• Spatial Information Research
• /
• v.17 no.3
• /
• pp.361-370
• /
• 2009

As the increasing interests of spatial information for different application area such as disaster management, there are many researches and development of indoor spatial data models and real-time evacuation management systems. The application requires to determine and optical paths in emergency situation, to support evacuees and rescuers. The optimal path in this study is defined to guide rescuers, So, the path is from entrance to the disaster site (room), not from rooms to entrances in the building. In this study, we propose a time-dependent optimal routing algorithm to develop real-time evacuation systems. The network data that represents navigable spaces in building is used for routing the optimal path. Associated information about environment (for example, number of evacuees or rescuers, capacity of hallways and rooms, type of rooms and so on) is assigned to nodes and edges in the network. The time-dependent optimal path is defined after concerning environmental information on the positions of evacuees (for avoiding places jammed with evacuees) and rescuer at each time slot. To detect the positions of human beings in a building per time period, we use the results of evacuation simulation system to identify the movement patterns of human beings in the emergency situation. We use the simulation data of five or ten seconds time interval, to determine the optimal route for rescuers.

• Journal of the Korean Geophysical Society
• /
• v.2 no.1
• /
• pp.45-56
• /
• 1999

Seismic refracrion and reflection surveys were conducted along an E-W trending track of 482 m long in Ilwall-dong, Pohang. End-on spread was employed as source-receiver configuration with 2 m for both geophone interval and offset. Seismic data were acquired using 24 channels at every shot fired every 2 m along the track. Refraction data were interpreted using equations for multi-horizontal layers. Reflection data were processed in the sequence of trace edit, gain control, CMP sorting, NMO correction, mute, common offset gathering, and filtering to produce a single fold seismic section. There are two layers in shallow subsurface of the study area. Upper layer has the P-wave velocities ranging from 267 to 566 m/s and is interpreted as a layer of unconsolidated sediments. Lower layer has P-wave velocities of 1096-3108 m/s and is interpreted as weathered rock to hard rock. Most of the lower layer classified as soft rock. Upper layer has lateral variations in both P-wave velocity and thickness. The upper layer in the eastern part of the seismic line is 3-5 m thick and has P-wave velocity of 400 m/s in average. The upper layer in the western part is 8-10 m thick and has P-wave velocity of 340 m/s in average. The eastern part is interpreted as unconsolidated beach sand, while the western part is interpreted as infilled soil to develop a construction site. Three fault systems of high angle are imaged in seismic reflection section. It is interpreted that the area between these fault systems are relatively safe. Large buildings should be located in the safe ground condition of no fault and footings should be designed to be in the basement rock of 3-10 m deep below the surface.

• 한국태양에너지학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 2009.11a
• /
• pp.56-61
• /
• 2009

Paradigm depending only on fossil fuel for building heat source is rapidly changing. Accelerating the change, as it has been known, is obligation for reducing green house gas coming from use of fossil fuel, i.e. reaction to United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. In addition, factors such as high oil price, unstable supply, weapon of petroleum and oil peak, by replacing fossil fuel, contributes to advance of environmental friendly renewable energy which can be continuously reusable. Therefore, current new energy policies, beyond enhancing effectiveness of heat using equipments, are to make best efforts for national competitiveness. Our country supports 11 areas for new renewable energy including sun light, solar heat and wind power. Among those areas, ocean thermal energy specifies tidal power generation using tide of sea, wave and temperature differences, wave power generation and thermal power generation. But heat use of heat source from sea water itself has been excluded as non-utilized energy. In the future, sea water heat source which has not been used so far will be required to be specified as new renewable energy. This research is to survey local heating system in Europe using sea water, central solar heating plants, seasonal thermal energy store and to analyze large scale central solar heating plants in German. Seasonal thermal energy store necessarily need to be equipped with large scale thermal energy store. Currently operating central solar heating system is a effective method which significantly enhances sharing rate of solar heat in a way that stores excessive heat generating in summer and then replenish insufficient heat for winter. Construction cost for this system is primarily dependent on large scale seasonal heat store and this high priced heat store merely plays its role once per year. Since our country is faced with 3 directional sea, active research and development for using sea water heat as cooling and heating heat source is required for seashore villages and building units. This research suggests how to utilize new energy in a way that stores cooling heat of sea water into seasonal thermal energy store when temperature of sea water is its lowest temperature in February based on West Sea and then uses it as cooling heat source when cooling is necessary. Since this method utilizes seasonal thermal energy store from existing central solar heating plant for heating and cooling purpose respectively twice per year maximizing energy efficiency by achieving 2 seasonal thermal energy store, active research and development is necessarily required for the future.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
• /
• v.8 no.4
• /
• pp.110-118
• /
• 2007

