• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.157-165
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• 2021

Recently, as the spatial resolution of satellite and aerial images has improved, various studies using remotely sensed data with high spatial resolution have been conducted. In particular, since the building extraction is essential for creating digital thematic maps, high accuracy of building extraction result is required. In this manuscript, building extraction models were generated using SegNet, U-Net, FC-DenseNet, and HRNetV2, which are representative semantic segmentation models in deep learning techniques, and then the evaluation of building extraction results was performed. Training dataset for building extraction were generated by using aerial orthophotos including various buildings, and evaluation was conducted in three areas. First, the model performance was evaluated through the region adjacent to the training dataset. In addition, the applicability of the model was evaluated through the region different from the training dataset. As a result, the f1-score of HRNetV2 represented the best values in terms of model performance and applicability. Through this study, the possibility of creating and modifying the building layer in the digital map was confirmed.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.163-171
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• 2012

High resolution satellite images have been used for building and road system analysis, landscape analysis, and ecological assessment for several years. However, in high resolution satellite images, shadows are necessarily cast by manmade objects such as buildings and over-pass bridges. This paper develops the shadow extraction procedures in urban area including various land-use classes, and the extracted shadow areas are evaluated by a manually digitized shadow map. For the shadow extraction, the Canny edge operator and the dilation filter are applied to make building edge buffer area. Also, the object-based segmentation was performed using Gram-Schmitt fusion image, and spectral and spatial parameters are calculated from the segmentation results. Finally, we proposed appropriate parameters and extraction rules for the shadow extraction. The accuracy of the shadow extraction results from the various assessment indices is 80% to 90%.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.411-419
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• 2013

Research on developing algorithms for building modeling such as extracting outlines of the buildings and segmenting patches of the roofs using aerial images or LiDAR data are active. However, utilizing information from the building model is not well implemented yet. This study aims to propose a scheme for search identical or similar shape of buildings by utilizing graph topology pattern matching under the assumptions: (1) Buildings were modeled beforehand using imagery or LiDAR data, or (2) 3D building data from digital maps are available. Side walls, segmented roofs and footprints were represented as nodes, and relationships among the nodes were defined using graph topology. Topology graph database was generated and pattern matching was performed with buildings of various shapes. The results show that efficiency of the proposed method in terms of reliability of matching and database structure. In addition, flexibility in the search was achieved by altering conditions for the pattern matching. Furthermore, topology graph representation could be used as scale and rotation invariant shape descriptor.

• Proceedings of the KSRS Conference
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• 2006.03a
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• pp.307-310
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• 2006

고해상도(VHR, Very High Resolution) 영상은 활용에 따라 도심의 다양한 정보를 얻을 수 있는 잠재적 가치가 매우 큰 자료이다. 그러나 이러한 고해상도 영상자료는 매우 높은 공간해상력으로 인해 같은 용도의 객체 혹은 같은 객체(예, 건물)라 할지라도 다양한 분광 특성 및 형태로 표현된다. 그러므로 이러한 고해상도영상을 이용하여 효과적으로 주제도를 생성하기 위해서는 현재까지 영상분류 분야에서 주로 활용되고 있는 화소(pixel)단위 기반의 분석방법으로는 한계가 존재한다. 본 연구에서는 이러한 문제점을 보완하기 위한 방법으로 활발한 연구가 진행되고 있는 세그멘트(segment) 혹은 객체(object) 기반 분류기법을 고해상도 영상 및 라이다 자료에 적용하여 도심지역의 건물들을 추출해 보았으며, 그 활용 가능성에 대하여 판단해 보았다. 이러한 세그멘트 기법은 분류하고자 하는 객체들을 하나의 동일한 특성을 가지는 집단으로 모으는 방법을 말하는데, 이를 위해 본 연구에서는 multi-resolution image segmentation기법을 제공해주는 eCognition이라는 소프트웨어를 이용하였다.

• 한국공간정보시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2005.05a
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• pp.387-392
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• 2005

최근에는 LiDAR 시스템의 등장으로 기존의 항공사진측량에 비하여 효율적이고, 경제적으로 도시지역의 수치표고자료를 효과적으로 구축할 수 있게 되었으나, 도시지역에서는 다양한 형태의 객체들이 모두 포함된 DSM(Digital Surface Model) 형식의 자료를 취득하게 된다. 따라서, 홍수범람예측에 있어서의 인공지물의 영향 해석 등을 위하여 건물이 제거된 지형에 관한 상세한 정보를 제공하기 위해서는 DSM으로부터 DEM(Digital Elevation Model)을 추출하기 위한 전처리 과정이 필요하다. 본 연구는 LiOAR 시스템으로부터 취득된 도시지역에 대한 DSM으로부터 건물 등이 제거된 DEM을 추출하기 위한 연구로서 영상처리기법의 경계검출 알고리즘을 적용하여 건물 등의 지물들에 대한 경계를 추출하였으며, 선행연구에서 건물로 추출된 지역에 대하여 보간법을 적용함으로써 발생하는 원시 DSM 자료의 변형에 따른 대안으로써, 추출된 경계에 대여 평균값 필터링, 중간 값 필터링, 최소 값 필터링을 각각 적용함으로써 원시 DSM 자료의 변형을 최소화하여 건물 등의 지물들을 제거하였으며, LiDAR DSM으로부터 DEM을 제작하는 과정을 간략화, 자동화하였다.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Broadcast Engineers Conference
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• 2016.06a
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• pp.29-32
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• 2016

