• Economic and Environmental Geology
• /
• v.57 no.5
• /
• pp.647-664
• /
• 2024

Material and archaeometric characteristics of the original and repaired bricks and roof tiles of the Bogd Khaan Palace and the Choijin Lama Temple, which represent modern Mongolian architecture, were analyzed. These bricks and roof tiles are light gray, and the repaired ones mostly had higher specific gravity and porosity than the original ones. In the body clay, coarse grained sub-angular quartz, alkali feldspar, plagioclase and mica are commonly observed, and hornblende was partially detected. Compared to the original bricks and roof tiles, the repaired ones have a homogeneous substrate and significantly less tempers, suggesting that refined techniques were applied. Weight loss of these bricks and roof tiles was lower in the repaired ones than the original ones, and although there were thermal deformation and non recrystallized. Also, Al₂O₃ was high in the original bricks and roof tiles, and CaO was high in the repaired ones, and Na₂O and ignition loss were low. However, since the other elements showed almost the same behavioral characteristics, it is interpreted that they used homogeneous body clay regardless of location and time. Therefore, the clay content of the raw materials for the original bricks and roof tiles were higher than that used for the repair, but it is highly likely that they were procured from almost the same soil as the body clay, and the firing environment does not seem to have affected the geochemical behavior of the body clay. But, the high Al₂O₃ and CaO in the repaired bricks and roof tiles indicates the possibility of partial refinement and mixing of the clay. There were no high-temperature minerals in all the bricks and roof tiles, and based on the detection of mica and hornblende, the absence of clay minerals and the thermal deformations of the substrate, their firing temperature is presumed to be 850 to 900℃. This was almost the same in the bricks and roof tiles used for the repairs. This result is significant as material science data for the bricks and roof tiles used in modern Mongolian architecture, and will be useful grounds for examining the making techniques of bricks and roof tiles for future restorations.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
• /
• v.12 no.2
• /
• pp.124-134
• /
• 2005

Purpose : It has been known that the diagnostic confirmation of group A streptococcal pharyngitis is accompanied with the results of throat culture and/or rapid antigen detection test(RADT). This study was designed to evaluate the usefulness and cost benefits of the RADT in patients with a sore throat compared the empirical antibiotic treated group without using RADT or throat culture with the antibiotic treated group according to the results of RADT test and/or throat culture. Methods : From April 2003 to August 2003, total 369 patients were enrolled this study. They were redistributed into two groups. In one group, the RADT test and throat culture were used and the patients received antibiotic treatment according to the results of test and in the other group, no diagnostic examinations were used and the patients were treated with antibiotics which were chosen empirically. The flow sheet with questionnaire was drawing up and obtained the clinical symptoms, signs and the name of antibiotics that were administered. Results : A total of 244 patients were treated after the throat culture and/or RADT, and 125 patients were treated empirically. The prevalence of bacteriologically confirmed group A streptococcal pharyngitis was 20.1%. The sensitivity and specificity of RADT were 89.8% and 86.1%, respectively. Positive predictive value and negative predictive value were 62.0% and 97.1%, respectively. The rate of antibiotic use was high in both groups. Because the physician used the antibiotics even if the result of RADT was negative. So about 37% of reduction of antibiotics use might be possible if we used antibiotics according to the results of RADT. There were no cost differences between the RADT applied group and the empirically treated antibiotic group if we could reduce the price of RADT to 63% of the current price. Conclusion : The RADT could be applied for the easy and rapid diagnosis and prompt treatment for group A streptococcal pharyngitis, and RADT could reduced the number of antibiotics used if the price of RADT was reduced to 63% of current price. For accurate evaluation of efficacy and cost effect, further controlled study is needed.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
• /
• v.37 no.2
• /
• pp.125-134
• /
• 2010

