• Journal of Haehwa Medicine
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.501-501
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• 1997

당뇨병성(糖尿病性) 주위신경병변(周圍神經病變)은 당뇨병(糖尿病)에서 가장 많이 볼 수 있는 삼대합병증(三大合倂症) 중(中)의 하나이다. 환자(患者)의 임상표현(臨床表現)은 사고(四股) 및 구간부(軀幹部)가 마목(麻木)하고,동통(疼痛)이 칼로 베는 듯하거나 침(鍼)으로 찌르는 듯하여 참기 힘들며, 환자(患者)로 하여금 작업능력(作業能力)을 상실(喪失)하게 하고 휴식(休息)과 수안(睡眼)에 엄중(嚴重)한 영향(影響)을 준다. 지금까지 국내외(國內外)에서는 아직 효과적(效果的)인 치료방법(治療方法)이 없다. 우리는 임상(臨床)에서 관찰(觀察)해 본 결과(結果), 이 병(病)의 임상표현(臨床表現)인 "사고마목(四股麻木), 자통(刺痛), 야간가중(夜間加重), 통처고정(痛處固定)"의 특징(特徵)이 중의임상(中醫臨床)에서 표현(表現)되는 "혈어형(血瘀型)" 동통(疼痛)과 완전(完全)히 상동(上同)하였다. 우리는 "활혈화어(活血化瘀), 통락지통(通絡止痛), 거어생신(祛瘀生新)"을 치료원칙(治療原則)으로 중약복방(中藥復方) 제제(制劑) "당말녕(糖末寧)"을 제조(製造)하여 이 병(病)을 치료(治療)하는데 만족(滿足)스러운 임상치료효과(臨床治療效果)를 거두었다. 전체(全體)의 병례(病例)는 모두 우리 과(科)의 입원환자(入院患者)로써 모두 45례(例)인데, 병기(病機)에 따라 양조(兩組)로 나누었다. 관찰조(觀察組) 30례(例) 중(中)에는 남성(男性)이 19례(例)이고 여성(女性)이 12례(例)이며, 年齡(연령)은 25세(歲)에서 68세(歲)까지로 평균연령(平均年齡)이 49.8세(歲)이다. I형(型) 당뇨병(糖尿病)이 10례(例)이고 II형(型) 당뇨병(糖尿病)이 20례(例)이며, 당뇨병(糖尿病)의 병정(病程)은 6개월(個月)에서 17년(年)사이로 평균(平均) 7.1 년(年)이다. 주위신경병변(周圍神經病變)의 병정(病程)은 2주(周)에서 3년(年)까지로 평균(平均) 1년(年)이다. 대조조(對照組)는 15례(例)로 남성(男性)이 8례(例)이고 여성(女性)이 7례(例)이며, 연령(年齡)은 20세(歲)에서 65세(歲)까지로 평균(平均) 49세(歲)이다. I형(型) 당뇨병(糖尿病)이 7례(例)이고 II형(型) 당뇨병(糖尿病)이 8례(例)이며, 橋民病의 병정(病程)은 3개월(個月)에서 12년(年)까지로 평균(平均) 7.5년(年)이다. 주위신경병변(周圍神經病變)의 병정(病程)은 1개월(個月)에서 3년(年)까지로 평균병정(平均病程)은 11.6개월(個月)이다. 양조(兩組)사이의 병정(病程)은 현저(顯著)한 차이는 없으나 서로 비교(比較)해 볼만하다. 당말녕(糖末寧)은 주(主)로 삼궁(三芎),원호(元胡), 당귀(當歸), 계혈승 등(等)의 약물(藥物)로 조성(組成)되었고, 약제실(藥劑室)에서 濃縮液(농축액)(매(每) ml당(當) 생약량(生藥量) 2.5g 함유(含有))으로 제조(製造)하였다. 관찰조(觀察組)는 매차례(每次例) 당말녕(糖末寧) 50ml를 하루 세번씩 복용(服用)하였고; 대조조(對照組)는 비타민 $B_1$, 비타민 $B_6$을 각각(各各) 20mg씩 하루 세차례 복용(服用)하였다. 양조(兩組) 모두 사주(四周)를 한번의 치료료정(治療療程)으로 하였다. 우리는 모두 45례(例)의 환자(患者)를 관찰(觀察)하였는데, 그 중(中) 관찰조(觀察組)가 30례(例)이고 대조조(對照組)가 15례(例)이다. 임상표현(臨床表現) 분급(分級)과 신경근전도(神經筋電圖)(운동신경(運動神經)과 감각신경(感覺神經)의 전도(電圖) 속도(速度))를 치료(治療) 전(前)과 후(後)의 대조지표(對照指標)로 하였고. 매(每) 4주(周)를 한개의 료정(療程)으로 총(總) 1-2개(個)의 료정(療程)을 진행(進行)하여 比較硏究(비교연구)하였다. 총유효율(總有效率)은 96.7%이고 총현효율(總顯效率)은 50%로써 대조조(對照組)보다 뚜렷하게 높았다. 치료전(治療前) MNCV와 SNCV를 측정(測定)한 것은 당말녕(糖末寧)이 당뇨병(糖尿病) 주위신경병변(周圍神經病變) 환자(患者)의 신경전도속도(神經電圖速度)를 명확(明確)하게 개선(改善)하였음을 표현(表現)하고 있다. 신경근전도(神經筋電圖)에서 자발전위(自發電位)는 눈에 띄게 감소(減少)되고 소력수축(小力收縮)의 평균시한(平均時限)은 명확(明確)히 연장(延長)되었으며 다상전위(多相電位)는 명확(明確)하게 증가(增加)되었는데, 이는 신경지측(神經支測)이 재생(再生)되고 회복(恢復)하였음을 설명(說明)하고 있다. 중약복방제제(中藥復方制劑) "당말녕(糖末寧)"이 본병(本病)을 치료(治療)하는 기전(機轉)은 여러 방면(方面)일 것이다. 그 중(中) 微循環(미순환)을 개선(改善)하고 적혈구(赤血球)의 변형성(變形性)을 향상(向上)하여 신경세포(神經細胞)에 혈액(血液)과 산소공급(酸素供給) 및 영양공급(營養供給)을 향상(向上)함으로써 神經損傷(신경손상)의 수정(修整)과 회복(恢復)을 촉진(促進)하는 것이 주요(主要)한 일환(一環)이 될 것이다.

