• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.344-352
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• 2016

The goal of this study was to identify the water temperature and sound environment of oviposition sites of the Huanren brown frog (Rana huanrensis), which breeds in valleys in early spring. The study was conducted in Chiak National Park, central Korea, between March 23 and April 24, 2015. Correlation analysis of the physical factors of oviposition sites revealed that the number of egg clutches was positively correlated (p < 0.05) with the water temperature and negatively correlated (p < 0.05) with the sound volume of the oviposition sites. However, no correlation was found between clutch number and the total area or depth of water. The water temperature of the oviposition sites was $2.2^{\circ}C$ higher on average than that of the mainstream (p < 0.001). To avoid the low early spring temperatures, R. huanrensis spawned in sites with accumulated water, in which the depths were less than 10cm and the temperature was relatively high. Further, eggs were spawned in clusters in small spaces to maximize the thermal insulation effect. In terms of noise levels, oviposition sites were found to be 6.9 dB quieter than the mainstream (p<0.001). In conclusion, R. huanrensis was found to spawn in warm, quiet, and small oviposition sites in valleys to avoid low early spring temperatures and loud water noise. This study is significant because it is the first to characterize the sound environment of amphibian oviposition sites.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.45-54
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• 2014

This study was carried out to investigate the ecological succession sere and conservative value, and to provide the basic data in Woonsooam Valley, in Jogyesan (Mt.) (altitude 884m), Suncheon City, Korea by analysing the structure of the plant community. Fifteen plots (size is $20m{\times}20m$) were set up at an altitude of range from 255m to 495m. As a result of analysis of DCA which is one of the ordination technique, the plant communities were divided into five groups which are community I (Pinus densiflora community), community II (Quercus variabilis-Quercus serrata community), community III (Q. serrata-Q. variabilis community), and community IV (Carpinus tschonoskii-Q. serrata community) and community v(Deciduous broad-leaved forest community). We found out that the vegetation of the study site located in the South Temperate Climate Zone. The study site is found out that Q. serrata community 34.4%, part of slope in valley is the distribution that dominant species is Q. serrata-Q. variabilis community 32.1%. And in valley showed Carpinus tschonoskii community 5.5%. And Sasa borealis was dominant species in the shrub layer. We couldn't supposed that the ecological succession sere of the study site, however we should do a long-term monitoring to investigate the changes of the ecological succession each plant community, According to the index of Shannon's diversity (unit: $400m^2$), community III was ranged from 1.0102 to 1.1013, community V was 0.9945, community II was ranged from 0.7913 to 1.1503, community IV was ranged from 0.8081 to 1.0749 and community I was 0.9273.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.194-207
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• 2009

The study is to suggest a management method for improvement of natural and cultural landscape of Hwayang valley which is degraded in Songnisan National Park. It was carried out to study original shape of landscape of it and analyse nine major properties of Hoayang Gugok, based on old literatures. The landscape of Gugok was composed of rocks and small ponds, Pinus densiflora community and most of them were degraded by the situation of covered rocks by growth of vegetation, destructed small ponds by sedimented sands and degradation of natural landscape by artificial forest. Vegetation landscape of artificial forest composed of Populus tomentiglandulosa, Robinia pseudo-acacia, Pinus koraiensis in periphery of the valley was not matched with natural landscape. The goal of landscape management was established to conserve natural and cultural landscape in Joseon Dynasty. For this, It was needed to protect landscape values of gugok through the management of vegetation and visitors. In addition, it was required to provide opportunity to easily access to the landscape of Gugok. As a management method of vegetation, it was suggested to maintain P. densiflora community and to restore artificial forest to natural forest through the density management.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.457-464
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• 2003