Objective: The aim of this study was to measure the concentrations of cytokines contained in the hydrosalpingeal fluid and to evaluate the effect on the mouse embryo development with the different cytokine concentration. Methods: The hydrosalpingeal fluids (HSF) were collected during the surgery for hydrosalpinx which was confirmed by hysterosalphingogram. The cytokines in HSF including interleukin (IL)-$1{\alpha}$, IL-$1{\beta}$, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, TNF-$\alpha$, Interferon-$\gamma$ (IFN-$\gamma$), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), epidermal growth factor (EGF), monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) were measured by ELISA method. HSF were added up to culture media with 5%, 10%, and 30% concentrations. The blastulation rates were compared. Results: IL-$\alpha$, IL-$1{\beta}$, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, TNF-$\alpha$, IFN-$\bamma$, VEGF, EGF, and MCP-1 were detected, but the concentrations were different from each sample. IL-6 and IL-10 were increased in HSF-1 group, and IFN-$\gamma$, MCP-1, VEGF were increased in HSF-2 compared with normal serum range. The Th1/Th2 ratio of HSF-2 (IFN-$\gamma$:IL10) was highly elevated to 61.64, compared with that of HSF-1 (3.69). The blastulation rate was significantly decreased in HSF-2 group (27.7%) compared those of the HSF-1 group (74%) and control group (76.7%). It showed the trend that the blastulation rate was decreased depending on the concentration HSF of culture media in HSF-2 group, but it was not statistically significant. Conclusion: The composition and concentration of cytokines in each HSF were different, and increased proinflammatory cytokines in HSF might be associated with poor embryonic development. Further study will be needed about the effect of each cytokines in HSF.

• Food Science and Preservation
• /
• v.13 no.3
• /
• pp.329-336
• /
• 2006

The characteristics of mash qualities of takju prepared by addition of chestnut peel powder(5%, 10%, 20% and 30% per steamed rice) were investigated during fermentation. That is, in all fermentation periods, changes of pit total acid, organic acids, solids, amino nitrogen, total sugar and reducing sugar, microorganisms, alcohol and color were determined and analyzed. There was significant differences in characteristics of mash qualities by addition of chestnut peel powder. In general, contents of total acid, organic acids, amino nitrogen, total sugar, reducing sugar and ethanol of takju added with chestnut peel powder were lower than those of steamed rice only, whereas solid contents was higher. But ethanol content of takju added with 5% of chestnut peel powder after 8 days of fermentation was 9.6% which was similar to that of takju prepared by addition of steamed lice only. Also, microbial populations such as total viable cells, yeast and lactic acid bacteria of the treatments were increased to about $10^8CFU/mL$ after 2 days of fermentation and then decreased gradually. In the beginning stage of fermentation color differences value of the treatments were $1.99{\sim}10.27$, and the differentials reduced gradually during fermentation.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
• /
• v.28 no.3
• /
• pp.183-194
• /
• 1990

In an attempt to develop prophylactic and therapeutic measures of the intestinal giant-cystic disease caused by Thelohanellus kitauei in the Israel carp, Cyprinus carpio nodus, pathological observations were conducted upon the carps which were hatched in May 1988 and raised in a net cage fish farm at the Soyang lake, managed by Horim Fisheries for the period of 21 months with 1~2 months interval. After a gross inspection of the carps, necropsy was carried out periodically in order to clarify the pathological changes in various internal organs and muscular tissues. Also. the prevalence of the disease was checked during the period from 1988 to 1990. Gross inspections revealed that the infected carps showed some degree of fading in body and gill color, back-emaciation symptoms, reddish anus accompanying erosion and relaxation and pot-belly, as well as discharge of yellowish white mucoid material from the anus. However, most carps died eventually of intestinal obstruction. Other significant necropsy fadings included cyst formation of various size in the intestinal mucosa, ascites, anemic condition through internal organs and muscular tissues, hyperemia and dilation of intestines with decreased tension, thinness and fragility, and full contents of semi-fluid or yellowish white mucoid material in the intestinal canals. Based on the morphological characteristics of the spores found in the cysts, parasitic location in the intestines, macro- and microscopic findings of the lesions, the parasites were identised as Thelohanellus kitauei Egusa os Nakajima, 1981. Although monthly changes of water temperature were distinct, the extrusion rates of the polar filaments of the spores stayed constant throughout the year with an exception of a lower rate in July, The lesions initiated from mucosa and submucosa in early July became large swellings and then complete mature (orms following the peracute course. From late August the upper cysts were gradually opened and most of the spores were dispersed from anus into the surrounding water through December but only a few lasted until next April. The cysts were completely recovered until next September. Comparing the incidence and prevalence of the disease by year tremendous infection and death rates were checked in the first prevalent year, 1988, but the rates were significantly decreased in the second year, and showed an almost normal status in the third year, 1990. As the above summarized results showed, the disease entity might come to an end in three years after the first prevalent year, however, the spores must be strictly prevented because they could be infective in the water for one year.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
• /
• v.34 no.3
• /
• pp.243-251
• /
• 2000

