• YAKHAK HOEJI
• /
• v.56 no.1
• /
• pp.48-54
• /
• 2012

Enviromental differences in gentamicin pharmacokinetics by using population pharmacokinetic methods were compared with 20 Korean patients and 24 Korean-American appendicitis patients. Two to six blood specimens were collected from all patients at the following times : just before a regularly scheduled infusion and at 0.5 hour after the end of a 0.5 hour infusion. Nonparametric expected maximum (NPEM) algorithm for population modeling was used. The estimated parameters were the elimination rate constant (K), the slope (KS) of the relationship between K versus creatinine clearance ($C_{cr}$), the apparent volume of distribution (V), the slope (VS) of the relationship between V versus weight, gentamicin clearance (CL) and the slope (CS) of the relationship between CL versus $C_{cr}$ and the V. The output includes two marginal probability density function (PDF), means, medians, modes, variance and CV%. The mean K (KS) were $0.402{\pm}0.129\;h^{-1}(0.00486{\pm}0.00197\;[h{\cdot}ml/min/1.73\;m^2]^{-1})$ and $0.411{\pm}0.135\;h^{-1}(0.00475{\pm}0.00180\;[h{\cdot}ml/min/1.73\;m^2]^{-1})$ for Korean and Korean-American populations, respectively. The mean V (VS) were not different at $14.3{\pm}3.6l(0.241{\pm}0.0511l/kg)$ and $15.1{\pm}3.84l(0.239{\pm}0.0492l/kg)$ for Korean and Korean-American populations, respectively (p>0.2). The mean CL (CS) were $5.68{\pm}1.69l/h(0.0714{\pm}0.0222l/kg[h{\cdot}ml/min/1.73\;m^2])$ and $5.70{\pm}1.77l/h(0.0701{\pm}0.0215l/kg[h{\cdot}ml/min/1.73\;m^2])$ for Korean and Korean-American populations, respectively. There were no enviromental differences in gentamicin pharmacokinetics between Korean and Korean-American appendicitis patients.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
• /
• v.29 no.1
• /
• pp.1-7
• /
• 2012

Fifty-four dogs with otitis externa were enrolled in the study for the Evaluation of efficacy of a Hydrocortisone aceponate - Gentamicin - Miconazole otic combination ($Easotic^{(R)}$, Virbac, Carros, France). Otitis externa patients were treated by $Easotic^{(R)}$ once daily for 5 days and 2 days off treatment and evaluated on $7^{th}$ day. If otitis externa persisted, additional $Easotic^{(R)}$ treatment was administered once daily for 5 days and rested 2 days and reevaluated on $14^{th}$ day. For the evaluation of efficacy of $Easotic^{(R)}$, eight clinical signs were scored on a severity scale and infectious agents from ear sample were also graded using semi-quantitative scale at each visit. Sum of clinical scores and cytological scores was defined as Global Clinical Score. When $Easotic^{(R)}$ was applied once daily for 5 days, global clinical score was reduced 76.0%. When $Easotic^{(R)}$ was administered for 10 days, during first 5 days administration, 46.6% reduction of global clinical score was detected. During additional 5 days administration, 82.2% reduction of global clinical score was observed compared with Day 0. Any relevant adverse effect was not reported during the study in all cases. Thus, $Easotic^{(R)}$ treatment once daily for 5 days and 10 days appears to be effective and safe treatment for canine otitis externa.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
• /
• v.18 no.1
• /
• pp.35-43
• /
• 2001

Present study was undertaken in order to document early renal ultrasonographic changes of gentamicin nephrotoxicosis and to show the value of renal ultrasonography as a contributory means of early diagnosis of acute renal failure in dogs. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design with six treatments in two blocks (gentamicin-treated & saline-treated). Acute renal failure was induced by toxic dosage of gentamicin (30 mg/kg) and saline solution sham equivalent in volume to that of the toxic dosage of gentamicin (1.5-3ml). Subjective visualization of increased renal cortex was visible as homogenous echoes that were hypoechoic relative to the surrounding tissues, whereas the renal medulla was anechoic to slightly hypoechoic. After treatment, the renal cortex was hyperechoic relative to the surrounding tissue. Increased renal cortex echogenicity was associated with significant nephrotoxicosis and was superior to serum creatinine elevation in nephrotoxicosis detection. Urine GGT was superior to other clinicopathological data utilized in the diagnosis of nephrotoxicosis. Based on the above results, increased renal cortex echogenicity seemed to be of use in detecting of acute renal failure.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
• /
• v.49 no.3
• /
• pp.245-252
• /
• 2013

Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii are significant opportunistic pathogens in hospitals and are resistant to most antibiotics. Multidrug-resistant P. aeruginosa (MDRPA) and A. baumannii (MDRAB) cause severe human nosocomial infections and are more difficult to treat than methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Bifidobacteria are among of the most beneficial probiotics and have been widely studied for their antimicrobial activities. The present study explored the antimicrobial activity of Bifidobacterium sp. isolated from healthy Koreans against MDRPA and MDRAB. The antimicrobial activity of the isolates against MDRPA and MDRAB, which are resistant to ciprofloxacin, tobramycin, gentamicin, meropenem, and ceftazidime, was determined by modified broth microdilution methods using absorbance. Among all tested bifidobacteria isolates (nine B. adolescentis, three B. longum, and two B. pseudocatenulatum), the culture supernatant of B. pseudocatenulatum SPM1309 showed a strong growth inhibitory effect against MDRPA and MDRAB. No change in the turbidity of the mixture was observed during incubation, and its inhibitory effect occurred through bacteriostastic action. Moreover, the antibacterial activity was observed in the fraction with molecular weights <10 kDa of bifidobacteria culture supernatant, and the active fraction was heat-stable because it maintained its activity when heated at $70^{\circ}C$ for 10 min. The results suggest that this Bifidobacterium strain could have potential applications for alternative therapy in MDRPA and MDRAB infections.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
• /
• v.44 no.6
• /
• pp.539-544
• /
• 2000

Many diabetic patients develop serious complications during the course of the disease, including cardiovascalar disorders, nepropathy, neuropathy and retinopathy. Because some physiological changes occurring in diabetes mellitus patients could alter the pharmacokinetics of drugs used to treat the disease, the pharmacokinetics of gentamycin was investigated after intravenous administration (2 mg/kg) to control rabbits and acute or chronic alloxan-induced diabetes mellitus rabbits (AIDRs). After intravenous administration, the serum concentrations of gentamycin were significantly higher between 6 and 12 hr in chronic AIDRs compared with those in control rabbits. The AUC was significant greater in chronic ($31.91\;{\pm}\;3.76\;{\mu}g/ml{\cdot}hr$) AIDRs than that in control ($21.60\;{\pm}\;2.45\;{\mu}g/ml{\cdot}hr$) rabbits. Total body clearance (CLt) in AIDRs were significantly decreased compared with that in control rabbits. Cumulative urinary excretion of gentamycin was decreased, although not significantly, in AIDRs compared with that in control rabbits.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
• /
• v.5 no.2
• /
• pp.1-12
• /
• 1995

The purpose of this investigation was to determine pharmacokinetic parameters of gentamicin using linear least square regression(LLSR) and Bayesian analysis in Korean normal volunteers and appendicitis patients. Nonparametric expected maximum(NPEM) algorithm for population pharmacokinetic parameters was used. Gentamicin was administered every 8 hours for 3 days by infusion over 30 minutes. The volume of distribution(V) and elimination rate constant(K) of gentamicin were $0.215\pm0.0562,\;0.226\pm0.0325L/kg\;and\;0.339\pm0.0443,\;0.357\pm0.0243hr^{-1}$ for normal volunteers and appendicitis patients using LLSR analysis. Population pharmacokinetic parameters, VS and KS were $0.228\pm0.0614L/kg\;and\;0.00356\pm0.00041(hr{\cdot}mL/min/1.73m^2)^{-1}$ for appendicitis patients using NPEM algorithm. The V and K were $0.232\pm0.0568L/kg\;and\;0.337\pm0.0385hr^{-1}$ for appendicitis patients using Bayesian analysis. There were no differences in gentamicin pharmacokinetics between LLSR and Bayesian analysis.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
• /
• v.10 no.3
• /
• pp.125-129
• /
• 2000

The effect of circadian rhythm on gentamicin pharmacokinetics was studied in rabbits who took a single intravenous 2 mg/kg dose of gentamicin at 09:00 in the morning (a.m.) and 22:00 in the evening (p.m.). A significant circadian rhythm of pharmacokinetic parameters as a function of time of day was noted in rabbits, showing lower total body clearance $CL_t$ and higher serum area under the curve (AUC) when given in the evening. The half-life $t_{1/2}$ was shorter in the morning $(3.88\pm0.62h)$ when compared to the evening $(4.76\pm0.75\;h)$. The AUC was greater in the evening $(25.92\pm3.49\;{\mu}g/ml{\cdot}hr)$ than that in the morning $(22.42\pm3.42\;{\mu}g/ml{\cdot}hr)$, most likely because the CLt was significantly higher when gentamicin was given in the morning $(0.18\pm0.28\;ml/hr)$ versus in the evening $(0.15\pm0.26\;ml/hr)$. The $t_{1/2}$ of gentamicin in the evening was increased significantly(p<0.05) compared to those of gentamicin in the morning. It is reasonable to consider individual circadian rhythm for effective dosage regimen of gentamicin in clinical chronotherapeutics.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
• /
• v.40 no.1
• /
• pp.1-9
• /
• 1996

