• Korean Security Journal
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• no.30
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• pp.139-169
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• 2012

The purpose of this study is to contribute to establishing the scientific policing policies through deriving the time series models that can forecast the occurrence of major crimes such as murder, robbery, burglary, rape, violence and identifying the occurrence of major crimes using the models. In order to achieve this purpose, there were performed the statistical methods such as Generation of Time Series Model(C) for identifying the forecasting models of time series, Generation of Time Series Model(C) and Sequential Chart of Time Series(N) for identifying the accuracy of the forecasting models of time series on the monthly incidence of major crimes from 2002 to 2010 using IBM PASW(SPSS) 19.0. The following is the result of the study. First, murder, robbery, rape, theft and violence crime's forecasting models of time series are Simple Season, Winters Multiplicative, ARIMA(0,1,1)(0,1,1), ARIMA(1,1,0 )(0,1,1) and Simple Season. Second, it is possible to forecast the short-term's occurrence of major crimes such as murder, robbery, burglary, rape, violence using the forecasting models of time series. Based on the result of this study, we have to suggest various forecasting models of time series continuously, and have to concern the long-term forecasting models of time series which is based on the quarterly, yearly incidence of major crimes.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.61-70
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• 2009

Seasonal changes of flora, vegetation structure, and primary production for the vascular plants were investigated in the disturbed bank, Daedaejae, one of the reinforced bank of Upo wetland, in Changnyeong-gun, Gyeongsangnam-do, Korea from October 2005 to October 2006. The flora of the whole study area, the fabricated and the non-fabricated bank area were composed of 78, 72, 75 taxa, respectively. Among all of them, hydrophytes, hygrophytes, and mesophytes were 3, 33, and 42 taxa, respectively. The naturalized plants were 20 taxa, which was 25.6% of 78 taxa distributed in the study area. Dominant species of the fabricated and the non-fabricated bank area was Equisetum arvense and Trifolium repens, respectively. Importance values of the naturalized plants such as Erigeron annuus, Humulus japonicus, Astragalus sinicus and Ambrosia artemisiifolia var. elatior were relatively high in both area. The species diversity indices(H') were 1.010~1.450, and those were relatively high in October and low in March in both area. Those of the non-fabricated bank area was higher than the fabricated bank area during the whole study period. The similarity indices(CCS) between two kinds of banks were 0.359~0.456, and was lowest in March and highest in August, the culmination period of the vascular plants. Net primary production in the fabricated bank area was $417.1\;g/m^2$, and those of Phragmites communis, Oenothera odorata, Miscanthus sacchariflorus were 179.5, 84.0, and $66.1\;g/m^2$, respectively. Net primary production in the nonfabricated bank area was $392.7\;g/m^2$, and those of Erigeron canadensis, Miscanthus sacchariflorus, and Phragmites communis were 102.5, 87.4, and $81.6\;g/m^2$, respectively.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.79-94
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• 2006

Spatio-temporal patterns in the zooplankton communities, physicochemical environmental factors, and dominant species were examined in Camak Bay from April, July, September, and November, 2003. A total of 40 taxa were sampled with a mean abundance of total zooplankton ranging from $270{\sim}1,803inds/m^3$. The most abundant species was Acartia erythraea, followed by Eurytemora pacifica, Podon polyphemoides, A. omorii, and Paracalanus parvus s. 1 during the study period. Multivariate analysis revealed significant differences in community structure among three regions: the middle part of the sampling area (B), sites 1, 2 (A) and other sites (C). The number of species and diversity (H') varied significantly among the three regions (p<0.05), but no differences in the mean abundances were observed (p>0.05). In order to investigate factors affecting the correlations between the abundance of dominant species, all zooplankton and environmental factors ware calculated using a correlation analysis. Of these, the abundance of dominant taxon showed positive correlation with seawater temperature, salinity and dissolved oxygen (p<0.05). In statistical analysis showed that the environmental factors influencing the variation of the communities ere predominantly temperature, salinity, and dissolved oxygen.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.115-132
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• 1992

