• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.61-66
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• 1997

This study was carried out to investigate the toxicological effects of carbofuran on the histological and fine structures in the kidney, liver, and brain of rat and also to clarify compensatory effects of phenobarbital sodium (PB) and 3-methylcholanthrene(3-MC) on the carbofuran toxicity. SPF albino rats were treated with carbofuran(3.8mg/kg), PB(60mg/kg), 3-MC(60mg/kg), carbofuran+PB, carbofuran+3-MC and subjected to the light microscopic study. In the kidney of rat, hemorrhage and extremely atropic change of renal corpuscles were frequently observed at 48 hrs after carbofuran treatment. Combination treatment groups of carbofuran and PB or 3-MC showed atrophic changes were largely recovered at 6 hrs, and the tissue findings of the kidney became similar to those of control group at 48 hrs after treatment. In the liver of rat treated only carbofuran, the degenerative and necrotic changes of hepatic lobules were frequently observed at 48 hrs after carbofuran treatment. Combination treatment of carbofuran and PB or 3-MC showed the hepatic lobules were similar to those of control groups at 6 hrs after the combination treatment. In the brain of rat treated with carbofuran alone, degenerative changes and dilation of capillary vessel of cerebral cortexes were observed at 48hrs after treatment. Combination treatment of carbofuran and PB or carbofuran and 3-MC showed the cerebral cortexes were similar to those of control groups at 6 hrs after the treatment. These results suggest that PB and 3-MC could regenerate the toxicity of carbofuran to the tissue of kidney, liver and brain of rat.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.313-317
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• 1998

This study was perfonned to investigate the possible effect of Bacillus subtilis which is the predominant species of bacteria in Korean soy sauce, soy paste, and Meju (soybean cake) on the growth and aflatoxin production of Aspergillus parasiticus ATCC 15517. The microorganisms were grown in a modified APT broth and incubated at $30^{\circ}C$ for 12 days. Aflatoxins were determined using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). A remarkable inhibition of the growth of Aspergillus parasiticus was observed during the incubation period when in the presence of B. subtilis (mixed culture). Dry mycelial weight in the mixed culture was significantly reduced by 85.3% in comparison to the control at the end of the incubation period (p<0.01). Lower levels of aflatoxins were found in the mixed culture than in the monoculture. At the end of the incubation period aflatoxin production was significantly inhibited by more than 50% (p<0.05). These results indicate that B. subtilis mainly inhibites the growth and aflatoxin production of toxigenic Aspergillus in Meju, soy sauce and soy paste. Although its effect on aflatoxin production was less pronounced, we could expect more inhibition by another bacteria related with fermentation in Meju.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.77-83
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• 1996

Effects of insecticide carbofuran and Phenobarbital sodium(PB) or 3-methylcholanthrene(3-MC) on activities of several enzymes in israeli carps were investigated. Survival number of Israeli carp was the same as that of control when PB and 3-MC only was treated, individually and that was low compared to control when carbofuran only was treated. But survival rate of Israeli carp was high compared to individual treatment of carbofuran when combination treatment of carbofuran and PB or 3-MC was carried out. These results indicate that PB and 3-MC can intervene to detoxify carbofuran exposed to israeli carp. In in vivo test for the effect of this chemicals on activity of enzyme in israeli carp, activities of acetylcholinesterase(AChE) and glutathione S-transferase(GST) were inhibited in carbofuran treatment, but did not in combination treatment of carbofuran and P3 or 3-MC. Activities of UDP-glucuronosyltransfe-rase (UDPGT) and cytochrome P-450-dependent monooxygenase increased in individual or combined treatments of carbofuran and PB or 3-MC. These results suggest that a simultaneous application of carbofuran and PB or 3-MC is critical for the enhancement of activity of AChE, GST, UDPGT and monooxygenase and the protection of Israeli carp from carbofuran toxicity.

• Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.39-57
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• 1996

미국은 이제까지 서구 백인문화 중심적으로 간호학을 발전시켜왔다. 그러나 국제적인 세계화 흐름과 함께 이제까지 경시되어 왔던 소수 민족들에게 차츰 관심을 모으고 있다. 이러한 간호학의 추세와 함께 재미 한인들의 증가는 간호학 내의 한인들에 대한 문화적 지식의 확대를 필요로 하게 하였다. 이민이라는 과정을 통해서 이민자들은 새로운 가치관. 태도. 사회적 규범을 획득하게 되는데. 이러한 변화는 신체적. 정신적 건강에 부정적으로 영향을 미치는 것으로 보고되고 있다. 또한 이러한 이민 적응과정에서 오는 어려움 들은 이민자 들이 건강관리를 효과적으로 하지 못하게 하는 주원인으로 보고되고 있다. 이 연구에서는 재미 한인들의 건강관리실천을 그들의 초기 이민 과정에서 겪게 되는 여러 경험에 초점을 맞추면서 면담조사와 사례 연구를 통하여 살펴보았다. 임의 표본 추출된 미국 캘리포니아주 오클랜드에 있는 한 한인 교회의 20명의 교민들을 대상으로 그들의 초기 이민경험과 건강관리 실천에 관한 면담 조사가 이루어졌으며 대상자 중 3인을 대상으로 하여 사례 연구가 이루어졌다. 연구 결과, 재미 한인들은 타이민자들에 비해 소규모 사업에 종사하는 경우가 많고 높은 취업 율에 비해 낮은 수인을 가지는 것으로 나타났다. 한인들은 타이민자들에 비해 좀 더 보수적이며 그들의 문화와 관습을 가능한 한 고수하는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 한인들은 사회 참여와 대인 관계에 있어서 한인 사회에만 한정되게 활동하는 것으로 나타났다. 재미 한인들은 한인 사회 내에서 강력한 사회적 유대관계를 유지하는 것으로 나타났으며, 가족의 영향력이 타민족들에 비하여 강한 것으로 나타났다 언어 장벽이 가장 큰 문제로 보고되고 있으며 비록 성공적으로 미국 사회에 적응을 하더라도 계속적인 경제적인 생존 노력과 사회적으로 소외된 그들의 위치는 그들의 삶을 계속해서 어렵게 하는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 초기 이민 적응과정에서 오는 어려움 들은 그들의 건강을 비효과적으로 관리하게 만드는 것으로 나타났다. 첫째, 적절한 통역자를 사전에 선정, 이용함으로써 적절한 간호를 제공할 수 있도록 하여야겠다. 둘째. 한인을 대하는 간호 제공자들은 한인에 대한 문화적 지식을 겸비하고 그 지식에 근거를 둔 문화적으로 적절한 간호를 제공하여야 할 것이다. 셋째, 간호 제공자들은 한인들의 치료법 혼용을 이해하고 동시에 여러 치료법을 사용하는 경우. 잘 살펴서 적절한 조치를 취해야 할 것이다. 넷째, 가족관계를 사정하고 적절히 가족 구성원을 간소 목적을 위하여 사용할 수 있어야 하겠다 마지막으로 이들 내의 위험 집단을 우선적으로 파악. 접근하여야 할 것이다. 위험 집단으로는 경제적 문제로 적절한 의료 이용을 할 수 없는 저소득층, 문화적으로 열등한 위치에 있는 여성층과 초기 이민 적응에 가장 문제를 일으킬 소지가 있는 노년층을 들 수 있겠다. 이 연구는 몇 가지 제한점을 가진다. 첫째. 연구 대상자 선정이 어려워서 자원자를 대상으로 연구가 행해졌다. 둘째. 적은 수의 연구 대상자를 대상으로 연구가 행해졌다. 셋째. 연구기간이 짧았던 까닭에 좀더 상세한 사례 연구가 이루어질 수 없었다 좀 더 신뢰할 수 있는 표본 추출 방법을 통하여 선정된, 많은 연구 대상자를 가지고, 심도 있는 연구가 추후 반복적으로 이루어져야 할 것이다.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.97-106
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• 2023