• 한국벤처창업학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2010.08a
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• pp.139-160
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• 2010

On July 21st in 2005, People's Bank of China (PBOC) turned the currency peg against the U.S. dollar into managed currency system based on a basket of unnamed currencies under China's exchanged rate regime. This change means that China's enterprises are not free from currency fluctuations. The purpose of this study is to analyze the relations between Renminbi fluctuations in the floating exchange rate and financial results of venture companies. The process and outcomes of this study are as follows, First, in order to measure the financial results of venture companies, I choose venture companies in Shandong Province listed on the Shanghai Stock Exchange (SSE) at random and several quarter financial sheets according to safety ratios, profitability ratios, growth ratios, activity ratios. Second, I arrange the daily Renminbi exchange rate data announced from July 21st, 2005 to December 31st, 2008 by PBOC into the quarterly data. Third, in order to confirm the relations between Renminbi fluctuations and financial results of venture companies, I carry out Pearson's correlation analysis. As a result, the revaluation of the Chinese Renminbi has weakly negative effects on debt ratio, total assets turnover ratio and equity turnover ratio in statistics. But the revaluation of the Chinese Renminbi is not related to other financial index in statistics. The result of this study is that the revaluation of the Chinese Renminbi has little influence on the export and import of Chinese venture companies and certifies the fact that Chinese venture companies have much foreign currency assets. In addition to avoid the currency exposure risk, this study shows the effective method about currency exposure risk which adjusts proportion of Renminbi to foreign currency.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.28-40
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• 2010

Purpose: The aim of this retrospective study was to provide long-term data about the correlation between multifactorial local factors and the survival of implants. Material and methods: During 19 years (1991 to 2009), 2796 implants were placed in 879 patients. From dental charts and radiographs, the following data were collected: patient's age at implant placement, gender, implant system, surface, length, diameter, location of implant placement, bone quality, primary stability, type of prosthesis. The correlations between these data and implant survival were analyzed. Statistical analysis was performed using Kaplan-Meier survival analysis, Chi-square test, odds ratio. Results: 1. Among the 2796 implants, 150 implants failed that resulted in a cumulative survival rate of 94.64%. The cumulative survival rate of smooth surface implants (91.76%) was lower than rough surface implants (96.02%). 2. Anatomic location, implant surface, diameter of smooth surface implant, primary stability, type of prosthesis, patient's age and gender were significantly associated with implant survival (P < .05). 3. No significant difference in implant survival was found in relation to the following factors: implant length, bone quality, diameter of rough surface implants and type of rough surface according to implant manufacturer (P < .05). Conclusions: Local factors such as anatomic location, implant surface, diameter of smooth surface implant, primary stability and type of prosthesis have a significant effect on implant survival.