This study was conducted to clarify the distribution pattern of macrobenthic soft-bottom dwelling animals near the shellfish farming ground in Chinhae Bay, Korea Sampling was seasonally performed with van Veen grab$(0.1m^2)$ from October 1990 to July 1991. Benthic animals collected during the study comprised 107 species which amounted to 6,978 individuals: 52 species from polychaetes$(48.6\%)$, 34 species from crustaceans$(31.8\%),$ 14 species from molluscs$(13.1\%)$ and 7 species from other faunal groups$(6.5\%)$. The dominant species were four polychaetes and one amphipod: Lumbrineis longifolia, Capitella capitate, Mediomastus sp., Sigambra tentaculata and Erictonius pugnax. The study area could be divided into 3 regions based on the faunal similarity which was closely related to the content of organic matter in the surface sediment. The benthic community located near the shellfish farming ground showed large spatial and seasonal variations in species diversity and evenness in contrast to the stable values off the farming area. The oxygen deficient water mass below 2 ml/l In thi bottom layer during the summer stressed and depauperated the benthic community in the autumn of 1990. However, the benthic community did recover during the winter. It is postulated that the cyclic phenomenon of summer mortality followed by winter recovery may be a common characteristic in benthic communities subjected to a high level of organic pollution.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.374-384
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• 1999

Benthic marine algal flora and community structure of Yongho-dong area in Pusan, Korea were investigated seasonally in intertidal and subtidal zones by a quadrat method along 5 transect lines from July 1996 to April 1997. In this area, a total of 99 species including 3 blue-green, 13 green, 26 brown and 57 red algae was found. Among them, 33 taxa, together with dominant Ulva pertusa and Corallina pilulifera, occurred throughout the year. Enteromorpha spp. and Ulva spp. vertically distributed in upper and middle zone, while Simphyocladia latiuscula, Chondria crassicaulis, Corallina pilulifera and Sargassum sup. in lower zones. Biomass per unit area exhibited a wide range of variation, from 1,241 g/$m^2$(spring) to 1,648 g/$m^2$(summer) in fresh weight. Maximum and minimum species diversity were recorded in spring and autumn, respectively. Results of the UPGAM cluster analysis suggest that the examined 5 sites can be divided into two groups, sites exposed to open sea (transects 1, 2, 3) and comparatively sheltered sites (transects 4, 5) faced with the Pusan Harbor. The former group is represented by large brown algae, Sargassum and Hizikia, while Ulva pertusa and Lomentaria species are mainly found in the latter group. A calcareous alga, Corallina pilulifera occurred dominantly in both groups throughout the year. In conclusion, number of species in this area was remarkably reduced as compared to the previous data. This result may suggest probably more change of algal vegetation in future, considering the physical and chemical pollutions loaded in the coastal marine environment of this area.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.24-31
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• 2014

This study was conducted to clarify the seasonal and elevational pattern of herbivore's feeding pattern in a temperate deciduous forest. We investigated the herbivore's feeding activity for three years (2011~2013) at three survey sites in Mt. Jirisan National Park (Piagol, Siamjae, Nogodan). We selected target tree species based on the dominance across the sites (Quercus, Acer, Rhododendron and Carpinus) and scored herbivore's feeding activity every one or two weeks from April to June using leaf damage index. We found that the herbivory started early at the low elevation site (Piagol, ${\approx}300m$), and the highest feeding activity occurred at the mid elevation site (Siamjae, ${\approx}900m$). At the highest elevation site (Nogodan, ${\approx}1300m$), the herbivory started late, but the total feeding activity accumulated quickly. Compared to the breeding time of Varied tit, an insectivore bird, it was overlapped with the feeding activity period of herbivores, suggesting close interaction among plants, insects and birds in this deciduous forest. We suggested a need of long-term monitoring of this tri-trophic interaction since duration of herbivore activity can be changed followed by climate change.

