• Title/Summary/Keyword: 관제경계수역

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인접 VTS의 연계 및 관제경계수역의 확대 방안

  • Song, Hyeon-Ung;An, Byeong-Il;Kim, Jae-Il
    • Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Navigation and Port Research Conference
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    • 2010.10a
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    • pp.197-199
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    • 2010
  • 해상교통관제는 선박 통항의 안전과 효율성을 증진시키고 환경을 보호하는데 큰 기여를 하였다. 이러한 성과를 바탕으로 현재는 선박이 항만으로 진입하기 이전 단계에서부터 미리 관제를 실시하여 해양사고의 위험을 사전에 방지하고자 관제범위가 확대되고 있는 추세이다. 이를 위해서는 통항 선박에 관련된 정보가 지속적으로 관리 유지되어야 한다. 본 연구에서는 항만 관제와 인근 관제 및 접근 관제와의 효율적인 연계 및 운영 방안을 집중적으로 검토하였다. IALA에서 논의되고 있는 IVEF(Inter-VTS Exchange Format) 및 광역 AIS망을 이용하여 인근 관제실 간에 관제정보를 연계하는 방안을 살펴보고, 관제실 및 유관기관 간에 정보의 원활한 공유를 통해서 관제수역의 확대에 따른 VTS의 효율적인 운영 방안을 모색하여 보았다.

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The Status of North Korean Airspace after Reunification (북한 공역의 통일 후 지위)

  • Kwon, Chang-Young
    • The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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    • v.32 no.1
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    • pp.287-325
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    • 2017
  • Considering the development of aerospace, military science and technology since the 20th century, the sky is very important for the nation's existence and prosperity. The proverb "Whosoever commands the space commands the world itself!" emphasizes the need for the command of the air. This essay is the first study on the status of airspace after reunification. First, the territorial airspace is over the territory and territorial sea, and its horizontal extent is determined by the territorial boundary lines. Acceptance of the present order is most reasonable, rather than attempting to reconfigure through historical truths about border issues, and it could be supported by neighboring countries in the reunification period. For peace in Northeast Asia, the reunified Korea needs to respect the existing border agreement between North Korea and China or Russia. However, the North Korean straight baselines established in the East Sea and the Yellow Sea should be discarded because they are not available under United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. It is desirable for the reunified Korea to redefine the straight baselines that comply with international law and determine the territorial waters up to and including the 12-nautical mile outside it. Second, the Flight Information Region (hereinafter "FIR") is a region defined by the International Civil Aviation Organization (hereinafter "ICAO") in order to provide information necessary for the safe and efficient flight of aircraft and the search and rescue of aircraft. At present, Korea is divided into Incheon FIR which is under the jurisdiction of South Korea and Pyongyang FIR which is under the jurisdiction of North Korea. If North Korea can not temporarily exercise control of Pyongyang FIR due to a sudden change of circumstances, it is desirable for South Korea to exercise control of Pyongyang FIR, and if it is unavoidable, ICAO should temporarily exercise it. In reunified Korea, it is desirable to abolish Pyongyang FIR and integrate it into Incheon FIR with the approval of ICAO, considering systematic management and control of FIR, establishment of route, and efficiency of management. Third, the Air Defense Identification Zone (hereinafter "ADIZ") is a zone that requires easy identification, positioning, and control of aircraft for national security purposes, and is set up unilaterally by the country concerned. The US unilaterally established the Korea Air Defense Identification Area (KADIZ) by the Declaration of Commitment on March 22, 1951. The Ministry of Defense proclaimed a new KADIZ which extended to the area including IEODO on December 13, 2013. At present, North Korea's military warning zone is set only at maritime boundaries such as the East Sea and the Yellow Sea. But in view of its lack of function as ADIZ in relations with China and Russia, the reunified Korea has no obligation to succeed it. Since the depth of the Korean peninsula is short, it is necessary to set ADIZ boundary on the outskirts of the territorial airspace to achieve the original purpose of ADIZ. Therefore, KADIZ of the reunified Korea should be newly established by the boundary line that coincides with the Incheon FIR of the reunified Korea. However, if there is no buffer zone overlapping with or adjacent to the ADIZs of neighboring countries, military tensions may rise. Therefore, through bilateral negotiations for peace in Northeast Asia, a buffer zone is established between adjacent ADIZs.

