• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.1-12
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• 1972

As part of the study of the structure and the successional trends of our temperate forests, a quantitative survey was made of the relatively well conserved forest stands on Mt. Kwanak, Seoul. Three community types were observed; the Pinus densiflora-Quercus mongolica community, the Pinus densiflora community, and the Quercus mongolica community. Evidence suggests that the dominance of Pinus densiflora and quercus mongolica will continue in the Pinus densiflora-Quercus mongolica community, however, in the Pinus densiflora community the dominant species, Pinus densiflora, is now being replaced by Quercus mongolica. The trend toward an increased in Acer pseudo-sieboldianum var. koreanum, Fraxinus rhynchophylla, Carpinus cordita, and Acer mono is observed in the Quercus mongolica community. An analysis of the overall composition of the forest reveals that the upper story is mostly occupied by Quercus mongolica and Pinus densiflora, the shrub layer by Rhododendron schlippenbachii and Lespedeza maximowiczii, and the herb layer by Spodiopogon cotulifer and Artemisia keiskeana. Quercus mongolica may cover most part of the forest, gradually excluding Pinus densiflora. Acer pseudo-sieboldianum var. koreanum, Fraxinus rhynchophylla, Carpinus coradata, and Acer mono are increasing in importance with the potentiality of developing into major canopy components. With the diversification of the physical habitat Cephalotaxus koreana and Magnolia sieboldii, the species which had almost completely been eliminated form the forest through the severe interferences, have reappeared.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.19-25
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• 1960

1. This study was made on the flora of bryophytes on Mt. Kwanak, which is situated ($37^{\circ}$30' N. Lat. $127^{\circ}$O'E. Long) to the south of Seoul area. 2. The bryophytic flora of this mountain consists of the following elements. 1) Holarctic elem, Musci………16 species (25.0%), Hepaticae………4 species (28.6%). 2) North Pacific elem. M.………1 species (1.56%), H………O. 3) Cosmopolitan elem. M………10 species (15.65%), H………1 species (7.1%). 4) East-Asiatic elem. M………16 species (25%), H.………4 species (28.6%). 5) Tropical elem. M.………3 species (4.68%), H.………3 species (21.4%). 6) Japane-Korean elem. M.………17 species (26.56%), H.………2 species (14.3%). 7) Endemic elem. M.………1 species (1.56%), H.………O. 3. In the list of bryophytes of Mt. Kwanak, 62 species, 1 variety and 1 subspecies belonging to 47 genera for Musci and 12 species 2 subspecies belonging to 10 genera for Hepaticae were enumerated. Of these the following 5 species are new to Korean flora. 1) Macromitrium japonicum D.M. 2) Entodon arenosus Okam. 3) E. okamurae Broth. 4) Gollania ruginosa (Mitt.) Broth. 5) Temnona birmensis (St.) Hatt.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.275-284
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• 1995

In this investigation, the accumulation mineralization and annual cycle of organic P has been studied in grassland ecosysterns of a Z japonica grassland and a M sinensis grassland on Mt. Kwanak. The basic models of the accumulation and mineralization for ash components of a grass-litter have been presented as the equations (1), (2), and (3). The equations (7)~(10) for organic P are derived from these basic concepts. There was a highty significant relationship between organic matter and organic P. The estimates between organic matter and organic P correlated very high significance. The parameter factors k or k' of mineralization of organic P for the Z. japonica and M sinensis asslands were k=0.412 or k'=0.292 and k=0.224 or k'=0.183, respectively. The time required for a cycle to be completed from organic P to inorganic P of 50, 95 and 99 % are 3.9, 16.7 and 27.8 years in the Z. japonica grassland and 4.1, 17.7 and 29.4 years in the M sinensis grassland. The annual P cycle formulae for mineralization were based on the equations (5), (11) and (12). Annual yields of mineralization for organic P in the steady state grasslands of Z. japonica and M sinensis were 0.407 and 0.504g /$m^2$, respectively.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.17-28
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• 1988