In this study, we would like to study the stabilization of the high content of ceramide formulation by containing cyclodextrin. Ceramide, which constitutes the intercellular lipid, a human skin barrier, is a very important ingredient in moisturizing maintenance by protecting moisture in the skin and strengthening the skin barrier. However, since ceramide is poorly soluble, even if it is included in the cosmetic formulation, it has a problem that it is slowly gelled or crystallized and deposited over time, making it difficult to containing a high amount of ceramide. Cyclodextrin is a cyclic oligosaccharide connected with glucose molecules and has a cylindrical structure with hydrophilic outer surface and hydrophobic inner surface, which is known to improve the physicochemical properties of drugs such as improving solubility and absorption of poorly soluble drugs. We demonstrated the stability of the formulation containing high amount of ceramide by measuring hardness and observing emulsion drops with polarized microscope. This study also demonstrated that the high-content ceramide formulation containing cyclodextrin has the effect of preventing gelation or crystallization of ceramide, thus having excellent environmental conditions stability and skin moisturization.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.28-38
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• 2005

This study was investigated the growth effect of persimmon leaf extracts on various Lactic acid bacteria, the effect as freeze-dry cryoprotectan, by the changes of vitamin C content, electron donating ability, total cell count and SOD-like activity. The total cell count of L. acidophilus MG501, L. brevis MG19, L. bulgaricus MG515, L. lactis MG530 and L. casei MG311 in the absence of persimmon leaf extracts(10%) at 37℃ after 48hr were 3.2×10/sup 9/cfu/mL, 2.9×10/sup 9/cfu/mL, 1.1×10/sup 9/cfu/mL, 1.6×10/sup 9/cfu/mL and 3×10/sup 9/cfu/mL, respectively, and pH and total acidity of those were 3.82∼3.88, and 1.697∼1.842. On the other hand, the total cell count of L. acidophilus MG501, L. brevis MG19, L. bulgaricus MG515, L. lactis MG530 and L. casei MG311 in the presence of persimmon leaf extracts at 37℃ after 48hr were 4.4×10/sup 9/cfu/mL, 4.3×10/sup 9/cfu/mL, 2×10/sup 9/cfu/mL, 3.3×10/sup 9/cfu/mL, and 3.4×10/sup 9/cfu/mL, respectively, and pH and total acidity of those were 3.74∼3.82 and 1.528∼1.805. The total cell counter of lactic acid bacteria in the presence of persimmon leaf extracts(10%) at 37℃ after 48hr higher than those in the absence of persimmon leaf extracts. In freeze-dry chryoprotectan, the survival rate of L. acidphilus MG501 decreased about 30%. In case of L. brevis MG19 and L. bulgaricus MG515, the survival rate decreased about 10%. However, the survival rate of L. lactis MG530 increased about 10% and L. casei MG311 showed the almost same effect. The changes of vitamin C content were the highest in L. lactis MG530(190.26mg/mL) and the lowest in L. acidophilus MG501(56.05 mg/mL). The electron donating ability indicated to L. acidophilus MG501, L. brevis MG19, L. bulgaricus MG515, L. lactis MG530 and L. casei MG311 added by 10% persimmon leaf extracts, respectively. when 10% persimmon leaf extracts were added L. brevis MG19, the electron donating ability is the highest of all lactic acid bacteria. The SOD-like activity of L. acidophilus MG501, L. brevis MG19, L. bulgaricus MG515, L. lactis MG530 and L. casei MG311 showed lower than that of control.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.99-109
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• 1974

