area samples had a relatively high carbonate fraction that was associated with carbonate minerals. The content of aqua regia-extractable Fe, Mn, As, and Zn had a high positive correlation with the content of the dithionite-citrate-bicarbonate (DCB)-extractable method related to Fe/Mn oxide phases. The 54% and 58% of aqua regia-extractable Fe and As content, respectively, acted together with the concentrations of the DCB-extractable phases. Magnetic susceptibility values of total samples ranged from 0.005 to $2.131{\times}10^{-6}m^3kg^{-1}$. The samples including iron oxide minerals, such as hematite and magnetite, had a high magnetic susceptibility. The magnetic susceptibility showed a significant correlation with the heavy metals, Cd (r=0.544, p<0.05), Cr (r=0.714, p<0.01), Ni (r=0.645, p<0.05), Pb (r=0.703, p<0.01), and Zn (r=0.496, p<0.01), as well as Fe (r=0.608, p<0.01) and Mn (r=0.615, p<0.01). The aqua regia-extractable Fe and Mn content had a significant positive correlation with Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, and Zn. However, the DCB-extractable Fe and Mn content had a significant positive correlation with As and Ni, indicating that the heavy metals were associated with Fe and Mn oxide minerals.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
• /
• v.33 no.2
• /
• pp.71-78
• /
• 2000

Preferential flow has recently been the subject of increasing interest because these phenomena contribute to solute transport in soils. Commonly, preferential flow paths are associated with macropores or highly structured soils. We presented an analysis of the measured breakthrough curves (BTCs) of $Cl^-$ and $Cu^{2+}$ ions to test the occurrence of preferential flow in soils using miscible displacement technique under steady flow conditions. We also analyzed soil water retention curves and from this curves induced cumulative pore size distribution of undisturbed soils, which sampled from Ap1, B1, and C horizons of Songjeong series soils (the fine loamy, mesic family of Typic Hapludults). In this study, miscible displacement experiment on C horizon was excluded, because it is structureless sandy loam with saturated hydraulic conductivity of $5.2cmhr^{-1}$. The saturated hydraulic conductivity of Ap1 horizon was $2.0cmhr^{-1}$, which was about 7 times higher than that of B1 horizon ($0.27cm hr^{-1}$). Cumulative pore size distribution predicted that Ap1 horizon had more macropores (pore diameter larger than $49{\mu}m$, equivalent to -6 kpa of soil matric potential) than B1 horizon. The hydrodynamic dispersion coefficient from chloride BTCs was estimated as $1.3cm^2hr^{-1}$ for B1 and $34cm^2hr^{-1}$ for Ap1 horizon. However the retardation factors of B1 and Ap1 horizon were significantly different, i.e. 1 and 0.6, respectively, which means that there was distinct partition between mobile water and immobile phase in Ap1 horizon. The copper retardation effect of Ap1 horizon was less than that of B1 horizon, even though cation exchange capacity of Ap1 horizon was higher than that of B1 horizon. Thus, breakthrough curves of $Cl^-$ and $Cu^{2+}$ obviously showed the probability that preferential flow would occur in Ap1 horizon.