• Journal of Dental Rehabilitation and Applied Science
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.337-349
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• 2008

Despite an improved bone reactions of Mg-incorporated implants in the animals, little yet has been carried out by the experimental investigations in functional loading conditions. This study investigated the clinical and histologic parameters of osseointegrated Mg-incorporated implants in delayed loading conditions. A total of 36 solid screw implants (diameter 3.75 mm, length 10mm) were placed in the mandibles of 6 beagle dogs. Test groups included 18 Mg-incorporated implants. Turned titanium Implants served as control. Gold crowns were inserted 3 months. Radiographic assessments and stabilitytests were performed at the time of fixture installation, $2^{nd}$ stage surgery, 1 and 3 months after loading. Histological observations and morphometrical measurements were also performed. Of 36 implants, 32 displayed no discernible mobility, corresponding to successful clinical function. There was no statistically significant difference between test implants and controls in marginal bone levels (p=0.413) and RFA values. The mean BIC % in the Mg-implants was $54.4{\pm}20.2%$. The mean BIC % in the turned implant was $48.9{\pm}8.0%$. These differences between the Mg-implant and control implant were not statistically significant (P=0.264). In the limitation of this study, bone-to-implant contact (BIC) and bone area of Mg-incorporated oxidized implant were similar to machine-turned implant. The stability analysis showed no significantly different ISQ values and marginal bone loss between two groups. Considering time-dependent bone responses of Mg-implant, it seems that Mg-implants enhanced bone responses in early loading conditions and osseointegrated similarly to cp Ti implants in delayed loading conditions. However, further investigations are necessary to obtain long-term bone response of the Mg-implant in human.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.23-33
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• 2007

The lacrimal gland are compound tubule-acinar glands. The main lacrimal function is the production of the aqueous layer, the thickest and major constituent of the precorneal tear film. The lacrimal gland also has an important function in the defense system of the ocular surface, forming a part of the conjunctival-associated hymphoid tissue. The ultrastructural characteristics of the lacrimal gland of the rabbit were described. The lacrimal tissues of rabbits were processed through the conventional techniques for transmission electron microscopy. The secretory portions consisted of three cell types: 1. Serous cells with electron dense secretory granules. 2. Seromucous cells containing variable moderately electron dense secretory granules with flocculent material. 3. Mucous rolls containing mucous secretory granules. The serous cells were situated at the basal portion of acini, and they contained electron dense granules of variable densities and sizes. The seromucous cells contained a few protein secretory granules and more mucous secretory granules. The mucous cells contained even fewer protein secretory granules and exclusively mucous secretory granules. The epithelium of the intralobular ducts showed secretory granules, junctional complexes, and large basolateral intercellular spaces with lateral folds. These study might be helpful in determining inter-relationships, similarities and differences among the orbital glands of various physiological or pathological conditions.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.35-63
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• 1989

Geochemical characteristics of the Guryongsan (Ogcheon) uraniferous black slate show that this is an analogue to the conventional Chattanooga and Alum shales in occurrences. Whereas, its highest enrichment ratio in metals including uranium, among others, is explained by the cyclic sedimentation of the black muds and quartz-rich silts, and the uniform depositional condition with some what higher pH condition compared to the conditions of the known occurrences. The cyclic sedimentation, caused by the periodic open and close of the silled basin, has brought about the flush-out) of the uranium depleted water and the recharge with the new metal-rich sea water, which consequently contributed to the high concentration of metals in mud. The metal-rich marine black muds, which mostly occur in the early to middle Palaeozoic times, is attributed by the geologic conditions which related to the atmospheric oxygen contents, and these are scarcely met in the late Precambrian and/or with the onset of Palaeozoic era in the geologic evolution of the earth.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.3192-3202
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• 2014

This study has its purposes on analyzing specific features of the elements according to scales of 32 main buddhist sancta among wooden temples with gable roof that are nationally designated as cultural assets, and analyzing influences and proportional relations between main and submaterials, so that it could be basic and objective data for restore and repair cultural assets in the future. Results of the study are following. First of all, the average plane proportion of doritong (facade) and yangtong (side) in 3-room building is about 1.31:1, while it is 1.70:1 in 5-room building. Secondly, as a result of analyzing the locational proportion and thickness of pillars at each location, floor room turned out to have wider space between pillars than that of edge room or side room in both cases of 3 and 5-room buildings. In the mean time, for the average thickness of the pillars in 3-room building, it was 491mm for corner pillars, 433mm for general pillars in cases of 3-room building, while it was 595 and 511mm respectively in cases of 5-room building. The reason why corner pillars are 60~80mm thicker than general ones in average, is determined to considered structural stability and optical illusion. For the third, as a result of analyzing the influences on pillar thickness, eaves projection and eaves height according to the scale(dimension) of buildings, 3-room buildings have outstanding correlation as its scale(dimension) goes bigger, while 5-room ones are not very much influenced by its scale(dimension). For the fourth, as a result of the relation between pillars and eaves, both of 3 and 5-room buildings have longer-projected and higher eaves as their pillars go taller; especially height of eaves turns out to have very close relation between length of pillars. In addition to that, both of 3 and 5-room buildings have much projected eaves as the eaves go higher.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.453-460
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• 2010

