• Proceedings of the KWS Conference
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• 2009.11a
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• pp.72-72
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• 2009

전자부품의 내부접속 및 파워반도체의 다이본딩과 같은 1차실장에는 고온환경에서의 사용과 2차실장에서의 재용융방지를 위해 높은 액상선온도 및 고상선온도를 필요로 하여, Pb-5wt%Sn, Pb-2.5wt%Ag로 대표되는 납성분 85%이상의 고온솔더가 널리 사용되고 있다. 생태계와 인체에 대한 납의 유해성이 보고된 이래, 무연솔더에 대한 연구가 활발히 진행되어 왔으나, Sn-Ag-Cu계로 대표되는 Sn계 합금으로 대체 중인 중온용 솔더와는 달리, 고온용 솔더에 대해서는 대체합금에 대한 연구가 미흡한 실정이다. 대체재의 부재로 인해 기존의 납을 다량함유한 솔더로 1차실장이 지속됨으로서, 2차실장의 무연화에도 불구하고 전자부품 및 기기의 재활용에 큰 어려움을 겪고 있다. 지금까지 고온용 무연솔더로서는 융점에 근거해 Au-(Sn, Ge, Si)계, Bi-Ag계, Zn-(Al, Sn)계의 극히 제한된 합금계만이 보고되어 왔다. Au계 솔더는 현재 플럭스를 사용하지 않는 광학, 디스플레이 분야 등 고부가가치 공정에 사용되고 있으나, 합금가격이 매우 비싸며 가공성이 나빠 대체재료로서는 적합하지 않다. Bi-Ag계 솔더 또한 취성합금으로 와이어 및 박판으로 가공하는데 어려움이 크며, 솔더로서 중요한 특성중 하나인 전기전도도 및 열전도도가 나쁜 편이다. 이에 비해, Zn계 합금은 비교적 낮은 합금가격, 적절한 가공성과 뛰어난 인장강도, 우수한 전기전도도 및 열전도도를 지녀, 고온용솔더 대체재료의 유력한 후보로 생각된다.이전 연구에서, 필자의 연구그룹은 Zn-Sn계 합금을 고온용 무연솔더로서 제안한 바 있다. Zn-Sn계 합금은 충분히 높은 융점과 함께, 금속간화합물이 없는 미세조직, 우수한 기계적 특성, 높은 전기전도도 및 열전도도 등의 장점을 나타내었다. 본 연구에서는 기초합금특성상 고온솔더로서 다양한 장점을 지닌 Zn-30wt%Sn합금을 고온용 솔더의 대표적인 적용의 하나인 다이본딩에 적용하여, 접합부의 강도 및 미세조직, 열피로 신뢰성에 대해 분석을 함으로서 실제 공정에의 적용가능성에 대해 검토하였다. Zn-30wt%Sn을 이용해 Au/TiN(Titanium nitride) 코팅한 Si다이를 AlN-DBC(aluminum nitride-direct bonded copper)기판에 접합한 결과, 양측에 완전히 젖은 기공이 없는 양호한 다이접합부를 얻었으며, 솔더내부에는 금속간화합물을 형성하지 않았다. Si다이와의 계면에는 TiN만이 존재하였으며, Cu와의 계면에는 Cu로부터 $Cu_5Zn_8,\;CuZn_5$의 반응층을 형성하였다. 온도사이클시험을 통한 열피로특성평가에서, Zn-30wt%Sn를 이용한 다이접합부는 1500사이클 지점에서 Cu와 Cu-Zn금속간화합물의 사이에서 피로균열이 형성되며, 접합강도가 크게 감소하였다. 열피로특성 향상을 위해 Cu표면에 TiN코팅을 하여 Zn-30wt%Sn 솔더로 다이접합한 결과, Si다이와 기판 양측에 TiN만으로 구성된 계면을 형성하였으며, TEM관찰을 통해 Zn-30wt%Sn과 극히 미세한 접합계면이 형성하고 있음을 확인하였다. Zn-wt%30Sn솔더와 TiN층의 병용으로 2000사이클까지 미세조직의 변화 및 강도저하가 없는 극히 안정된 고신뢰성의 다이접합부를 얻을 수가 있었다.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.2945-2950
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• 2015

While perfluoroalkane (PFA), a liquid state nucleating agent for a rigid polyurethane foam (RPUF) to enhance the thermal insulation property, has the excellent nucleating characteristics, it is very expensive as well as environmentally harmful due to the fluoride compound. Many researches, therefore, have been performed to develop the alternative nucleating agents to replace PFA. In the present work, a multi-wall carbon nanotube (MWCNT) was used as a sloid state nucleating agent, and thereby the effects on the property changes of the RPUF were carried out. Average cell size decreased from 165.6 for base RPUF to $162.9{\mu}m$ and cell uniformity was also enhanced, showing the standard cell-size deviation of 45.6 and 35.2, respectively. While k-factor of base PUF was $0.01763kcal/m.hr.^{\circ}C$, that of the sample with 0.01 phr MWCNT showed 1.02% reduced value of $0.01745kcal/m.hr.^{\circ}C$. Though the compressive yield stress is nearly the same as $0.030{\times}105Pa$ for the both samples, initial modulus of the sample with 0.01 phr MWCNT was higher than that of base sample. it was considered as the results that small amount of MWCNT could play a sufficient role as the effective nucleating agent for RPUF, showing that an echo-friendly RPUF with reduced-cost could be fabricated, which has an enhanced thermal and mechanical properties.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.328-336
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• 1998

