• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.23 no.8
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• pp.1883-1892
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• 1998

This paper considers the efficient design of routing path and wavelength assignment asignment in the sigle-hop WDM optical transport networks. The connecton demands between node-pairs are given and a connection must be made by only one lightpath. It is assumed that no wavelength conversion is allowed and the physical topology of the network is given. This paper proposes a method to find the routes of lightpaths and assign wavelengths to the routes, which minimizes the number of total wavelength to satisfy all connection demands. We establish a new optimization model that finds the minimum number of wavelengths. A heuristic algorithm with polynomial iterations is developed for the problem. The algorithm is implemented and applied to the netowrks with real problem size. The results of the application are compared with the commericial optimization solver, GAMS/OSL and Wauters & Demeester [8].

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Telematics and Electronics
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.73-80
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• 1989

The image sensitive PbO photoconductive films were fabricated ar several deposition conditions such as $O_2$ gas pressure, deposition rate, and substrate temperature. And the effects of these deposition condition on the structural and electrical properties of them were investigated with the aid of scanning electron photomicrographs. X-ray diffraction patterns, and current-valtage chatacteristics. The results show that when PbO film has red tetragonal structure and its dominant orientations are <110> and <010> direction, photocurrent-darkcurrent ratio and light transfer ratio are increase.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Illuminating and Electrical Installation Engineers
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.50-54
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• 2013

In this work, the effects of blocking layer and optimally fabricated electrolyte were investigated with respect to impedance and conversion efficiency of the cells.A layer of $TiO_2$ less than ~200nm in thickness, as a blocking layer, was deposited by rf sputtering onto the F:$SnO_2$ (FTO) glass to be isolated from the electrolyte in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs). Also, optimum condition of electrolytes preparation for DSCs was investigated. 3-methoxyppropionitrie and redox pairs with LiI and $I_2$ were used as solvents for fabrication of electrolyte. The electrochemical impedances of DSCs using this photo-anode were $R_1$: 13.8, $R_2$: 15.1, $R_3$: 11.9 and $R_h$: $8.3{\Omega}$, respectively. The $R_2$ impedance related by electron transportation from porous $TiO_2$ to FTO showed lower than that of normal DSCs. The photo-conversion efficiency of prepared DSCs was 6.4% and approximately 1.3% higher than general one.

• Current Photovoltaic Research
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.87-95
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• 2023

As the demand for the Internet of Things grows, research into indoor photovoltaics for wireless power is becoming important. In particular, perovskite has attracted considerable attention due to its superior performance compared to other candidates. However, various surface defects present in perovskite are a limiting factor for high performance. In particular, deep-level surface defects caused by uncoordinated Pb²⁺ ions directly limit charge transport. In low light environments, this appears to be a more significant hurdle. In this study, ethylenediamine, which can provide covalent bonding to uncoordinated Pb²⁺ ions through nitrogen, was used as a surface treatment material for indoor photovoltaics. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy confirmed that the uncoordinated Pb²⁺ ions were effectively passivated by the terminal nitrogen of ethylenediamine. As a consequence, a V_OC of 0.998 V, a JSC of 0.139 mA cm^-2 and a fill factor of 83.03% were achieved, resulting in an indoor photoelectric conversion efficiency of 38.02%.

• Journal of the Korean Vacuum Society
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.458-462
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• 2007

Spectroscopic ellipsometry is an excellent technique for determining dielectric function. To obtain critical point energy, standard analytic critical point expression is used conventionally for second derivatives of dielectric function which might increase high frequency noise than signal. However, reciprocal-space analysis offers several advantages for determining critical point parameters in optical and other spectra, for example the separation of baseline, information, and high frequency noise in low-, medium-, high-index Fourier coefficient, respectively. We used reciprocal Fourier analysis for removing noise and determining critical point of ZnCdSe alloy.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2007.06a
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• pp.335-335
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• 2007

염료감응형 태양전지(Dye-sensitized solar cells)용 페이스트의 제조시 바인더(binder)인 폴리에틸렌 글리콜(Polyethylene glycol; 이하 PEG)의 함량변화가 염료감응형 태양전지의 에너지 변환효율에 미치는 영향을 조사하고자 하였다. PEG의 함량변화는 0-30wt%까지 변화시켰으며 그들의 표면이나 단면의 형상을 FE-SEM, AFM으로 관찰 하였고, PEG 함량변화에 따른 열적특성은 TG/DTA 결과로 조사하였다. PEG의 양이 0%에서 20wt%까지 첨가되었을 때 단락전류밀도(Isc: Short current density)는 증가되어 나타났고 PEG가 30wt%가 첨가되었을 때는 오히려 감소하는 것을 확인할 수 있으며 이것은 $TiO_2$ 입자간의 응집현상이 과도하게 진행되어 전자의 흐름을 방해한 것으로 판단된다. PEG의 함량이 20wt% 첨가되었을 때 개방전압 (Voc: Open circuit voltage)이 0.73V, 단락전류밀도는 $22.6mA/cm^2$, 필펙터는 0.55, 에너지변환효율은 9.1%로 최적의 바인더 함량을 나타내었다. 염료감응형 태양전지의 광전극 제조시 PEG 바인더의 함량 변화에 따라 일자간의 응징특성이나 기공도와 같은 표면형상, 그리고 에너지변환효율을 변화시킨다는 것을 확인할 수 있었다.