The purpose of this investigation was to determine pharmacokinetic parameters of gentamicin using nonlinear least square regression(NLSR) and Bayesian analysis in Korean normal volunteers and gastrointestinal surgical patients. Nonparametric expected maximum(NPEM) method for population pharmacokinetic parameters was used. Gentamicin was administered every 8 hours for 3 days by infusion over 30 minutes. The volume of distribution(V) and elimination rate constant(K) of gentamicin were $0.226{\pm}0.032,\;0.231{\pm}0.063L/Kg\;and\;0.357{\pm}0.024,\;0.337{\pm}0.041hr^{-1}$ for normal volunteers and gastrointestinal surgical patients using NLSR analysis. Population pharmacokinetic parameters, KS and VS were $0.00344{\pm}0.00049(hr{\cdot}ml/min/1.73m^2)^{-1}\;and\;0.214{\pm}0.0502L/Kg$ for gastrointestinal surgical patients using NPEM method. The V and K were $0.216{\pm}0.048L/Kg\;and\;0.336{\pm}0.043hr^{-1}$ for gastrointestinal surgical patients using Bayesian analysis. There were no differences in gentamicin pharmacokinetics between NLSR and Bayesian analysis in gastrointestinal surgical patient.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
• /
• v.21 no.2
• /
• pp.74-80
• /
• 2011

Population pharmacokinetics for gentamicin were compared with 20 Korean patients (14 male and 6 female) and 25 Caucasian appendicitis patients (16 male and 9 female). Two to six blood specimens were collected from all patients at the following times : just before a regularly scheduled infusion and at 0.5 hour after the end of a 0.5 hour infusion. Nonparametric expected maximum(NPEM) algorithm for population modeling was used. The estimated parameters were the elimination rate constant(K), the slope(KS) of the relationship between K versus creatinine clearance(Ccr), the apparent volume of distribution (V), the slope(VS) of the relationship between V versus weight, gentamicin clearance(CL) and the slope(CS) of the relationship between CL versus Ccr and the V. The output includes two marginal probability density function(PDF), means, medians, modes, variance, skewness, kurtosis, and CV%. The mean K(KS) were$0.402{\pm}0.129hr^{-1}$ ($0.00486{\pm}0.00197[hr{\cdot}mL/min/1.73m^2]^{-1}$) and $0.425{\pm}0.137hr^{-1}$($0.00432{\pm}0.00168[hr{\cdot}mL/min/1.73m^2]^{-1}$) for Korean and Caucasian populations, respectively. The mean V(VS) were not different at $14.3{\pm}3.69L$($0.241{\pm}0.0511L/kg$) and $15.8{\pm}4.81L$($0.236{\pm}0.0531L/kg$) for Korean and Caucasian populations, respectively (P>0.2). The mean CL(CS) were $5.68{\pm}1.69L/hr$ ($0.0714{\pm}0.0222L/kg[hr{\cdot}mL/min/1.73m^2]$) and $6.29{\pm}1.84L/hr$ ($0.0629{\pm}0.0189L/kg[hr{\cdot}mL/min/1.73m^2]$) for Korean and Caucasian populations, respectively. There are no differences in gentamicin pharmacokinetics between Korean and Caucasian appendicitis patients.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
• /
• v.8 no.2
• /
• pp.89-94
• /
• 1998

Seasonal rhythmic changes in gentamicin pharmacokinetics was evaluated in 10 healthy male volunteers after single intravenous 80 mg administration of gentamicin at 9:00 a.m. during summer and winter. The mean terminal half-life and AUC of gentamicin were $3.56\pm0.14\;hr\;and\;25.03\pm2.84\;{\mu}g/ml{\cdot}hr$ in winter and $3.08\pm0.41\;hr\;and\;21.84\pm2.51\;{\mu}g/ml{\cdot}hr$ in summer. The mean total body clearance $(CL_t)$ and elimination rate constant $(k_{10})$ of gentamicin was $3.17\pm0.43\;L/hr,\;0.458\pm0.06\;hr^{-1}\;in\;winter\;and\;3.66\pm0.45\;L/hr,\;0.561\pm0.07\;hr^{-1}$ in summer, The mean volumn of distribution $(V_{dss})$ of gentamicin at steady state was $12.65\pm1.09$L in winter and $12.39\pm1.25$ L in summer. Serum concentrations of gentamicin in winter were increased significantly during 4-8 hr (p<0.05) compared to those of gentamicin in summer. The elimination rate constant $(k_{10})$ of gentamicin in winter was decreased significantly $(p<0.05)$ compared to that of gentamicin in summer. The mean volume of distribution at steady state $(V_{dss})$, AUC, mean total body clearance ($CL_t$) and terminal half-life of gentamicin in the winter were increased but were not significant. The mean intrasubject fluctuations in terminal half-life, AUC and $CL_t$ between winter and summer were 8.2, 11.0 and $6.0\%$ respectively.