• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.91-97
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• 1993

The objective of this paper was to determine the degree of diagnostic overlap. In a pilot study of 56 inpatients(mean age 12) with DSM-III-R axis I and/or II disorders, the degree of psychiatric comorbidity was examined. 64.3% had two or more diagnoses. The samples were divided into the following 9 groups 1) attention deficit hyperactivity disorder 2) conduct disorder 3) oppositional defiant disorder 4) schizophrenia 5) mood disorders 6) tie disorders 7) elimination disorders 8) mental retardation 9) personality disorders Substantial overlap(especially tic disorders, elimination disorders, disruptive behavior disorders) occured among inpatients Patients had about 2 DSM-III-R axis I & II diagnoses. Additional research with increased sample size is necessary to clarify its relationship with other psychiatric diagnoses.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.190-202
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• 1996

This study assessed psychiatrically referred 5-to 13-year-old children who presented inattention or hyperactivity as chief complaints. Demographic characteristics, primary diagnosis, and comorbid psychiatric conditions of them were identified, and they were assessed using questionnaires and neuropsychological tests. Primary diagnoses included ADHD, anxiety disorder, mental retardation, depression, oppositional defiant disorder, developmental language disorder and others. functional enuresis, conduct disorder, and developmental language disorder were among the secondarily diagnosed disorders. In patients diagnosed as ADHD, overall comorbidity rate was 55.3%. The disorders that frequently co-occured with ADHD were specific developmental disorder, conduct disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, anxiety disorder and other. ADHD groups with or without comorbidity differed in performance IQ and CPT scores. ADHD group differed from externalizing disorders group in the information subscore of IQ, MFFT, and CPT scores, and differed in teachers rating scales, the uncommunication factor of CBCL, and CPT card error compared with internalizing disorders group. The authors concluded that inattentive or hyperactive children should be assessed using various instruments to differentiate other disorders and to identify possible presence of comorbid conditions.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.36-52
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• 2003

Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder is one of the most comminly treated conditions in the child psychiatric units and results in substantial impairment in peer, family and academoc functioning. For 70% to 80% of children with a diagnosis of ADHD, stimulant tratment results in successful improvement of the core ADHD symptoms. However, children with ADHD have high level of comorbidity and may respond differently from children with ADHD without comorbidity. Therefore they may need specific treatment plan. We reviewed efficacy and safety of prescribed medication for treating children with ADHD, the relationship between ADHD and the comorbid conditions and treatment algorithm projects of ADHD with/without comorbid conditions performed Korean and American child psychiatrists. Our main objective is to increase the uniformity of treatment and improve the clinical outcomes of children with comorbid ADHD.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.34-42
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• 1997

Enuresis is repeated involuntary or intentional voiding of urine into bed or clothes over age 5. Though it would be a self-remitting disorder, it could be serious problem in emotional and socio-adaptational aspects. The author reviewed the enuretic patients of Child & Adolescence psychiatric section in Chungnam National University Hospital during past 3 years. 46(4.9%) of 936 patients were diagnosed as enuresis in DSM-Ⅳ. The author evaluated their comorbidity by the data of diagnostic review made in two psychiatrists, and emotional aspects(self-concept, anxiety, depression) through the self-rating scales (Piers-Harris children’ self concept scales, RCMAS, state-trait anxiety inventory for children, child’s depresson inventory). Thirty(65.2%) of the 46 enuretic patients had additional diagnoses such as attention deficit hyperactive disorder, mental retardation, encopresis, oppositional defiant disorder, depression, anxiety disorder, autism, somatoform disorder, tic disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, sleep disorder, etc. Sixteen enuretic patients had at least one comorbid disorder. Eleven patients had two, and three patients had more than three. Fourteen of 46 enuretic patients were evaluated through self-rating scales of self-concept, anxiety and depression. But we couldn’t obtain meaningful results. Maybe it was due to the small sample size(N＝14) and the influence of the comorbid disorders. Finally, it was an impressive evidence that there exist many comorbid disorders in enuresis(esp. attention deifict/hyperactive disorder). In emotional aspects, the author thought that further evaluation should be needed for more meaningful results.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.93-103
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• 2002