For deciding the owner's budget of the building construction in the predesign stage, the probabilistic methodologies for estimating the cost are often studied, however these parameter-based conceptual estimating methodology has limitation of applying it to the practical business because it hardly can link the design decision-making and the cost estimating and control. Besides if the result of detail estimating after detail design is over the budget, locally and arbitrarily control the level of interior design and fix the design. This research proposed the prototype-based cost estimating model for building interior construction which leads to estimate the interior cost easily linking with design decision-making and supports to evaluate the design alternatives in the schematic design and the design development stage for office buildings. The model divides the building on the design process by Element Breakdown Structure and presents the design alternative by selecting the elements of each room from the database accumulated the historical office buildings' prototypes and estimates the cost. The 2 case studies presented to validate the effectiveness of as the linking tool integrating the design and construction data and applicability to the practical design on the presented prototype-based model.

• Journal of the Korea institute for structural maintenance and inspection
• /
• v.14 no.2
• /
• pp.106-112
• /
• 2010

Due to the improvement and stabilization of the social environment, construction market in the urban region is under shrinking. According, researches to lengthen the service life of the existing building structures are under the way through the remodeling or maintenance of deteriorated structures other than the new constructions. Similar situations are widely discussed in the domestic building construction market and the social importance of the remodeling of the existing building structures is increased. Although the structural stability of the building is uncertain due to the frequent repairing and structural changing, the remodeling works are usually conducted. In general, documents such as drawings and calculations for the design of the deteriorated structure to be remodeled are not kept. Accident at the remodeling site frequently occur because of the lack of thorough understanding of changed situations such as loadings, loading paths, changing of the mechanical properties of material, etc. In this paper, using the finite element analysis method, we investigated the structural behaviors of slab in the remodeling building and the results are applied to remodeling construction, and the appropriateness of the remodeling works are evaluated.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
• /
• v.17 no.9
• /
• pp.163-177
• /
• 2016

This study suggests a method for making a system of basic materials for the restoration of the 3X3 Kan central hall remains of a Buddhist temple from the Joseon Dynasty. Because there are both an extant hall and remains from the Joseon Dynasty, the basic material can be constructed through comparison with the floor plan. Multi-step comparisons were found to be the most suitable example for restoration. For this study, five parts of the 3x3 Kan remains were compared with 70 extant halls for a case study. For the first comparison, the limit of collection makes four examples in the whole examples. There are many relationships with the area and the length ratio of the front to the side as the comparison articles, so there are examples that satisfied both comparison articles. However, there is little relationship between the length ratio of the front Eokan to the front Hyeopkan and the length ratio of side Eokan to the side Hyeopkan. The construction method of the basic material shows the possibility of expansion with various directions that have pros and cons.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
• /
• v.21 no.5
• /
• pp.11-19
• /
• 2020