Purpose: This prospective study was performed to evaluate the usefulness of preoperative radioimmunoscintigraphy and intraoperative scintimetric examination (radioimmunoguided surgery: RIGS) using $^{99m}Tc-anti-CEA\;F(ab')_2$ fragment. Materials and Methods: Nineteen patients with rectal cancer underwent preoperative whole body planar scintigraphy at 4 hours after injection of $^{99m}Tc-anti-CEA\;F(ab')_2$ fragment and SPECT imaging at 18 hours. Surgical operation was performed at 24 hours after injection. During laparotomy, radioactivities from intraabdominal viscera were measured by gamma probe. The radioactivities from excised tumor and lymph nodes were also measured and compared with pathology. Results: All nineteen patients were confirmed to have adenocarcinomas in the rectum. Twenty-seven of 97 excised lymph node groups had metastasis and 2 patients had liver metastasis in pathology Preoperative radioimmunoscintigraphy detected primary tumors in 11 patients (sensitivity 55%) and it could not detect any lymph nodes or liver metastasis. All patients showed high radioactivity in the kidneys, liver, spleen, and major vessels in intraoperative measurement by gamma probe, and tumor activity was not discriminated from background activity However, radioactivity from excised tumor was higher than normal rectum (T/B ratio; $3.47{\pm}2.25$). When excised lymph node activity/background activity ratio >1.5 was considered as positive criteria of metastasis, sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values were 78.6%, 73.9%, 55.0% and 89.5%, respectively. Conclusion: Radioimmunoscintigraphy using $^{99m}Tc-anti-CEA\;F(ab')_2$ has no additional value for preoperative staging and use of early RIGS using $^{99m}Tc-anti-CEA\;F(ab')_2$ is inappropriate. For early RIGS using $^{99m}Tc$ labeled antibodies in rectal cancer patients, further development of more specific antibodies and methods to reduce background activity are needed.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
• /
• v.6 no.2
• /
• pp.103-111
• /
• 2003

Purpose: This study was undertaken to evaluate the gastroduodenal pathology and Helicobacter pylori infection in children with upper gastrointestinal symptoms. Methods: One hundred and seven pediatric patients with upper gastrointestinal symptoms were undergone endoscopy at the Gyeongsang National University Hospital from June 1990 to April 1991. Histopathologic examination was done by H & E staining of gastric antral biopsy specimen and gastritis was defined according to the Sydney System. Tissue H. pylori status was evaluated with the urease test using Christensen's urea broth and H & E or Warthin-Starry silver staining of gastric antral biopsy specimen. IgG Immunoblotting were also performed to detect specific anti-H. pylori antibody in these patients. Results: The reasons for endoscopy were recurrent abdominal pain, acute abdominal pain, sallow face, hunger pain, and frequent nausea. Variable degrees of gastric mucosal hyperemia were found in most of the patients. Gastric hemorrhagic spots, gastric ulcer, duodenal ulcer, duodenal erosion, and hemorrhagic duodenitis were rare endoscopic findings. Histologic chronic gastritis was found in 88% of 107 patients. Histologic chronic duodenitis was observed in all 99 patients whose tissue were available. Gastric tissue H. pylori was positive in 57% of 107 patients by one of the ureasetest, H & E staining and Warthin-Starry silver staining. However, gastric tissue H. pylori detection rate was lower in the younger age groups. Anti-H. pylori IgG antibodies were detectable in 96% of 107 patients. Conclusion: Chronic gastroduodenitis and anti-H. pylori IgG antibody were ubiquitous in children with upper gastrointestinal symptoms.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
• /
• v.37 no.5
• /
• pp.569-583
• /
• 2004