Five hundrad and eight rats were caught in Shiheung-dong and Mt. Kwan-ak from 1986 to 1987 in this survey. Ectoparasites were got from these rats and classified. The results were as follows: 9,191 mites (16 genera, 30 species), 408 fleas (4 genera, 4 species), and 521 lice (3 genera, 5 species) were observed in this survey. In the residential area, Rattus norvesicus(71.74%) was dominant species and in Mt. Kwan-ak Apodemus agrarius(93.62%). In these areas, the mites belonging to suborder Mesostigmata were dominant (Laelaps nuttli, 52.61%; Ornithonyssus bacoti, 36.05%). In Mt. Kwan-ak, family Frombiculidae belonging to suborder Prostigmata were dominant (Leptotromibidium orientalis, 31.04%; Leptotrombidium palpalis, 30.00%). In this way, it was discovered that the difference between the two regions in dominant species was noticeable. As for the hosts parasitized by mites, L. nuttalli in R. norvegicus (54.85%), L. nuttalli in R. rattus (32.90%), and L. orientalis in A. agrarius (31.27%) were dominant species, respectively. In the mites parasitizing on A. agrarius in each altitude, the species were more varied as the region was lower and the dominant species were more concentrated as it was higher.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.281-288
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• 1997

This study was performed to find out the mineral cycles of sulphur in dynamic grassland ecosystems in a steady state condition at the northwest side on Mt. Kwanak. The experimental results may be summarized on the communities of a Zoysia japonica and a Miscanthus sinensis as follows. As compared with some properties of the surface soils among two semi-natural grasslands, sulphur war greater quantity in a Miscanthus sinensis than in a Zoysia japonica on Mt. Kwanak . For the case of steady production and release, the raion of annual mineral production to the amount accumulated on the top of mineral soil in a steady state provides the estimates of release constant k. The release constants on sulphur of the litter were 0.54 in a Zoysia japonica and 0.36 in a Miscanthus sinensis grassland. The half times of S required for the release or accumulation of the litter on the grassland were 1.28 years in a Zoysia japonica and 1.93 years in a Miscauthus sinensis The amounts of annual cycles for sulphur in the grassland ecosystem under the steady-state conditions were 20.65g /$m^2$ in a Zoysia japonica and 26.28g /$m^2$ in a Miacanthus sinensis grassland. Key words: Zoysia japonica Miscanthus sinensis Mt. Kwanak, Sulphur, Mineral cycles.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.303-309
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• 1997

The investigation was cycle of aluminum of surface soil elements in dynamic grassland ecosystems at a steady state in a Zoysia japonica and a Miscanthus sinensis ecosystem in Mt. Kwanak, Korea. Average amounts of total storage for aluminum in Z japonica and M. sinensis grasslands were 8,426mg /$m^2$ and 7,849mg /$m^2$ respectively. Decay constants estimated on the base of experimental and mathematical model, were 0.04 in Z japonica grassland, and 0.08 in M. sinensis grassland. Half time to decay aluminum of litter soils were 17.33 years in Z japonica grass-land, and 8.66 years in Al. sinensis grassland. 95% decay times in Z japonica, and in M. sinensis grassland were 75.0 years and 35.0 years respectively. Needed times to lose almost all of elements in Z japonica and M. sinensis grassland were 125.0 years, and 62.50 years respectively. The metals were losed more rapidly in M. sinensis than in Z japonica grassland. The cycle of aluminum was investigated to be related with soil acidity. Key words: Cycle of aluminum, Zoysia japonica. Miscanthus sinensis, Mt. Kwanak, Decay constants, Soil acidity.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2022.05a
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• pp.441-441
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• 2022