A daily progress monitoring and further schedule management of a construction project have a significant impact on the construction manager's decision making in schedule change and controlling field operation. However, a current site monitoring method highly relies on the manually recorded daily-log book by the person in charge of the work. For this reason, it is difficult to take a detached view and sometimes human error such as omission of contents may occur. In order to resolve these problems, previous researches have developed automated site monitoring method with the object recognition-based visualization or BIM data creation. Despite of the research results along with the related technology development, there are limitations in application targeting the practical construction projects due to the constraints in the experimental methods that assume the fixed equipment at a specific location. To overcome these limitations, some smart devices carried by the field workers can be employed as a medium for data creation. Specifically, the extracted information from the site picture by object recognition technology of CNN model, and positional information by GIPS are applied to update 4D BIM data. A standard CNN model is developed and BIM data modification experiments are conducted with the collected data to validate the research suggestion. Based on the experimental results, it is confirmed that the methods and performance are applicable to the construction site management and further it is expected to contribute speedy and precise data creation with the application of automated progress monitoring methods.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
• /
• 2018.05a
• /
• pp.292-292
• /
• 2018

2016년 태풍 "차바"로 인한 부산과 울산지역의 침수 및 2003년 발생한 태풍 "매미"로 인한 마산창원지역의 침수사례는 우리나라 해안도시유역이 해수면 상승에 의한 피해에 노출되어 있음을 간접적으로 입증하는 대표적 사례라 할 수 있다. IPCC 4차 평가보고서에 따르면 전 지구적 차원에서 지난 100년 동안 해수면은 약 1.7 m 상승하였으며, 1961~2003년 사이 해수면 상승률은 연평균 3.1 mm에 이르고 있다. 특히 우리나라 남해안은 연평균 3.4 mm씩 상승하고 있어 전 세계 해수면 평균 상승속도를 상회하고 있다. 또한 1990년대 이전보다 이후 기간에 우리나라에 영향을 준 태풍의 수가 많으며 평균적으로 태풍의 강도 및 해일고가 증가하고 있다. 따라서 전 지구적 해수면 상승과 태풍해일고 증가에 따른 복합적인 해수면 상승으로 인한 해안유역의 침수피해가 증가할 것으로 예상되며 특히 미래 발생 가능한 수퍼태풍에 의한 급격한 해일고의 상승은 해안유역에 침수피해를 더욱 가중시킬 것이라 예상된다. 특히 해수면 상승으로 인한 침수피해 특성은 홍수유출에 의한 내륙 침수피해와는 다른 특성을 보이고 있어 이에 대한 대응기법 개발이 절실한 실정이다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 해수면 상승에 따른 해안도시지역 대한 침수피해 예방 및 저감을 위한 침수모의기법을 개발하고 효율적 대응방안을 선정하는 기법을 제안하였다. 부정류 특성을 지닌 해수면 상승 경계조건 및 건물 간 도로를 통해 흐름이 발생하는 특성을 고려하여 해안지역의 시공적 침수규모 및 유속 등을 예측할 수 있는 2차원 수치모형을 개발하였다. 2003년 발생한 태풍 "매미" 발생 기간 동안 관측된 실제 해일고를 적용하여 창원 등 해안도시유역에 범람모의를 수행하였으며 실제 침수흔적과 비교함으로써 모형을 검증하였다. 또한 해안 경계선을 따라 월파방지벽을 설치하는 경계조건을 도입하여 월파방지벽 높이에 따른 해안도시유역 침수규모를 산정하여 월파방지벽 높이에 따른 시공적 침수규모를 분석함으로써 월파방지벽의 효과를 확인하였다. 본 연구결과는 해안지역 지점별 침수규모 및 최대 침수심 발생시간을 제공함으로써 침수에 따른 중장기적 구조적 대응방안 수립은 물론 초단기적 예상 해수면 상승에 다른 대피경로 제공 등 비구조적 수재해 대응 기법을 제시하는 기초자료를 제공에 활용 할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
• /
• 2015.05a
• /
• pp.186-186
• /
• 2015