특징점 기반 건물인식 시스템에서는 강건한 특징점을 추출하는 것이 인식률 향상에 바로 직결되는 중요한 요소이다. 영상에서 특징점들이 너무 많이 추출되는 경우 인식이나 학습단계에서의 알고리즘 수행 시간을 증가시키는 원인이 된다. 또환 중요하지 않은 특징점(배경이나 가려짐 영역, 기타 객체에서 추출된 특징점)이나 조명 변화에 민감한 영역에서 임의로(arbitrarily) 추출된 특징점은 인식률을 저하시키는 문제를 발생시킨다. 특히 도시환경에서 촬영된 영상의 특징점을 추출할 때 이러한 문제 현상들이 빈번하게 발생한다. 본 논문에서는 이러한 문제를 해결하고자 multi-view 영상에서 건물의 homography를 기반으로 정확히 정합된 특징점인 inlier만을 선택하는 알고리즘을 제안한다. Inlier로 분류된 특징점들은 건물 인식 시스템을 구성하기 위해 사용되고 조명 변화에 민감한 영역에서 임의로 추출된 특징점들은 영역 기반 특징을 추출하여 건물 인식 시스템의 인식률을 높인다. 또한 이를 이용하여 인식하고자 하는 건물과의 상관관계가 적은 잉여 영상들을 DB에서 제거하는 방법도 제안한다. 실험을 통하여 제안하는 기법의 우수성을 보였다.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.75-87
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• 2011

This paper presents a method for region-based building extraction from high resolution satellite images(HRSI) using integrated information of spectral and color invariant features without user intervention such as selecting training data sets. The purpose of this study is also to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed method by applying to IKONOS and QuickBird images. Firstly, the image is segmented by the MSRG method. The vegetation and shadow regions are automatically detected and masked to facilitate the building extraction. Secondly, the region merging is performed for the masked image, which the integrated information of the spectral and color invariant features is used. Finally, the building regions are extracted using the shape feature for the merged regions. The boundaries of the extracted buildings are simplified using the generalization techniques to improve the completeness of the building extraction. The experimental results showed more than 80% accuracy for two study areas and the visually satisfactory results obtained. In conclusion, the proposed method has shown great potential for the building extraction from HRSI.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.91-108
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• 2022

In most cases, optical images have been used as training data of DL (Deep Learning) models for object detection, recognition, identification, classification, semantic segmentation, and instance segmentation. However, properties of 3D objects in the real-world could not be fully explored with 2D images. One of the major sources of the 3D geospatial information is DSM (Digital Surface Model). In this matter, characteristic information derived from DSM would be effective to analyze 3D terrain features. Especially, man-made objects such as buildings having geometrically unique shape could be described by geometric elements that are obtained from 3D geospatial data. The background and motivation of this paper were drawn from concept of the intrinsic image that is involved in high-level visual information processing. This paper aims to extract buildings after classifying terrain features by training DL model with DSM-derived information including slope, aspect, and SRI (Shaded Relief Image). The experiments were carried out using DSM and label dataset provided by ISPRS (International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing) for CNN-based SegNet model. In particular, experiments focus on combining multi-source information to improve training performance and synergistic effect of the DL model. The results demonstrate that buildings were effectively classified and extracted by the proposed approach.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.479-493
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• 2016

LiDAR(Light Detection and Ranging) data acquired from ALS(Airborne Laser Scanner) has been intensively utilized to reconstruct object models. Especially, researches for 3D modeling from LiDAR data have been performed to establish high quality spatial information such as precise 3D city models and true orthoimages efficiently. To reconstruct object models from irregularly distributed LiDAR point clouds, sensor calibration, noise removal, filtering to separate objects from ground surfaces are required as pre-processing. Classification and segmentation based on geometric homogeneity of the features, grouping and representation of the segmented surfaces, topological analysis of the surface patches for modeling, and accuracy assessment are accompanied by modeling procedure. While many modeling methods are based on the segmentation process, this paper proposed to extract key points directly for building modeling without segmentation. The method was applied to simulated and real data sets with various roof shapes. The results demonstrate feasibility of the proposed method through the accuracy analysis.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.113-121
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• 2011

In this paper, we proposed the method automatically to match areal feature based on similarity using spatial information. For this, we extracted candidate matching pairs intersected between two different spatial datasets, and then measured a shape similarity, which is calculated by an weight sum method of each matching criterion automatically derived from CRITIC method. In this time, matching pairs were selected when similarity is more than a threshold determined by outliers detection of adjusted boxplot from training data. After applying this method to two distinct spatial datasets: a digital topographic map and street-name address base map, we conformed that buildings were matched, that shape is similar and a large area is overlaid in visual evaluation, and F-Measure is highly 0.932 in statistical evaluation.