• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2010.05a
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• pp.1600-1604
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• 2010

본 연구에서는 도시화나 지리지형적 특성에 따른 강수량의 분포와 추세를 분석하였다. 이를 위하여 서울을 포함하여 전국 56개 기후관측지점에서 1973년부터 2006년까지의 강수량 자료를 수집하여 분석을 실시하였다. 분석을 위하여 계절적 영향을 고려하여 1월, 4월, 7월 그리고 10월의 월평균 일별과 연평균 일별 강수량 추세를 분석하였다. 그리고 이들 연구지역에 대해서 GIS 분석을 이용하여 지리지형적 특성을 파악하였고, 도시화 정도를 파악하기 위하여 토지피복자료를 분석하였다. 연구결과 연평균 일별 강수량 추세는 대부분의 연구지역에서 증가하고 있으며, 4월과 10월의 강수량은 감소추세에 있고, 1월과 7월의 경우 증가추세에 있는 것으로 나타났다. 도시화 영향을 고려할 때, 강수량 변화는 연별이나 7월의 경우 증가추세를 보이나 1, 4, 10월 강수량의 경우 감소추세를 보였다. 또한 도시화율이나 해안 근접성과 비교하여 연구지역의 평균고도는 연평균 및 월평균 강수량 추세에 가장 중요한 영향을 미치고 있음을 알 수 있었다.

• Sleep Medicine and Psychophysiology
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.26-32
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• 2007

Objectives: Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene polymorphism has been reported to be associated with depression and therapeutic outcome in depression. The purpose of this study was to determine whether ACE gene polymorphism is associated with seasonal variation in mood and behavior in a young Korean college student sample. Methods: 297 young Korean medical students were recruited in this study. All subjects were free of major medical and psychiatric problems. They were genotyped for the ACE gene polymorphism and evaluated the seasonal variation in mood and behavior by the Seasonality Pattern Assessment Questionnaire (SPAQ). Results: Global Seasonality Score (GSS) of SPAQ between three genotypes were not different. However, comparison of the group that showed seasonality of mood and behavior during winter with the group that did not showed seasonality indicated significant difference in genotype distribution ($x^2=6.79$, p=0.034). The D allele non-carrier (ll genotype) frequency was significantly higher in winter seasonality group than non-seasonality group ($x^2=6.59$, p=0.010；odds ratio [OR]=2.27, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.20-4.28). Conclusion: These results suggest that the ACE gene polymorphism is related to winter-type seasonality in a Korean population.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.103-111
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• 2016

Seasonal dynamics of kelp forest-forming algae, Ecklonia cava population formed following the large-scale disturbance by Typhoon 'Bolaven' in August 2012 were investigated in Jeju Island, Korea. Morphological characteristics, recruits density, mortality rate, total density and biomass were monitored bimonthly from June 2013 to June 2015. Total and longest blade lengths, and individual weight of E. cava showed distinct seasonal trends. Stipe length increased from winter to spring, but did not show increase or reduced from summer to autumn. This indicates that morphological characteristics of E. cava are mainly affected by the change of blades. The optimal temperature for E. cava growth was about $15-18^{\circ}C$ during winter to spring while the growths were inhibited at the water temperature above $20^{\circ}C$ during summer. E. cava exhibited very low recruitment during spring-summer. However, high recruitment was observed on April 2015 when canopy cover was very low due to low density. This indicates that recruitment of E. cava was controlled not by seasonal effects but by physical factors such as canopy and space. The mortality rate of juvenile plants was highest due to their unstable settlement. By June 2015, 34 months after the disturbances, E. cava was almost recovered to the pre-disturbance population size structure. These results suggest that recovery of kelp forest following the large-scale disturbance requires a considerable period of time (more than three years). This study should provide valuable ecological information on management, restoration and protection of kelp species.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.38 no.6
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• pp.742-749
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• 2009