In metal-carbon system with no mutual solubility between matrix and alloying elements as solid or liquid phases, Cu-C-X nanocomposite metal powders were prepared by high energy ball milling for solid-lubricating bronze bearings. Elemental powder mixtures of Cu-lOwt.%C- 5wt. %Fe and Cu- lOwt. %C- 5wt. %Al were mechanically alloyed with an attritor in an argon atmosphere, and then microstructural evolution of the Cu-C-X nanocomposite metal powders was examined. It has been found that after 10 hours of MA, the approximately 10$\mu\textrm{m}$ sized Cu-C- X nanocomposite metal powders can be produced in both compositions. Morphological characteristics and microstructural evolution of the Cu-C-X powders have shown a similar MA procedure compared to those of metal-metal system. As a result of X - ray diffraction analysis, diffraction peaks of Cu and C were broaden and peak intensities were decreased as a function of MA time. Especially, the gradual disappearance of C peaks in the X- ray spectra is proved to be due to the lower atomic scattering factor of C. The calculated Cu crystallite sizes in Cu- C- X nanocomposite metal powders by Williamson- Hall equation were about lOnm size, on the other hand, the observed ones by TEM were in the range of 10 to 30nm.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.345-351
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• 2006

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of preservation period of porcine liquid semen on bacterial contamination and in vitro production of embryo. Extended liquid semen was prepared by three mixture of boar's ejaculates from each farm without antibiotics, and were kept in $17^{\circ}C$ semen preservation incubator until use. Sperm motility was significantly (p<0.05) decreased as semen preservation time goes by (78.7$\pm$2.4% for 1 day vs. 71.1$\pm$2.4 and 64.8$\pm$2.4% for 3 and 5 days of presentation, respectively). Quantitative of bacteria in semen was significantly (p<0.05) higher in 5 days ($57.8\pm105.2\times10^4$ Cfu) compared to 0 and 3 days ($32.1\pm76.8\times10^4$ and $26.9\pm46.6\times10^4$ Cfu, respectively) of preservation. In terms of development of in vitro fertilization of porcine embryos inseminated by preserved semen, the rate of normal fertilization (2PN) was significantly (p<0.05) decreased in 5 days (56.0$\pm$2.6%) compared to 1 and 3 days (66.0$\pm$2.7 and 64.0$\pm$2.7%, respectively) of preservation. Cleavage rate was also significantly (p<0.05) affected by preservation period (75.0$\pm$4% for 1 day, 70.0$\pm$0.3 and 71.0$\pm$0.3% for 3 and 5 days, respectively). The in vitro developmental rate of blastocyst stage embryo was significantly (p<0.05) affected by semen preservation period (15.0$\pm$1.0% for 1 day vs. 11.0$\pm$0.9 and 8.0$\pm$0.9% for 3 and 5 days, respectively). It is concluded that more than 3 days of liquid semen preservation without antibiotics increased the quantity of bacteria resulted in detrimental effect on sperm motility and decreased both normal insemination rate and the developmental rate of blastocyst stage embryo.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.241-248
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• 1993

An experiment was conducted in 1990~1991 to study the effects of various soil amelioration on the soil productivity and machine workability at tidal land paddy field of Kyewhado Substation, Homam Crop Experiment Station. The soil, Munpo Series(fine sandy loam, Typic Fluvaquents) was treated with gipsum, rice straw, rice straw compost and foreign soil(at 20cm depth) after deep ploughing. The results are surmerized as follows. 1. Sand and clay were slightly increased, while silt was slightly decreased in the rice straw and compost plots. The soil texture was changed from loam to sand loam by the addition of foreign soil 2. Soil bulk density and porosity was decreased in the rice straw, compost and foreign soil addition plots. 3. Cone penetration resistance was $12.5kg/cm^2$ at 10cm of soil depth before experiment and $12.5kg/cm^2$ at 20cm of soil depth after experiment except control, and the root zone was expended down to 20cm. 4. Soil salt content before experiment was 0.46 and 0.48% for surface soil(10cm) and subsoil(20cm), respectively ; The salt content of ameliorated plot was 0.26~0.32% and 0.16~0.31%, respectively, indicating good leaching of soil salt by the soil improvements. 5. The yields of rice in different treatments were in the order of the foreign soil addition > compost > gypsum > rice straw > control.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.219-234
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• 1974

A series of experiments was conducted to study the behavior of the phosphorus added to the soils having the high phorphorus fixing capacity derived from volcanic ash in Cheju Island. Soil samples were taken from different depths of 0-10, 10-30, and 30-50cm in six citrus orchards where heavy application of phosphate fertilizer has been practised. Various forms of phosphorus were determined and phosphorus adsorption experiments were performed. The results obtained can be summarized as follows: 1. The content of inorganic phosphorus fractions determined by the method of Chang and Jackson was: water soluble P

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.99-110
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• 2012

The purpose of the study is to collect basis data for to establish standard administrative processes of liquid fertilizer treatment. From this survey we could make out the key point of each step through a case of effective liquid manure treatment system in pig house. It is divided into six step; 1. piggery slurry management step, 2. Solid-liquid separation step, 3. liquid fertilizer treatment (aeration) step, 4. liquid fertilizer treatment (microorganism, recirculation and internal return) step, 5. liquid fertilizer treatment (completion) step, 6. land application step. From now on, standardization process of liquid manure treatment technologies need to be develop based on the six steps process.