• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.647-649
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• 2009

An orchiopexy was performed in an 18-month old adult English bulldog with bilateral cryptorchidism. One month postoperatively, the dog was twice-treated with GnRH (50 ug/kg) at an interval of 2 weeks. Semen was collected and evaluated before and after surgery. Fertility was determined by artificial insemination. No spermatozoa were observed before orchiopexy and 2 months postoperatively. However, 6 live sperm were detected 4 months postoperatively and normal sperm characteristics (except sperm concentration) were present 7 months postoperatively. A female bulldog, inseminated with the semen from the bulldog 8 months postoperatively, delivered 6 offsprings. Spermatogenesis and spermatozoa with fertilizing capacity were recovered by postpubertal orchiopexy and GnRH therapy in a bilateral cryptorchid dog.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.227-236
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• 2009

The ultrastructure of spermatogenesis and sperm in Coreoleuciscus splendidus, belonging to Gobioninae, Cyprinidae was investigated by light and electron microscopes. The testis was located between intestine and air bladder. The size of testis was major axis 1.8 cm, minor axis 3 mm. The testis of C. splendidus contained numerous testicular cysts, and spermatogenesis was non-synchronized in these testicular cysts. In May, the upper area of testis contained with other germ cells and sperm but the lower area of testis contained with matured sperm only. In case of spermatogonia, the nucleus was comparatively large spherical, and mitochondria showed a marked development. The size of primary spermatocyte was smaller than that of spermatogonia, and that of secondary spermatocyte was smaller than that of primary spermatocyte. The chromatin of spermatocyte was highly condensed according to their development. The nucleus with electron-dense was round shape. In spermiogenesis, flagella started to be formed and chromatin was more condensed. The mitochondria were rearranged in a middle piece. The head of matured sperm was a spherical shape and had not acrosome. The microtubules of flagella were arranged 9+2 structure. Also, the tail of sperm had not lateral fins and 7 outer coarse fibers.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.105-110
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• 2002

The objective of this study was to determine the developmental competence of in vitro matured oocytes after intracytoplasmic sperm injection(ICSI) with epididymal spermatozoa. The ovaries were obtained from slaughtered small species dogs. Oocytes matured in vitro for 24 hrs were fertilized by ICSI with epididymal spermatozoa. After ICSI, one group of oocytes was activated with 2.0 mM dimethylaminopurine or 7% ethanol for 5 min. and second group was not activated. The follicular oocytes were cultured in synthetic oviductal fluid(SOF) and TCM-199 medium containing hormones and 10% FCS for 24~48 hrs in a incubator with 5% $CO_2$ in air at 38.5$^{\circ}C$. 1. Results of IVM showed that the percentage of oocytes reaching MII after 24 h and 48 hrs of incubation were significantly higher(p<0.05) after culture with 48 hrs(9/30, 30.0%) than that after culture with 24hrs(a/30, 26.7%). 2. Results of IVM showed that the percentage of oocytes reaching MII after 48 hrs of incubation were significantly higher(p<0.05) after culture with SOF media(10/30, 30.3%) than TCM-199 media (7/30, 23.3%). 3. The rate of cleavaged embryos to blastocyst obtained by ICSI treated activation oocytes was significantly higher(p<0.05) than that of nonactivation oocytes(5/16, 25.0% vs 1/13, 5.0%). 4. The rates of development of cleavaged embryos to blastocyst obtained by ICSI treated sperm of fresh, epididymal and frozen-thawed epididymal were 8/18(44.43%), 5/16(31.3%), 2/14(14.3%), respectively. and these values of frozen-thawed epididymal sperm injection were lower than fresh sperm injection.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.127-132
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• 1999

This study was carried out to investigate the general characteristics such as volume, sperm concentration, sperm motility, sperm abnormality on whole semen, removed seminal plasma(RSP) semen and fractional semen of small dogs, and the effect of temperature and preservatio time and cryopreservation on motility of whole and removed seminal plasma semen. Multiple ejaculates were collected from small dogs by the digital manipulation of penis. 1. Average sperm concentration, sperm motility and abnormal sperm rates of whole semen and RSP semen were 5.07$\pm$2.32$\times$10$^{6}$ cells/$m\ell$, 95.42$\pm$2.65%, 4.42$\pm$0.157% and 4.69$\pm$3.27~4.25$\pm$3.65$\times$10$^{6}$ cells/$m\ell$, 91.17$\pm$3.85~88.52$\pm$3.85%, 6.57$\pm$0.43~5.54$\pm$0.52%, respectively. 2. Average semen volume per ejaculate, sperm concentration, sperm motility and abnormal sperm rate of 1st fractional semen were 0.92$\pm$0.7$m\ell$, 4.57$\pm$0.78$\times$10$^{6}$ cells/$m\ell$, 10.72$\pm$3.21% and 5.50$\pm$0.70%. Average semen volume per ejaculate, sperm concentration, sperm motility and abnormal sperm rate of 2nd fractional semen were 2. 14$\pm$0.19$m\ell$, 2.01$\pm$0.12$\times$10$^{6}$ cells/$m\ell$, 95.44$\pm$4.21% and 4.31$\pm$0.53%. Average semen volume per ejaculate, sperm concentration, sperm motility and abnormal sperm rate of 3rd fractional semen were 2.66$\pm$0.23$m\ell$, 2.35$\pm$0.21$\times$10$^{6}$ cells/$m\ell$, 90.71$\pm$2.63%, 6.33$\pm$0.91%, respectively. 3. Motility of whole semen and RSP semen were higher at 2$0^{\circ}C$ than at 4$^{\circ}C$ or 37$^{\circ}C$. When preservation temperature was 2$0^{\circ}C$, sperm motility were 98.32% at 1 hr, 92.15% at 5 hrs, 90.23% at 10 hrs 82.08% at 15 hrs 70.07% at 20 hrs 60.02% at 20 hrs 37.19% at 40 hrs respectively. 4. Average sperm motility of frozen 2nd fraction semen and RSP semen were 33.3$\pm$8.7, 54.7$\pm$9.5%, respectively. Sperm motility was significantly higher in frozen 2nd fraction semen and RSP semen compared with control group.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.442-448
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• 2013