The rock properties of the West pagoda in the Gameunsaji temple site are composed mainly of dark grey porphyritic granodiorite with medium grained equigranular texture and developed with small numerous dioritic xenoliths. These xenoliths occurred with small holes due to different weathering processes. As a weathering results, the rock properties of this pagoda occur wholly softened to physical hardness because of a complex result of petrological, meteorological and biological causes. Southeastern part of the pagoda deteriorated seriously that the surface of rock blocks showed partially exfoliations, fractures, open cavities in course of granular decomposition of minerals, sea water spray and crystallization of salt from the eastern coast. The Joint between blocks has small or large fracture cross each other, contaminated and corrupted for inserting with concrete, cement mortar, rock fragments and iron plates, and partially accelerated coloration and fractures. There are serious contamination materials of algae, fungus, lichen and bryophytes on the margin and the surface on the roof stone of the pagoda, so it'll require conservation treatment biochemically for releasing vegetation inhabiting on the surface and the discontinuous plane of the blocks because of adding the weathering activity of stones and growing weeds naturally by soil processing on the fissure zone. Consisting rock for the conservation and restoration of the pagoda would be careful choice of new rock properties and epoxy to reinforce for the deterioration surfaces. For the attenuation of secondary contamination and surface humidity, the possible conservation treatments are needed.

• Progress in Medical Physics
• /
• v.26 no.2
• /
• pp.87-92
• /
• 2015

The gated RapidArc may produce a dosimetric error due to the stop-and-go motion of heavy gantry which can misalign the gantry restart position and reduce the accuracy of important factors in RapidArc delivery such as MLC movement and gantry speed. In this study, the effect of stop-and-go motion in gated RapidArc was analyzed with varying gating window time, which determines the total number of stop-and-go motions. Total 10 RapidArc plans for treatment of liver cancer were prepared. The RPM gating system and the moving phantom were used to set up the accurate gating window time. Two different delivery quality assurance (DQA) plans were created for each RapidArc plan. One is the portal dosimetry plan and the other is MapCHECK2 plan. The respiratory cycle was set to 4 sec and DQA plans were delivered with three different gating conditions: no gating, 1-sec gating window, and 2-sec gating window. The error between calculated dose and measured dose was evaluated based on the pass rate calculated using the gamma evaluation method with 3%/3 mm criteria. The average pass rates in the portal dosimetry plans were $98.72{\pm}0.82%$, $94.91{\pm}1.64%$, and $98.23{\pm}0.97%$ for no gating, 1-sec gating, and 2-sec gating, respectively. The average pass rates in MapCHECK2 plans were $97.80{\pm}0.91%$, $95.38{\pm}1.31%$, and $97.50{\pm}0.96%$ for no gating, 1-sec gating, and 2-sec gating, respectively. We verified that the dosimetric accuracy of gated RapidArc increases as gating window time increases and efforts should be made to increase gating window time during the RapidArc treatment process.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
• /
• v.4 no.1
• /
• pp.19-26
• /
• 1970

1. Sixteen normal healthy subjects free from occult blood in the stool were selected and administered with their $^{51}Cr$ labeled own blood via duodenal tube and the recovery rate of radioactivity in feces and urine was measured. The average fecal recovery rate was 90.7 per cent ($85.7{\sim}97.7%$) of the administered radioactivity, and the average urinary excretion rate was 0.8 per cent ($0.5{\sim}1.5%$) 2. There was a close correlation between the amount of blood administered and the recovery rate from the feces; the more the blood administered, the higher the recovery rate was. It was also found that the administration of the tagged blood in the amount exceeding 15ml was suitable for measuring the radioactivity in the stools. 3. In five normal healthy subjects whose circulating erythrocytes had been tagged with $^{51}Cr$, there was little fecal excretion of radioactivity (average 0.9 ml of blood per day). This excretion is not related to hemorrhage and the main route of excretion of such an negligible radioactivity was postulated as gastric juice and bile. 4. A comparison of the radioactivity in the blood and feces of the patients with $^{51}Cr$ labeled erythrocytes seems to be a valid way of estimating intestinal blood loss.