These studies aimed to establishment of controlling measure of the bud blight of mulberry tree when intermediate cutting harvest in autumn. The results obtained as following. 1. Effect of chemicals a) Results of 1972 (1) Of the seventeen chemicals tested. according to in vitro, the mycelial growth of Gibberella lateritium f. sp. mori was highly inhibited by PTAB and Benlate. PTAB and Benlate were also highly effective under the conditions of pathogen inoculated to the piece of mulberry tree and fungicidal action of these chemicals were stronger than the others. (2) Topsin-M. organic fungicide and plant growth regulator were not effective to inhibition of mycelial growth. (3) The effectiveness of fungicides were reduced gradually as the time after treatment increased. PTAB and Benlate retained approximately 50 percent of the original activity even after 15 days. (t) Of the twelve chemicals tested in fold, Benlate combination of PTAB with Apion, Apion and PTAB were the most effective fungicides for the control of bud blight of mulberry tree. (5) There is a sigificant difference between the timing on spraying, but it is not greatly effective for the control of bud blight of mulberry tree. b) Results of 1975 (1) Of the ten chemicals tested, according to in vitro RH 893, combination of Benlate with TMTD and TMTD were the most effective to inhibition of mycelial growth, followed by Benlate and combination of Benlate with Topsin M. (2) Of the eleven chemicals tested, Benlate, combination of Benlate with Kinondu, combination of Benlate with Topsin-M and Topsin M were highly effective under the renditions of pathogen inoculated to the piece of mulberry tree. (3) Of the eleven chemical evaluation tests were conducted in 3 experiment fold of Seoul, Chuncheun and Pusan, Benlate, Topsin-M, Apion, TMTD. combination of Benlate with Topsin-M, combination of Benlate with TMTD, combination of Benlate with Apion were highly effective chemicals for the control of bud blight of mulberry tree. (4) There is no difference between the timing on the chemical spraying after intermediate cutting harvest mulberry tree in autumn. 2. Ecological Control. When the mulberry shoot were cut off one to two buds from the top of intermediate cutting from 15th to 30th on October, bud blight of mulberry tree was greatly reduced in next spring compared with the effective chemical spraying. 3. Economical analysis on the results of chemical and ecological tests. When the expenses of ecological control for bud blight of mulberry tree per one ha was 100. thats of chemical control was from 159 to 254 according to spraying machines.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.31-40
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• 1982

For the effective control of weeds in mechanically transplanted paddy field weeding effects of naproanide ${\alpha}$-(${\beta}$-naphthoxy) propion anilide], pyrazolate [4-2, 4-dichlorobenzoyl)-1, 3-dimethyl pyrazol-5-yl-p-tolune sulphanate], chlormethoxynil (2, 4-dichloro-phenyl-4-nitro-3-methoxy phenyl ether), SL-49 [1-3dimethyl-4(2, 4dichlorobenzoyl)-5-phenacyloxy pyrazole], ACN (3-chloro-2-amino-l, 4-naphthoquinone) either alone or in combination with butachlor (2-chlor-2, 6-diethyl-N-buthoxymethyl acetanilide) were compared. Pyrazolate and SL-49 were most effective for the control of Sagittaria pygmaea MIQ. and Potomogeton distinctus A. BENN. including most annual weeds. Weeding effect of butachlor alone was very high for annuals, good for Cyperus serotinus ROTTB. and poor for S. pygmaea and P. distinctus. But the weeding effect of the combination of butachlor and pyrazolate was stronger than that of butachlor alone and therefore this mixture was effective for S. pygmaea, P. distinctus and C. serotinus including all the annual weeds. The combination of butachlor and SL-49 showed the same tendency as the combination of butachlor and pyrazolate. Naproanilide was not effective for the control of Echinochlor crusgalli P. BEAUV and less effective for Monochoria vaginalis PRESL, but excellent for S. pygmaea. By mixing butachlor with naproanilide weeding, spectrum for annuals and S. pygmaea was much increased by that for P. distinctus and C. serotinus was not satisfactory. ACN was not satisfactory for the control of all the tested weeds but the weeding effect was increased in general by mixing with butachlor. Chlormethoxynil was excellent for the control of annual weeds but it has no effect on C. serotinus, S. pygmaea and P. distinctus showing some initial controling effect but these weeds regrew afterwards. The weeding activity of ACN increased in combination with butachlor and the residual activity was stronger than that of ACN alone. A light crop injury was found at the initial period after treatments in all treated plots. The yield from all treated plots except those from plots treated with ACN, butachlor and naproanilide were not significantly different from the band weeded plot.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.56-68
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• 1989