The aim of this study is to examine the diagnostic profiles and related clinical variables of children with attention and hyperactivity in psychiatric outpatient clinic. Seventy one children with age range of 5 to 14 were diagnosed by DSM-IV, and assessment battery including KEDI-WISC, KPI-C, ADS(ADHD Diagnostic System) were completed. The subjects were divided into 3 diagnostic groups：ADHD only(n=17), ADHD comorbid(n=27), Other diagnosis(n=27). The results were as follows：In ADHD comorbid group, tic disorder, developmental language disorder, borderline intellectual function, oppositional defiant/conduct disorder, and learning disorder were combined in descending order. Other diagnosis group consisted of tic disorder, borderline intellectual function, depression/anxiety, oppositional defiant/conduct disorder, and others. There were significant differences in IQ, PIQ, and VIQ among the three groups, and ADHD only group showed higher scores of IQ and VIQ than ADHD comorbid group. On the KPI-C, there were no significant differences in all subscales among the three groups. On the visual ADS, omission error and sensitivity showed significant differences among the three groups, and ADHD comorbid group represented higher omission error and lower sensitivity than other diagnostic group. The findings indicated that the inattention and hyperactivity symptoms could be diagnosed into diverse psychiatric disorders in child psychiatry, and ADHD children with comorbidity will show more problems in academic performance and school adjustment.

• 대한불안의학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2005.10a
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• pp.138-146
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• 2005

• 대한불안의학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2005.10a
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• pp.124-137
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• 2005

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.247-257
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• 1996

This is a preliminary report on the first segment of a continuing and prospective teaming disorder study project in Korea. Study subjects were 197 children, aged between 6 and 15 referred for psychiatric evaluation of scholastic problems. Demographic data, psychiatric diagnoses and intelligence and achievement test results were reviewed and analyzed. Analyses of data lead to the following conclusions : (1) About 20.8% of children referred for scholastic problems were diagnosed of teaming disorder(LD). The most prevalent diagnosis among these children with scholastic problem was emotional disorder, especially depressive disorder(33%), (2) The comorbid rate of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder(ADHD) of 41 children with LD was 44%, (3) Male/female ratio was 5.8:1 among all of the LD children, 17:1 among children with LD and ADHD and 3.6:l among children with LD but without ADHD, (4) 83% of children with LD scored above middle level on socioeconomic status(SES), (5) Age, SES, IQ, family psychiatric history, past history of medical and psychiatric illness, onset of age, pattern of peer relationship, number of friends, presence of adaptation problem and academic achievements of children with LD and ADHD compared to those of children with LD but without ADHD. No significant differences between two groups were found on age, SES, IQ, family psychiatric history, past history of medical and psychiatric illness, pattern of peer relationship, number of friends and presence of adaptation problem. However, there were significant differences in academic achievements of Korean language total, speaking and listening score, arithmetic score, social science score and music score of children with LD and ADHD compared to those of children with LD but without ADHD. Also there was an ealier onset of age in LD and ADHD group when compared to LD but without ADHD group.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.133-140
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• 1994

Conduct disorder is a heterogenous disorder of various etiology affecting 4-10% of school-age children. There is suggestive evidence that the comorbid group of conduct disorder and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is different from these two separated diseases groups. There findings suggest that this comorbid group may present a meaningful subgroup. This study is conducted to examine the content validity of hyperkinetic conduct disorder that accepted first in International Classification of Disease 10th edition. The results are summarized as follows : 1) Using Conners Parenting Rating Scale, Parent Rating Scale Form for DSM-III-R, the mean scores of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in conduct disorder were significantly higher compared with those of normal controls. 2) 72.4% of conduct disorder and 41.5% of normal control groups showed simultaneous attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. The diffenence between conduct disorder and normal control groups was significant. There were many previous informations that children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder had conduct disorder as comorbid disorder and these result show that children with conduct disorder also significantly had attention attention deficit hyperactivity disorder reversibly. Then these show that hyperkinetic conduct disorder-diagnosis used when both the overall criteria for hyperkinetic disorders and the overall criteria for conduct disorders are met-have satisfactory content validity. Biological, familial or long term studies are needed to further validate this diagnostic category.

• Anxiety and mood
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.93-100
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• 2013

Major depressive disorder causes significant dysfunction and disability. Many of depressed patients tend to have cormobid anxiety disorders, substance use disorders and personality disorders, and so on. In this study, we reviewed researches about the effects of comorbid anxiety disorder, substance use disorder on depressive symptoms, progress, treatment, etc. In addition, the latest knowledges related to treatment was reviewed. If the symptoms of anxiety disorder coexist, They leads to the deterioration of the course and has an adverse effect on treatment response. Comorbid substance use disorder, such as alcohol dependence, causes worsening of symptoms and progression, and a loss of therapeutic response. Therapeutic clinical guidelines and instructions to comorbid psychiatric disorders on major depressive disorder was not established clearly, but consensus-based or evidence-based studies will be necessary for treatment for comorbid psychiatric disorders on major depressive disorder.