• Transactions of the Korean hydrogen and new energy society
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.595-603
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• 2010

This paper deals with an economic evaluation of domestic window type photoelectrochemical hydrogen production utilizing solar cells. We make some sensitivity analysis of hydrogen production prices by changing the values of input factors such as the initial capital cost, the solar to hydrogen conversion efficiency, and the system duration time. The hydrogen production price of the window type photoelectrochemical system was estimated as 1,168,972 won/$kgH_2$. It is expected that hydrogen production cost can be reduced to 47,601 won/$kgH_2$ if the solar to hydrogen conversion efficiency is increased to 14%, the system duration time is increased to 20,000 hours, and the initial capital cost is decreased to 25% of the current level. We also evaluate the hydrogen production cost of the water electrolysis using the electricity produced by solar cells. The corresponding hydrogen production cost was estimated as 37,838 won/$kgH_2$. The photoelectrochemical hydrogen production is evaluated as uneconomical at this time, and we need to enhance the solar to hydrogen conversion efficiency and the system duration time as well as to reduce prices of the system facilities.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2013.08a
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• pp.305-305
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• 2013

태양전지는 무기태양전지와 유기태양전지 등이 연구 되고 있는데 [1] 그 중 유기물질의 장점(높은 수율, solution phase processing, 저비용으로 전력 생산)과 무기재료의 장점(높은 전자 이동도, 넓은 흡수 범위, 우수한 환경 및 열 안정성)을 융합함으로써 장기적 구조안정성의 확보와 광전변환의 고 효율화를 동시에 달성하기 위한 유기무기 하이브리드 태양전지가 최근 큰 관심을 끌고 있다[2]. 본 연구에서는 hybrid photovoltaics에 유기물 MDMO-PPV와 전도성 고분자 PEDOT:PSS를 무기물 GaN 위에 spin coating 하여 두께에 다른 효율을 측정하였다. 유기물 MDMO-PPV는 p-형으로 클로로벤젠, 톨루엔과 같은 유기 용매에 잘 녹으며 HOMO 5.33eV, LUMO 2.97eV, energy band gap 2.4eV이며 99.5%의 순도 물질을 사용하였다. 또한 정공 수송층(hole transport layer, HTL)으로 PEDOT:PSS를 사용하였으며, HOMO 5.0eV, LUMO 3.6eV, energy band gap 1.4eV를 가지며 증류수나 에탄올과 같은 수용성 용매에 잘 녹는 특성을 가지고 있다. 무기물은 III-V 족 물질 n-GaN(002)을 사용하였고 valence band energy 1.9eV, conduction band energy 6.3eV, energy band gap 3.4eV, 높은 전자 이동도와 높은 포화 속도, 광전자 소자에 유리한 광 전기적 특성을 가지고 있다. 기판으로는 GaN와 격자 부정합도와 열팽창계수 부정합도가 큰 Sapphire (Al2O3) 이종 기판을 사용하였다. 전극으로 Au를 사용하였으며 E-beam증착하였다. Reflector로서 Al를 thermal evaporator로 증착하였다 [3]. 실험 과정은 두께에 따른 효율을 알아보기 위해 MDMO-PPV를 900~1,500 rpm으로 spin coating 하였고, 열처리에 따른 효율을 알아보기 위해 열처리 온도 조건을 $110{\sim}170^{\circ}C$의 변화를 주었다. FE-SEM으로 표면과 단면을 관찰하였으며 J-V 특성을 알아보기 위해 각 샘플마다 solar simulator를 사용하여 측정하였고 그 결과를 논의하였다.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.98-103
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• 2011

We prepared a counter electrode by electroplating Ni as underlayer and Pt as plating layer on the FTO glass to increase the efficiency of dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC). We found an excellent adhesion between Ni underlayer and FTO glass when Ni underlayer was electroplated at $10mA/cm^2$ for 2 min on FTO glass. We observed Ni and Pt metal diffraction peaks by XRD analysis when Ni underlayer was electroplated at $10mA/cm^2$ for 2 min, and Pt layer was electroplated at $5mA/cm^2$ for 1 min on the Ni underlayer. Photovoltaic performance and impedance analysis of DSSCs fabricated with this counter electrode shows the highest efficiency of 5.6% and the lowest resistance of 75 ohm.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.4013-4018
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• 2014

A 0.45 $cm^2$ DSSC device with a glass/FTO/blocking layer/$TiO_2$/N719(dye)/electrolyte/50 nm-Pt/50 nm-Au/FTO/glass was prepared to examine the stability of the Au/Pt bilayered counter electrode (CE) with electrolyte and the energy conversion efficiency (ECE) of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). For comparison, a 100 nm-thick Pt only CE DSSC was also prepared using the same method. The photovoltaic properties, such as the short circuit current density ($J_{sc}$), open circuit voltage ($V_{oc}$), fill factor (FF), and ECE, were checked using a solar simulator and potentiostat with time after assembling the DSSC. The microstructure of the Au/Pt bilayer was examined by optical microscopy after 0~25 minutes. The ECE of the Pt only CE-employed DSSC was 4.60 %, which did not show time dependence. On the other hand, for the Au/Pt CE DSSC, the ECEs after 0, 5 and 15 minutes were 5.28 %, 3.64 % and 2.09 %, respectively. The corrosion areas of the Au/Pt CE determined by optical microscopy after 0, 5, and 25 minutes were 0, 21.92 and 34.06 %. These results confirmed that the ECE and catalytic activity of Au/Pt CE decreased drastically with time. Therefore, a Au/Pt CE-employed DSSC may be superior to the Pt only CE-employed one immediately after integration of the device, but it would degrade drastically with time.