국내외적으로 정확한 수문기상 현상의 관측에 대한 수요가 증가하고 있다. 이를 위하여 기존의 재래식 관측장비의 한계성을 극복하고자 첨단장비가 활발하게 도입되고 있다. 우리나라는 관악산 기상레이더를 시작으로 하천 및 도심지의 돌발홍수 정보를 제공하고자 강우레이더 신설을 진행하고 있다. 본 연구에서는 하천유역조사 사업에서 티센다각형법을 이용하여 유역단위 면적평균강수량을 산정하는 경우 영동권역과 같이 지상관측소 밀집도 부족으로 인하여 발생하는 강수량의 공간적 편차를 정량적으로 검토하고자 전국 하천유역에 대하여 1.5km Constant Altitude PPI(CAPPI) 합성장의 레이더 강수량을 활용한 유역단위 면적평균강수량을 산정하고 지상 강수량과 통계적 적합도(goodness of fit)를 평가하였다. 지상 강수량을 활용한 유역단위 면적평균강수량과 레이더 강수량은 높은 상관성을 나타내었으나 관측기법의 특성으로 발생하는 정량적 편의(bias) 보정의 필요성을 확인하였다. 시공간적으로 고해상도의 레이더 강수정보를 활용하기 위하여 활용 목적에 적합한 레이더 강수량 보정기법의 개발이 필요할 것으로 사료된다. 또한, 대용량 레이더 자료를 안정적으로 처리할 수 있는 플랫폼 및 레이더 강수량 품질관리 체계 구축을 통하여 수문조사 및 수문해석 지원이 가능할 것으로 판단된다.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.24 no.4 s.79
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• pp.265-273
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• 1996

Fleshy fungi were collected during field trips to mountain areas throughout the country from October in 1994 to June in 1995. Through the observation and identification of specimens belonging to the wood-rotting fungi of the Aphyllophorales, one genus, Phlebiopsis, and six species, Athelia bombacina, Ceraceomyces sublaevis, Hyphoderma sibiricum, Hyphodontia arguta, Phlebiopsis gigantea, and Radulomyces confluens were confirmed as new corticioid fungi to Korea and are registered here with descriptions.

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.171-180
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• 2013

Two newly recorded species, Cyrtomium laetevirens and Dryopteris simasakii var. paleacea (Dryopteridaceae) were collected from forests in Jeonnam, Geongnam and Jeju-do, with the latter also, found addedly in Gwanaksan, Seoul. C. laetevirens (vernacular name: 'Yun-soe-go-bi) was distinguished from other Korean congeners of the genus Cyrtomium by having glossy laminae, narrow lanceolate, yellow-green pinnae with minutely serrated margin and gradually narrowing shape from base to apex, along with entire, unicolor, and white grayish indusia. D. simasakii var. paleacea (vernacular name: Cheung-cheung-ji-ne-go-sa-ri'), was distinguished by shining leaves, opposite pinnae arrangement, no falcate pinnules, and densely adpressed scaly wholly along with irregular dark brown scales on stipe and rachis. Descriptions and illustrations of the two taxa and their photographs in the habitat are provided along with a key to the species of Cyrtomium and sect. Hirpedes of Dryopteris from Korea.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.109-120
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• 2016

This study aims to assess vulnerability in urban thermal environments of Seoul by using indicators frequently used in previous studies as well as effective indicators for spatial planning like urban and environmental planning. For this purpose, fifteen indicators that influence urban thermal environments such as heat waves, urban heat island effects, and urban micro-climates were identified based on literature reviews. Indicators for presenting urban structure and spatial properties were included; for example, building volume as 'exposure to climate', buildings completed before 1980 as 'sensitivity', and green space areas as 'adaptive capacity'. Among them, twelve indicators were applied to assess vulnerability in urban thermal environments of Seoul by using a GIS spatial analysis combined with fuzzy logic. The results show that the Gangnam area is identified as more vulnerable to a heat environment as compared to the Gangbuk area. In the Gangnam area, Seocho-gu, Gangnam-gu, Dongjak-gu, Yeongdeungpo-gu, Gangseo-gu were relatively high in vulnerability, while Dongdaemun-gu, Gangbuk-gu, Gwangjin-gu, Jungrang-gu were relatively high in the Gangbuk area. Gwanak-gu, Dobong-gu, Eunpyeong-gu, and Nowon-gu, which include forested areas, have low vulnerability in the sectors of 'exposure to climate' and 'sensitivity' due to the impact of Gwanaksan and Bukhansan. However, some areas with high vulnerability like Seocho-gu and Gangnam-gu may have lower vulnerability if the indicator 'status of air conditioning' from the sector of 'adaptive capacity' is used. This study could support the establishment of a practicable thermal environment policy and spatial planning to reduce heat-related risks in the field of urban and environmental planning.