aA series of experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of plant growth regulator treatments on the growth and lateral root formation in soybean sprouts in order to establish the effective method of producing root-less or short-rooted soybean sprouts with larger diameter in the hypocotyl. Major results can be summarized as follows. 1. Soybean sprouts showed fairly uniform elongation rate from 3 to g days after imbibition with daily increase of 3.8cm. The speed of elongation of hypocotyl was reduced whereas that of root accelerated 7 days after imbibition. Lateral roots began to emerge fairly evenly from 5 to 9 days after imbibition with a daily increase of 4.4. 2. Auxins(IAA, IBA, NAA, 2,4-D) inhibited hypocotyl elongation and formation of lateral roots and increased hypocotyl diameter without influencing root length and hook diameter at higher concentrations. The dry weight of cotyledon was increased significantly as compared to that of hypocotyl and root. Among the tested auxins, 2, 4-D was the most effective. 3. BA and 4PU-30 significantly reduced elongation of hypocotyl and root and resulted in the biggest diameter of hypocotyl when treated at higher concentrations. The lowest effective concentration of BA to prevent the formation of larval gal roots was 12.5ppm. The formation of lateral roots could be completely prevented by BA and 4PU-30 treatment but kinetin, zeatin, zeatin riboside resulted in many lateral roots and increased thickness of soybean sprouts with little influence. Cotyledon deformation was found in soybean sprouts treated by 4PU-30. 4. 2, 4-D was the most effective for increasing the hypocotyl diameter while 4PU-30 was the most effective for reducing no. of lateral roots. 5. It can be concluded that among the plant growth regulators tested, BA was effective in reducing root length and increasing hypocotyl diameter. BA 12.5 ppm or 15 ppm may thus be the more practical for production of soybean sprouts. 6. ABA showed no significant effect of growth parameter, however ABA 25 ppm inhibited only no of lateral roots with little influence on the growth of seedling. 7. Ethephon inhibited the elongation of hypocotyl and root and increased hypocotyl diameter at higher concentrations. 8. The combined effect of cytokinins and ethephon was very similar to result of BA treatment alone. As the ethephon concentration increased, hypocotyl diameter and dry weight of cotyledon tended to increase.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.62-69
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• 1992

A series of laboratory experiment was conducted to find out the effects of physico-chemical, microbiological and commercial inhibitors on the odorous gas evolution in the fermentation of livestock feces. The results obtained were summarized as follows. 1. The rate and amount of evolution of gas were the highest at 7 days after incubation, thereafter gradually decreased until 24 days after incubation. 2. The rate and amount of gases were evolved in order of $CO_2>N_2O>CH_4>NH_3>N_2S$, respectively. 3. The highest amount of methane gas was evolved from the poultry feces, those of carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide were evolved from the pig feces, and that of hydrogen sulfide was dominantly evolved from the cattle feces. 4. Negative correlation were obtained between the total amounts of $NH_3$ and $CH_4$, $CO_2$ and $CH_4$, $N_2O$ and $CH_4$, $N_2O$ and $CH_4$, while positive correlations were obtained between the amounts of $CO_2$ and $N_2O$, $CO_2$ and $NH_3$, and $NH_3$ and $N_2O$, respectively. 5. There was no significantly inhibiting effect obtained that the application of commercial gas inhibitor as VK 88. On the other hand there was significantly inhibiting effect obtained when application of fertile paddy soil and photosynthetic bacteria to the fermentation of livestock feces.