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A study on Operation Rules of Korean Air Defence Identification Zone (한국 방공식별구역 운영규칙에 관한 고찰)

  • Kwon, Jong-Pil;Lee, Yeong H.
    • The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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    • v.32 no.2
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    • pp.189-217
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    • 2017
  • Declaration of Air Defense and Identification Zones started with the United States in 1950, which was followed by declaration of KADIZ by the Republic of Korea in 1951. Initial ADIZ were solely linked with air defense missions, but their roles have changed as nations around the globe manifested a tendency to expand their influence over maritime resources and rights. In particular, China declared ADIZ over the East China Sea in October 2013 and forced all passing aircraft to submit flight plan to ATC or military authority, saying failure of submission will be followed by armed engagement. China announced it would declare another zone over the South China Sea despite the ongoing conflict in the area, clearly showing ADIZ's direct connection with territorial claim and EEZ and that it serves as a zone within which a nation can execute its rights. The expanded KADIZ, which was expanded in Dec 15, 2013 in response to Chinese actions, overlaps with the Chinese ADIZ over the East China Sea and the Japanese ADIZ. The overlapping zone is an airspace over waters where not only the Republic of Korea but also of China and Japan argue to be covering their continental shelf and EEZ. Military conventions were signed to prevent contingencies among the neighboring nations while conducting identifications in KADIZ, including the overlapping zone. If such military conventions and practice of air defense identification continue to be respected among states, it is under the process of turning into a regional customary law, although ADIZ is not yet recognized by international law or customary law. Moreover, identification within ADIZ is carried out by military authorities of states, and misguided customary procedures may cause serious negative consequences for national security since it may negatively impact neighboring countries in marking the maritime border, which calls for formulation of operation rules that account for other state activities and military talks among regional stake holders. Legal frameworks need to be in place to guarantee freedom of flights over international seas which UN Maritime Law protects, and laws regarding military aircraft operation need to be supplemented to not make it a requirement to submit flight plan if the aircraft does not invade sovereign airspace. Organizational instructions that require approval of Chairman of Joint Chiefs of Staff for entrance and exit of ADIZ for military aircraft need to be amended to change the authority to Minister of National Defense or be promoted to a law to be applicable for commercial aircraft. Moreover, in regards to operation and management of ADIZ, transfer of authority should be prohibited to account for its evolution into a regional customary law in South East Asia. In particular, since ADIZ is set over EEZ, military conventions that yield authority related to national security should never be condoned. Among Korea, China, Japan and Russia, there are military conventions that discuss operation and management of ADIZ in place or under negotiation, meaning that ADIZ is becoming a regional customary law in North East Asia region.

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A Study on the Traffic Improvement at an Approach Area of Busan Harbor (부산항 제1항로 진입 해역의 통항 개선에 관한 연구)

  • Lee, Yun-Sok;Jung, Min;Song, Chae-Uk;Park, Jin-Soo;Park, Young-Soo;Cho, Ik-Soon
    • Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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    • v.31 no.5 s.121
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    • pp.345-351
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    • 2007
  • In approaching sea area of Busan harbour, there are many traffic vessels and external forces such as strong seasonal wind and lateral flow are existed. Since the area caused the risk of navigation and ship operators feel hard to enter/depart on Busan port, we carried our the evaluation of traffic risk and propriety at Busan no.1 fairway. In order to assess the safety in the fairway, we analyzed ship's traffic stream based on the marine traffic survey and evaluated the traffic safety of present Traffic Separation Schemes(TSS) and suggest TSS in the research using full mission ship-handling simulators. As a result, the suggested TSS has an effect on improving the traffic safety. In addition, this paper was to suggest the dredging area of depth of water, the passage of towing vessels and control of warships for preventing of maritime accidents in the Busan no.1 fairway.