Objectives: To evaluate the accuracy and consistency of two different apex locators at both the Apex and 0.5 marks. Materials and Methods: Twenty-six root canals was scheduled for extraction for periodontal or prosthodontic reasons. Thirteen canals were measured using Root ZX and the rest by i-ROOT. The root canal length was measured both the at 0.5 mark and the Apex mark. The file was then fixed to the toot, and the distance from the file tip to the major foramen of each canal was measured after removing the root dentin under the microscope so that the major foramen and the file tip were seen. Results: 1. When the Apex mark was used, 100% of both the Root ZX and i-ROOT groups were within 0.5 mm of the major foramen. 2. When 0.5 mark was used, 100% of the Root ZX group and 77% of the i-ROOT group were within 0.5 mm of the major foramen. 3. In terms of standard deviation and quartile value, the Apex mark was more consistent than 0.5 mark in the Root ZX group, and 0.5 mark was more consistent in the i-ROOT group, but there was no statistically significant difference when compared with t-test. 4. The root canal length difference between the Apex mark and 0.5 mark was 0.22 mm and 0.46 mm in the Root ZX and i-ROOT groups, respectively. Conclusions: In this study, the Apex mark was the more consistent mark. Therefore, it is recommended to subtract 0.5 mm, which is the average length between the apex and apical constriction, from the root canal length at the Apex mark to obtain the working length clinically.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.37-46
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• 2007

The C-shaped canal system is an anatomical variation mostly seen in mandibular second molars, although it can also occur in maxillary and other mandibular molars. The main anatomical feature of C-shaped canals is the presence of fins or web connecting the individual root canals. The complexity of C-shaped canals prevents these canals from being cleaned, shaped, and obturated effectively during root canal therapy, and sometimes it leads to an iatrogenic perforation from the extravagant preparation. The purpose of this study was to provide further knowledge of the anatomical configuration and the minimal thickness of dentinal wall according to the level of the root. Thirty extracted mandibular second molars with fused roots and longitudinal grooves on lingual or buccal surface of the root were collected from a native Korean population. The photo images and radiographs from buccal, lingual, apical direction were taken. After access cavity was prepared, teeth were placed in 5.25% sodium hypochlorite solution for 2 hours to dissolve the organic tissue of the root surface and from the root canal system. After bench dried and all the teeth were embedded in a self-curing resin. Each block was sectioned using a microtome (Accutom-50, Struers, Denmark) at interval of 1 mm. The sectioned surface photograph was taken using a digital camera (Coolpix 995, Nikon, Japan) connected to the microscope. 197 images were evaluated for canal configurations and the minimal thickness of dentinal wall between canal and external wall using 'Root Thickness Gauge Program' designed with Visual Basic. The results were as follows : 1. At the orifice level of all teeth, the most frequent observed configuration was Melton's Type C I (73%), however the patterns were changed to type C II and C III when the sections were observed at the apical third. On the other hand, the type C III was observed at the orifice level of only 2 teeth but this type could be seen at apical region of the rest of the teeth. 2. The C-shaped canal showed continuous and semi-colon shape at the orifice level, but at the apical portion of the canal there was high possibility of having 2 or 3 canals 3. Lingual wall was thinner than buccal wall at coronal, middle, apical thirds of root but there was no statistical differences.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.75-84
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• 2001

Background: The accidental swallowing of foreign body is a common problem in the children. Ingested foreign bodies may be managed by endoscopy, observation, or surgery. So we analyzed the methods of removal, type, location and complications of foreign bodies. Materials and Methods: This report reviewed 37 cases of ingested foreign body in the gastrointestinal tract at the Department of Pediatrics, Yeungnam University Hospital between January 1997 and April 2001. Results: The age ranged from 8 months to 8 years. The most prevalent age group was between 1 year and 2 years of age(19%). The male to female ratio was 2.1:1 with 25 male and 12 female patients. The type of foreign bodies were coins in 20 cases(54%), nail in 4 cases(11%), key in 4 cases(11%), pin in 2 cases(5.5%), necklace in 2 cases(5.5%) and others. The locations of foreign bodies were upper esophagus in 12 cases(32.5%), lower esophagus in 4 cases(10.8%), stomach in 16 cases(43.2%), small bowel in 5 cases(13.5%). 4. Presenting symptoms were variable with asymptomatic(59.4%), vomiting(19.0%), epigastric pain(8.1%), dysphagia(5.4%) and others. The methods for removal of foreign bodies included 20 cases of endoscopic removal(54.0%). 3 cases of spontaneous removal(8.1%) and there was no surgical removal. 14 cases(37.9%) did not confirmed removal of foreign body because of no revisit of our hospital. Endoscopic finding of patients were normal(15 cases), ulceration(2 cases), erosion(1 case), inflammation(1 case), mucosal scratch(1 case). Conclusion: It appears that the endoscopic approach is the preferable method for the removal of upper gastrointestinal foreign bodies in the children.