• Journal of Korean Society of Coastal and Ocean Engineers
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.120-127
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• 2012

Exploratory data analysis was carried out by using the long-term wave climate data in Sokcho coastal zone. The main features found in this study are as follows. The coefficient of variations on the wave height and period are about 0.11 and 0.02, respectively. It also shows that the annual components of the wave height and period are dominant and their amplitudes are 0.24 m and 0.56 seconds, respectively. The amount of intra-annual variation range is about two times greater than that of the inter-annual variation range. The distribution shapes of the wave data are very similar to the log-normal and GEV(generalized extreme value) functions. However, the goodness-of-fit tests based on the KS test show as "rejected" for all suggested density functions. Then, the structure of the timeseries wave height data is roughly estimated as AR(3) model. Based on the wave duration results, it is clearly shown that the continuous and maximum duration is decreased as a power function shape and the total duration is exponentially decreased. Meanwhile, the environment of the Sokcho coastal zone is classified as a wave-dominated environment.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.137-145
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• 2014

Rice-barley double cropping system is typical in southwestern part of South Korea. However, the information of carbon dioxide ($CO_2$) exchange for barley growing season has still limited in comparison with rice. Using the eddy covariance (EC) technique, seasonal variation of $CO_2$ exchange was analyzed for the barley growing season at a rice-barley double cropping field in Gimje, Korea. The effects of environmental factors and biomass on the $CO_2$ flux also were investigated. Quality control and gap-filling of flux data were conducted before this analysis and investigation. The results indicated that $CO_2$ uptake increased rapidly at tillering stage and maximum net ecosystem exchange of $CO_2$ (NEE) occurred at the early of May, 2012 ($-11.2gCm^{-2}d^{-1}$), when the heading of barley occurred. NEE, gross primary production (GPP), and ecosystem respiration (Re) during the barley growing season were -348.0, 663.3, and $315.2gCm^{-2}$, respectively. In this study, an attempt has been made to measure NEE, GPP, and Re with the help of the EC system for the barley growing season for the first time in Korea, focusing on $CO_2$ exchange between the biosphere and the atmosphere.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.273-281
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• 2013

Based on the results of continuous flux measurements at the Gimje paddy flux site in the southwestern coast of Korea, carbon dioxide and energy exchanges between customarily cultivated rice-barley double cropping paddy field and the atmosphere during the 2012 rice growing season (from $9^{th}$ Jun. 2012 through $20^{th}$ Oct. 2012) were analyzed. Carbon dioxide and energy (H, LE) fluxes were estimated by the eddy covariance method. Environmental parameters (net radiation, precipitation, etc.) and plant biomass (LAI, plant height, etc.) were measured along with fluxes. After the quality control and gap-filling, the observed fluxes were analyzed. The results have been showed that net ecosystem exchange (NEE), gross primary production (GPP), and ecosystem respiration (Re) during the rice cropping period were -277.1, 710.3, and 433.2 g C $m^{-2}$, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.232-241
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• 2010

Epilithic diatom communities and water quality were monitored to evaluate the ecological impact of the inflow of Wonju-stream passing through the urban area in the Seom River Watershed. We selected the 14 sampling stations (5 main stream sites and 9 tributary sites), and collected diatom and water samples between October 2007 and September 2008, on the seasonal basis. The results indicate that most water quality parameters showed the site-specific patterns over the study, except for water temperature and dissolved oxygen. The levels of water quality parameters were highest at the site of Wonju stream, whereas the lowest in the upstream sites, and intermediate or gradually decreased in the downstream sites of the Seom river. One species, Achnanthes convergens, showed the highest biomass and frequency over the sites, while three saprophilous species-Navicula goeppertiana, Navicula subminuscula, Nitzschia palea were appeared only in Wonju Stream and other polluted sites. According to trophic diatom index (TDI) values, which were highly correlated with nutrients and EC, the study sites were classified into three classes: upstream and tributary (Class A and B), Wonju Stream (Class D), and mixed zone and downstream (Class C). A cluster analysis supported the result of TDI classification. Therefore, Wonju-stream located in populated urban area exerted the adverse ecological effects on the epilithic diatom community and water quality of the lower Seom River System, although its severity gradually decreased downstream.