A valley forest in Sangbuun area at Jirisan National Park was studied to investigate forest structure in relation to altitude and part of the slope. Forty-eight quadrats were set up in the valley forest along altitude of 726m to 1,090m and part of the slope, and vegetation analysis for the woody species in the tree and subtree layers were carried out. With increasing elevation belt, mean DBH, height and basal area of the trees in the tree layer increased while their density decreased. This trends may be caused by the disturbance which was relatively severe in the low elevation area. As elevation increased, the importance percentages of Fraxinus rhynchophylla, Quercus variabilis and Quercus mongolica increased while those of Styyax japonicus, Carpinus laxiflora and Pinus densiflora decreased. The importance percentages of Quercus variabilis and Pinus densiflora increased as going from lower part to upper part of the slope. However, the opposite trend was found for the importance percentages of Acer mono and Corlus heterophylla var. thunbergii. Number of species and species diversity decreased as increasing elevation and going from lower part to upper part of the slope. According to importance percentage and cluster analysis, the valley forest was classified into three forest communities of Quercus serrata-broad-leaved tree species community in lower part of the slope at low elevation belt, middle elevation belt and middle and upper parts of the slope at high elevation belt, Pinus dnsiflora-Quercus serrata community in middle and upper parts at low elevation belt, and Quercus mongolica-broad-leaved tree species community in lower part of the slope at high elevation belt and top area.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.68-73
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• 1994

For a few people's leisure, the natural environment have being deteriorated ceaseless. The plan of the Chungchongpuk Province and the Yungdong District in Chungchongpuk-do which drive foreword the sport and leasure complex designed to construct ski slopes, golf course, and resort hotel in 6,000,000 $m^2$ of natural ecosystem around the Mulhan Valley at Mulhan-ri Sangchon-myon Yungdong-kun Chung-chcngbuk-do by Dongsin Leisure have concerned decrease on biological diversity serious. This study carried out by census Amphibia and Reptilia fauna in the Mulhan Valley to expect the impact of animal diversity by construction of leasure complex and to call attention to understand that impact. 8 species in 5 Families of 2 Orders in Amphibia and 5 species in 2 Families of 1 Order in Reptilia were observed in the Mulhan Valley during June 24, 1994 to June 25, 1994 which showed to be similar to the Natural Park in Korea. 4 of 8 species in Amphibia(Hynobius leechii, Onychodactylus fischeri, Bufo bufo gargarizans, and Rana dybowskii) and 3 of 5 species in Reptilia(Eluphe rufodorsata, Dinodon rufodonatum rufodonatum, and Agkistrodon saxatilus) were revealed the Special Wild Animal recorded by the Ministry of Environment in 1993. Therefore, the Minjujisan seems to have highly reason to conservation by these animal diversity. Around the Minjujisan province was significant connecting the Taebaek Mountains and the Sobaek Mountains on biogeographically with Dokyusan National Park. The plan of Leasure complex in the Mulhan Valley should be cancel in consideration of destruction around the Dokyusan National Park severely by the Muju Resort, Ski slopes, etc. The Minjujisan must be conserve to the Zone of Natural Environment on Amphibia and Reptilia diversity and animal migration route.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.107-120
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• 1995

To investigate the forest structure of Chuwang valley of Chuwangsan National Park, thirty plots were set up and surveyed. Importance values, DBH class distribution, species diversity indices, DCA Ordination, CCA ordiantion and TWINSPAN classification were used for vegetational structure analysis. Pinus densiflora Quercus serata, Q. mongolica, Q. variabilis were appeared to be dominant species in thirty plots. According to the analysis of classification by TWINSPAN, the thirty plots divided four groups. Groups were Q. mongolica-P. densiflora-Carpinus laxiflora community(I), P. densiflora-Q. variabilis community(II), Q. serrata-Q. variabilis community(III), broad-leaved mixed community(IV) Species diversity(H') of investigated area was calculated 1.17~l.32. The successional trend was seemed to be from P. densiflora to Q. spp. in the canopy layer.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.401-407
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• 2002