본 연구에서는 해안도시(부산광역시 수영구) 지역의 토지이용도와 미기상인자를 고려하여 증발산량을 산정하였으며, 증발산량 변동에 대한 미기상인자의 영향성을 구명하였다. 수영구 지역의 토지이용도와 미기상인자는 2001년 12월부터 2011년 11월에 관측된 일별 자료를 사용하였다. 토지이용도는 불투수(건물, 도로 등) 및 산림(임야), 초지(논밭, 공원 등), 수계(하천, 호수 등) 지역으로 분류하였으며, 4개 지역 특성을 고려한 최적의 추정식을 적용하여 증발산량을 산정하였다. 수영구 지역의 전체 증발산량은 4개 지역에서 산정된 증발산량에 토지이용 비율을 곱하여 구하였다. 연간 증발산량 변동은 1월부터 7월까지 증가하다가 8월부터 12월까지 감소하는 형태를 보였다. 수영구 지역에서 증발산량은 강수량의 약 13.3% 정도이었으며, 이는 연구지역의 72%에 해당하는 불투수 지역에서 배수로를 통한 물의 유출이 강우 발생 후 짧은 시간 동안 다량 발생하였기에 지속적인 증발산이 가능한 잠재수량의 저유량이 적었기 때문이다. 증발산량과 미기상인자 간의 상관분석을 수행하였으며, 증발산량과 이슬점 온도의 상관계수가 0.63으로 가장 높았다. 증발산량에 대한 기온 및 강수량, 순복사 인자의 상관계수는 0.5 이상으로 양의 상관성을, 기압 및 일조시간은 0.5 이상의 음의 상관성을 보였다. 증발산량에 대한 상관계수가 0.5 이상인 미기상인자(이슬점온도와 기온, 순복사, 기압, 강수량)에 대한 회귀 분석을 수행하였다. 이슬점온도와 기온, 순복사, 기압에 대한 증발산량 회귀함수 그래프는 강수의 유무에 따라 2가지 경향을 보였다. 이슬점온도에 따른 증발산량 회귀함수는 강수 발생 시에는 $ET=0.004x+0.7$, 무강수 시에는 $ET=0.25{\times}e^{0.04x}$로 추정되었으며, 결정계수는 각각 0.48과 0.96 정도로서 무강수 시에 높게 나타났다. 기온에 따른 증발산량 회귀함수는 강수 발생 시에는 $ET=0.004x+0.53$, 무강수 시에는 $ET=0.13{\times}e^{0.06x}$로 추정되었으며, 결정계수는 각각 0.39와 0.89 정도로서 무강수 시에 높게 나타났다. 순복사에 따른 증발산량 회귀함수는 강수 발생 시에는 $ET=0.79x+0.49$, 무강수 시에는 $ET=0.22x+0.03$로 추정되었으며, 결정계수는 각각 0.34와 0.89 정도로서 무강수 시에 높게 나타났다. 기압에 따른 증발산량 회귀함수는 강수 발생 시에는 $ET=-0.04x+37.91$, 무강수 시에는 $ET=5.18{\times}10^{22}{\times}e^{-0.05x}$로 추정되었으며, 결정계수는 각각 0.25와 0.45 정도로 나타났다. 강수량에 따른 증발산량 회귀함수는 $ET=0.23lnx+0.90$으로 추정되었으며, 결정계수 0.61정도 나타났다.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
• /
• v.13 no.3
• /
• pp.162-170
• /
• 2000

This study quantified the effects of urban greenspace on microclimate amelioration and atmospheric $CO_2$ reduction for several residential districts selected in Korea and Japan. The study also explored fire obstruction by urban trees to develop systematic planting guidelines. Transpiration by a Zelkova serrata tree (diameter at breast height: 15 cm) in a day of August equaled cooling effect of about 3 air conditioners running for 12 hours. Average air temperature for the growing season was 0.5$^{\circ}C$ and 1.2$^{\circ}C$ cooler, respectively, in districts with 12% and 22% cover of woody plants than in a district with no vegetation. Annual $CO_2$ uptake and $O_2$ production by woody plants were 3 times greater in a district which was 2 times higher in their cover. Woody plants played, in a district with their 22% cover, an important role through offsetting total $CO_2$ emission from the district by about 3% annually, and through producing 10% of annual $O_2$ requirement by all residents within the district. Appropriate planning strategies of residential greenspace, including species selection, planting layout, greenspace enlargement, and maintenance were suggested to improve microclimate amelioration, air purification, and fire obstruction.