The aim of the present study was to develop glycerol-free TRIS extender using glucose for dog sperm cryopreservation. We determined the appropriate concentration of glucose in glycerol-free TRIS and the exposure time in glycerol-free TRIS containing 0.3 M glucose at $4^{\circ}C$. Ejaculates of six dog sperm were cooled in glycerol-free TRIS through $4^{\circ}C$ for 100 min, cooled at $4^{\circ}C$ in TRIS with different glucose concentrations 0 M, 0.04 M, 0.1 M, 0.2 M and 0.3 M, respectively for 30 min followed by cryopreservation. After thawing at $37^{\circ}C$ for 25 sec, membrane and acrosome integrities of dog sperm were evaluated. In addition, the effect of exposure time (10, 30, 50 and 70 min) of sperm to glycerol-free TRIS containing 0.3 M glucose at $4^{\circ}C$ on progressive motility, viability, and DNA integrity following sperm cryopreservation was studied. Membrane integrity and acrosome integrity were assessed by 6-carboxyfluoresceindiacetate (6-CFDA)/propidium iodide (PI) fluorescent staining and Pisum sativum agglutinin conjugated to fluorescein isothiocyanate, respectively. DNA integrity was assessed by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling, using flow cytometry. Sperm frozen in glycerol-free TRIS supplemented with 0.2 M or 0.3 M glucose have an intact plasma membrane (CFDA+/PI-) after cryopreservation than sperm frozen in the extenders with lower glucose concentrations (p<0.05). Acrosome integrity was significantly higher in the 0.3 M group than less than 0.1 M groups (p<0.05). The sperm DNA fragmentation index did not differ according to exposure time, although progressive motility was significantly higher in the 50 min exposure group than the other groups (p<0.05). These results indicate that cryopreservation of dog sperm is feasible and yields more motile sperm following freezing and thawing in glycerol-free TRIS containing 0.3 M glucose with the exposure time for 50 min at $4^{\circ}C$.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.143-154
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• 2000

Most eggs initiated the fertilization processes but arrested at specific stages. The stages included failure of the oocyte to exit from the meiotic metaphase-II with or without sperm penetration, failure of appropriate sperm aster formation, inability to form proper male and female pronuclei, failure of suitable pronuclear apposition, and failure to form proper number of either male or female pronuclei. Various images of defective microtubule organization and chromatin configuration during IVF and ICSI procedures were observed. We discussed the data with previous research results during normal fertilization in humans and other mammals. In conclusion, various aberrant patterns in microtubule assembly and chromatin configuration, which were assessed in the present study, could be used as criteria to improve assisted reproductive technology in clinics. However, further cellular and molecular characterization is needed to clarify these aberrant patterns of cytoskeletal assembly.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.95-100
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• 2006

Thirty heads of proven bulls were used to identify the effects of mounting conditions (dummy cow vs. teaser bull) on semen characteristics in Hanwoo. Semen was collected from bulls daily two times with 1 h interval every $3{\sim}6$ days for 6 months. Bulls mounted dummy cow (BDC) had higher both the $1^{st}$ and the $2^{nd}$ sperm concentrations than in bulls mounted teaser bull (BTB), resulting in more total sperm number (p<0.05). The total sperm number in the $1^{st}$ collection was the highest in BDC with collection interval of 5 days. Total sperm number in the $1^{st}\;and\;2^{nd}$ collections tended to be more in the BDC of $4{\sim}5$ years old and BTB of $6{\sim}7$ years old. These results indicate that semen collection using dummy cow has a better effect than teaser bull on semen characteristics.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.269-275
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• 2001