Fishfauna were investigated in the Taebaeksan area streams. At the upper tributary of the Han River, 8 species of 4 families were collected and the dominant species was Rynchocypris oxycephalus. The two species, Rynchocypris kumgangensis and Silurus microdorsalis were Korean endemic species. Brachymystax lenok tsinlingensis, designated as a natural monument and vulnerable species was confirmed at the Jeongam-sa area streams At the upper streams of the Nakdong River, collected fishes were identified as 14 species of 7 families. The dominant Species was R. oxycephalus and subdominant Zacco temmincki. Korean endemic species were 8species(51.7%), Coreoleuciscus splendidus, Squalidus gracilis majimae, Microphysogobio yaluensis, Niwaella multifasciata, Silurus microdorsalis, Liobagrus mediadiposalis, Coreoperca herzi and Odontobutis platycephala. Brachymystax lenok tsinlingensis were confirmed at the Hyundong-Chon Stream and Baek-chon stream.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.42-50
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• 1989

A valley and a ridge forest in Mt. Gaya area was studied to investigate forest structure in relation to altitude and part of slope. Sixty-three quadrats were set up in the valley forest along altitude of 600m to 1,000m and part of slope, and thirty-eight quadrats were set up in the ridge forest along altitude of 700m to 1,430m. According to the importance values, the valley forest was Quercus mongolica-Lespedeza maximowiczii community and the ridge forest was Pinus densiflora, Quercus mongolica-Rhododendron mucronulatum community. Similarity index between the valley forest community and the ridge forest community was 37.2%. Shannon's species diversities of the valley forest community and the ridge forest community were 1.3402 and 1.0098, respectively. According to importance values by crown stories and DCA ordination, successional trends of tree species may be from Pinus densiflora and Pinus koraiensis through Quercus mongolica to Quercus serrata and Carpinus laxiflora. As going from the lower part to upper part of the slope in the valley forest, the importance values of Quercus mongolica, Quercus aliena, Rhododendron mucronulatum and Lespedeza maximowiczii increased while those of Carpinus laxiflora and Fraxinus rhynchophylla decreased. With increasing elevation in the valley and ridge forest, the importance value of Pinus densiflora decreased while that of Quercus mongolica increased. In the valley forest, densities of canopy and shrubstratum increased as increasing elevation, and the number of species and species diversity decreased as increasing elevation and going from the lower part to the upper of slope. The range of similarity indices between parts of the slope, and the elevation belts of 100m in the valley forest were 66.6-69.2 and 25.9-79.8%, respectively. In the ridge forest, density and basal area of canopy tended to decreased as increasing elevation, and the range of similarity indices between elevation belts of 100m was 27.9-98.2%.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.238-251
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• 2001

본 연구는 계룡산국립공원 동학사 계곡의 식물군집구조를 파악하기 위하여 실시되었으며, 10cm$\times$10m(100$\m^2$) 조사구를 52개 설정하여 식생조사를 실시하였다. 52개 조사구는 TWINSPAN에 의한 classifi-cation 분석과 DCA ordination 분석을 통하여 소나무군집(16개 조사구), 밤나무군집(4개 조사구), 신갈나무군집(5개 조사구), 졸참나무군집(13개 조사구), 느티나무군집(4개 군집), 서어나무군집(10개 조사구)으로 나누어졌다. 6개 군집의 천이경향을 살펴보면 소나무군집, 신갈나무군집, 졸참나무군집,느티나무군집은 각 층위별 안정된 층위구조로 현상태를 유지할 것이며, 밤나무구닙은 참나무류를 거쳐 서어나무로의 천이가 진행될 것으로 판단되었고, 서어나무군집은 졸참나무와 굴참나무군집으로 퇴행천이될 것이다. 6개 군집의 Shannon의 종다양도지수는 1.2732~1.4699이었다.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 1991

The flora of the Hwaomsa Valley in Chirisan National Park, Chollanam-do, Korea, was investigated during May 5-7, July 10-13, and September 28-30, 1990. The number of vascular plants which investigated in the present study were enumerated as 2 classes, 31 orders, 83 families, 175 genera, 216 species, 24 varieties, and 7 forma.