In order to establish the basic scientific data on the fermentation characteristics of chonggak kimchi (CGK), we studied with CGKs prepared at different seasons and stored at various temperatures ($5{\sim}23^{\circ}C$). Changes in pH and acidity of CGK fermented at different temperatures were typical. However, acidity of summer CGK stored under $15^{\circ}C$ did not reach 1.0% since the amount of reducing sugar in the summer radish was lower by over 1% than the ones from the other seasons. Growths for Leuconostoc and Lactobacillus spp. over 8.0 logCFU/mL were observed in CGKs fermented above $10^{\circ}C$. Changes in Max G, cutting force, of CGK from different seasons were apparent. Max Gs for spring and summer CGK were decreased immediately right after storage while Max Gs for winter CGKs were increased slowly during storage. According to the results of sensory evaluation, CGKs revealed the highest overall acceptability when acidity of kimchi reached $0.7{\pm}0.1%$ under the given fermentation condition. However, CGK prepared with radish from winter or summer season tasted better than the one made in the spring. But the edible periods for winter CGKs were longer, compared with summer CGKs fermented at the same temperature. In conclusion, CGK fermented at $10^{\circ}C$ in the winter season gives a better taste with longer edible duration than the other CGKs.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.85-92
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• 2005

The performance of a novel fermentation process, adopting a sludge blanket type configuration for higher hydrolysis/acidogenesis of the municipal primary sludge, was investigated under batch and semi-continuous conditions with various pH and temperature conditions. This acid elutriation slurry reactor provided higher system performance with a short HRT (5 days) and higher acidogenic effluent quality under pH 9 and thermophilic ($55^{\circ}C$) conditions. The hydrolysis of the sludge was revealed to be significantly dependent on seasonal effects for sludge characteristics but with little impact on acidogenesis. Based on the rainy season at the optimum conditions, VFA production and recovery fraction ($VFA_{COD}/COD$) were $0.18\;g\;VFA_{COD}\;g^{-1}\;VSS_{COD}$ and 63%. As byproducts, nitrogen and phosphorus releasing were $0.006\;g\;N\;g^{-1}\;VSS_{COD}$ and $0.003\;g\;P\;g^{-1}\;VSS_{COD}$, respectively. For the mass balance in a full-scale plant($Q=158,880\;m^3\;day^{-1}$) based on the rainy season, the VFA and non-VFA(as COD) production were $3,110\;kg\;VFA_{COD}\;day^{-1}$ and $1,800\;kg\;COD\;day^{-1}$, resulting in an increase of organics of $31\;mg\;COD\;L^{-1}$ and $20\;mg\;VFA_{COD}\;L^{-1}$ and nutrients of $0.7\;mg\;N\;L^{-1}$ and $0.3\;mg\;P\;L^{-1}$ in the influent sewage. The economical benefit from this process application was estimated to be about $67 per $1,000m^3$ of sewage except for energy requirements and also, better benefits can be expected during the dry season. Also, the results revealed that the process has various additional advantages such as pathogen-free stabilized solids production, excellent solids control and economical benefits.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.668-678
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to estimate seasonal variation of nutritional intake and quality in adults in longevity areas. Dietary survey was given to 469 subjects over age 20 living Bukjeju-gun, Yecheon-gun, and Sunchang-gun of Korea, using 24-hour recall method every 4 seasons over one-year period. The mean daily intakes (%RDA) of 4 seasons were 1313.3 ㎉ (72.0%) for energy, 47.3 g (82.2%) for protein, 20.2 g for fat, 228.0 g for carbohydrate, 12.8 g for dietary fiber. The differences were hardly significant among the seasons. Mean daily intakes of most of the vitamins and minerals were lower than RDA except vitamin C and folate, especially %RDAs of Ca, vitamin D, vitamin B$_2$, vitamin E were less than 60% of RDA. In general, nutrient intake were high in spring compared to other seasons except vitamin C which was high in fall and winter. Mean daily intakes of cholesterol were 151.7 mg and 124.3 mg in males and females, respectively. The differences was significant between the two sexes but not among the seasons. PUFA : MUFA : SFA ratio of the subject was 1.0 : 1.3 : 1.2. Average CPF ratio of energy intake was 72.7 : 14.4 : 12.9, and energy intake ratio from carbohydrate was low in spring, in contrast energy intake ratios from protein was significantly high in spring. Mean adequacy ratio (MAR), an index of overall nutritional quality was 0.64 for female and 0.71 for male. The indices of nutritional quality (INQ) were over 1 for most of nutrients except 0.73 of Ca, 0.87 of vitamin A, 0.69 of vitamin B$_2$, and 0.65 of vitamin E. Both MAR and INQ were significantly different among sex and seasons, values were higher in males than in females and were higher in spring with the exception of vitamin C. In conclusion, subjects in longevity areas did not consume enough nutrients quantitatively as well as qualitatively, especially Ca, vitamin A, vitamin B$_2$, and vitamin E. Also mean daily intakes of most of vitamins and minerals were insufficient in females, and were significantly different among season. Therefore we must consider a counterplan to augment nutrition intake for them. In addition, it seems to be essential to micro nutrients to the food composition database to estimate dietary intakes more accurately.

• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2010.11a
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• pp.122.1-122.1
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• 2010

수평형 지중열교환기의 지중온도 및 지중열전도도를 분석하기 위해서 경기테크노파크 화단에 수평형 지중열교환기를 설치하였다. 수평형 지중열교환기는 수평 길이 50m, 폭 2.7m, 깊이 2m에 파이프 규격 30mm, 파이프 길이 400m 1본을 매설하였다. 2009년 7월부터 2010년 5월까지 총 7회에 걸쳐 현장열응답방식을 이용하여 지중열전도도를 측정하였다. 측정결과를 분석해보면 수평형 지중열교환기의 지중온도는 계절적인 영향을 많이 받았으며, 지중열전도도는 계절적인 요인과는 무관하게 $1.51{\pm}0.1W/mk$ 범위에서 잘 일치함을 보였다. 이러한 결과로서 수평형 지중열교환기의 현장열응답시험은 현장설치 조건을 모두 반영한 결과를 도출할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Fisheries Technology Conference
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• 2002.10a
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• pp.133-134
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• 2002

제주해협에 접해 있는 한국남해연안역은 대체로 50m미만의 천해로써 제주해협에 비해 계절별로 하계에 저온ㆍ고염분수, 동계에 저온ㆍ저염분수가 출현해 해협내 연중 전선을 형성하는 해역으로서 특히, 한국 남해연안역에 위치해 있는 추자도 주변해역은 지형적 특성상 대마난류수, 한국 남해연안수와 중국대륙연안수, 황해저층냉수 등 이러한 이질수괴들이 시기와 계절별로 서로 상접하여 복잡한 해황을 형성하는 해역이다(Rho, 1985, 최, 1989, 김ㆍ노, 1994, Yoon, 1986, Rhoㆍ평야, 1983). (중략)

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Fisheries Technology Conference
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• 2003.05a
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• pp.134-135
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• 2003

한국 남동 해역은 대한해협을 통과한 대마난류가 연중 연안을 따라 북상하며 계절적인 변동과 함께 하계의 용승 현상 등으로 중요한 지역이다. 그러나 지금까지 이 지역에 대한 장기간의 해류 관측이 이루어진 일이 거의 없으며, 최근에 Jacobs et al. (2001)의 장기 관측에서도 유일하게 실패한 곳이 울산근해였다. 본 연구에서는 1997년 하계에 해류와 조석을 장기간 관측하여 조류의 특성을 파악하고자 하였다. (중략)

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.82-92
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• 2012

In this study, we identified spatial and temporal patterns of reservoir trophic state within Keum-river watershed and analyzed correlations between chlorophyll-$a$ (Chl-$a$) and water quality parameters including conductivity and total phosphorus (TP). The reservoirs were separated into three trophic categories by the criteria of TP: 2 oligotrophic (9.3~9.4 ${\mu}g\;L^{-1}$), 15 mesotrophic (10.3~19.2 ${\mu}g\;L^{-1}$), and 14 eutrophic reservoirs (38.9~117.1 ${\mu}g\;L^{-1}$). Water quality parameters such as conductivity, TP, and Chl-$a$ reflected rainfall patterns, and the patters of annual mean TP were similar to the variation of annual mean Chl-$a$. Empirical models of Chl-$a$ against TP in reservoirs showed that statistical significance ($p$ <0.05) occurred in only some seasons and the trophic relations were modified by a washing-out effect or high non-algal light attenuation.