This study was carried out to investigate the general characteristics such as volume, sperm concentration, sperm motility, sperm abnormality on whole semen, RSP-S and RSP-T semen and fractional semen of small size dogs, and the effect of temperature and preservation time and cryoproservation on motility of whole and RSP-S and RSP-T semen. Multiple ejaculates were collected from small dogs by the digital manipulation of penis. 1. The volume per ejaculate semen, sperm of concentration and motility and abnormal sperm rate of 1st fractional semen were 0.65$\pm$0.09 $m\ell$, 4.52$\pm$0.35$\times$10$^{6}$ cells/$m\ell$, 15.64$\pm$3.85% and 5.50$\pm$0.62%. Also, 2nd fractional semen were 1.25$\pm$0.20$m\ell$, 3.35$\pm$0.48$\times$10$^{6}$ cells/$m\ell$, 96.25$\pm$4.65% and 4.24$\pm$0.46%. And 3rd fractional semen were 1.45$\pm$0.21$m\ell$, 3.55$\pm$0.52$\times$10$^{6}$ cells/$m\ell$, 92.82$\pm$4.24% and 4.66 $\pm$0.58%, respectively. 2. The sperm of concentration and motility and abnormal sperm rates of whole, RSP-S and RSP-T semen were 5.45$\pm$0.82$\times$10$^{6}$ cells/$m\ell$, 95.55 $\pm$4.65%, 4.58$\pm$0.45% and 4.82$\pm$0.36$\times$10$^{6}$ cells/$m\ell$, 90.10$\pm$3.42%, 6.48$\pm$0.68% and 4.55$\pm$0.45$\times$10$^{6}$ cells/$m\ell$, 93.25$\pm$3.85%, 4.82$\pm$0.58%, respectively. 3. The motility of whole, RSP-S and RSP-T semen were higher at 4$^{\circ}C$ than at 38$^{\circ}C$. When preservation temperature was at 4$^{\circ}C$, survival rates of RSP-S and RSP-T sperm were 97.54~6.25% at 1~72 hrs, 97.40~5.62% at 1~100 hrs, respectively. 4. The survival rates of slow and rapid frozen 2nd fraction, RSP-S and RSP-T semen were 67.3$\pm$4.45%, 88.8$\pm$4.46% and 46.4$\pm$3.84%, 74.4$\pm$4.20%, respectively. Survival rates was significantly higher in frozen RSP-S and RSP-T semen than that in control group(8.5$\pm$2.12%).

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2021.06a
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• pp.92-92
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• 2021

체외수정을 기반으로 이루어지는 성게의 수정 과정은 성게 주변에서 형성되는 복잡한 난류 흐름의 영향을 받게 된다. 성게 몸체의 하류부에 형성되는 재순환 영역 (recirculation zone) 내에는 다양한 난류 와류 흐름이 존재하며, 이들은 성게 몸체에서 방출된 정자와 난자의 충돌을 일으키고 수정 과정에 지대한 영향을 미친다. 즉, 성게의 수정 과정을 이해하기 위해서는 성게 주변의 흐름에 대한 유체역학적 관점에서의 분석이 수행되어야 한다. 본 연구의 목적은 성게 몸체에 의해 발생한 난류 흐름이 성게의 체외 수정에 미치는 영향에 대해 조사하는 것이다. 이를 위해 본 연구에서는 상용 프로그램인 오픈폼 (OpenFaom)을 활용하여 수치 모의를 수행하였다. 성게 주변의 유동장은 LES (Large Eddy Simulation)을 기반으로 모의하였고, 정자와 난자의 확산 궤적은 라그랑지안 입자 추적 (Lagrangian Particle Tracking) 알고리즘을 통해 구현하였다. 총 5개의 유속 조건 (0.025 - 0.20 m/s) 에 대해 모의를 수행하였으며 정자와 난자 사이의 거리를 바탕으로 수정률을 산정하였다. 정자와 난자의 뭉쳐있거나 퍼져있는 공간적인 분포 형태는 Standardized Morisita 지수를 통해 수치적으로 표현하였으며 이들과 수정률과의 관계를 규명하였다. 연구 결과에 따르면 성게 수정은 유속 조건이 0.1 m/s일 때 가장 빈번하게 발생하였으며, 성게 수정의 성공 여부는 크게 2가지 조건에 의해 결정되었다. 첫 번째로, Standardized Morisita 지수가 높을수록 다시 말해 생식세포들이 공간적으로 뭉쳐있어야 하며 두 번째는, 생식세포들을 충돌시킬 수 있는 원동력인 작은 와류가 존재해야 한다. 와류의 크기가 너무 크게 되면 생식세포들은 충돌하지 않고 확산만 되기 때문에 오히려 수정률이 감소하였다. 영역별로 분석한 결과에 따르면, 성게 몸체에 의해 형성된 재순환 영역이 수정과정에 있어 가장 지배적인 영역임을 확인하였다.

• Proceedings of the IEEK Conference
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• 1998.10a
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• pp.391-394
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• 1998

Telecommunication system demands for increased bandwidths and operating frequencies for analog signal processing could be satisfied in the near future by the emergence of a novel technology based on magnetostatic waves propagating in low loss ferrimagnetic films. The magnetostatic wave n the only available technology for analog signal processing directly at microwave frequencies.