• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.265-275
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• 2002

Flavonoid biosynthesis is one of the most extensively studied areas in the secondary metabolism. Due to the study of flavonoid metabolism in diverse plant system, the pathways become the best characterized secondary metabolites and can be excellent targets for metabolic engineering. These flavonoid-derived secondary metabolites have been considerably divergent functional roles: floral pigment, anticancer, antiviral, antitoxin, and hepatoprotective. Three species have been significant for elucidating the flavonoid metabolism and isolating the genes controlling the flavonoid genes: maize (Zea mays), snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus) and petunia (Prtunia hybrida). Recently, many genes involved in biosynthesis of flavonoid have been isolated and characterized using mutation and recombinant DNA technologies including transposon tagging and T-DNA tagging which are novel approaches for the discovery of uncharacterized genes. Metabolic engineering of flavonoid biosynthesis was approached by sense or antisense manipulation of the genes related with flavonoid pathway, or by modified expression of regulatory genes. So, the use of a variety of experimental tools and metabolic engineering facilitated the characterization of the flavonoid metabolism. Here we review recent progresses in flavonoid metabolism: confirmation of genes, metabolic engineering, and applications in the industrial use.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.201-207
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• 1987

This experiment was conducted to identify the superior corn hybrids for silage production and to determine the combining ability of their parental inbred lines. A 7-entry diallel cross was evaluated for grain and stover yields, and agronomic characters under 3 different seasons. Hybrids Hi34 x Tx601, Hi26 x Hi34, and Hi29 x Hi34 showed high total dry matter yields. In general, late maturing hybrids had higher grain and silage yields than early maturing hybrids. Leaf area index was correlated with grain and stover yields. Rust rating was negatively correlated with yields and all characters, indicating that rust (Puccinia sorghi) was one of the major factors affecting yields. Diallel analysis showed that inbred Hi34 which was late in maturity and resistant to rust was the best combiner for both grain and silage yields. General combining ability (GCA) and specific com-bining ability (SCA) effects for yields and other characters were significant, suggesting that both additive and non-additive gene effects are involved for those characters. Ratio of GCA/SCA mean squares showed that GCA effects were more important than SCA effects for yields and other characters. GCA x season and SCA x season interactions were significant for grain and stover yields, revealing that gene effects were not stable for those yields under dissimilar environments.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.29-34
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• 1974

On a newly reclamed acidic Song-jong soil (soil of a member of fine loamy, mesic family of Hapludults) an experiment was carried out to find out the proper measure of the improvement of soil fertility with soybean as test crop. Results are summarized as follow: 1. Application of compost (1 ton/10a), lime (lime requirement)and fused phosphate (equivalent to 5% of the phosphate fixation coefficient)resulted in the increase of soybean yield by 93.3% over the check plot (N: 6kg/10a, $P_2O_5$: 9kg/10a, $K_2O$: 6kg/10a). The application of fused phosphate at the level of 5% of phosphate fixation coefficient N (6kg/10a) and K(6kg/10a) brought the yield increase by 62.7% over the check plot. However, although the pH of the soil was adjusted to 7.0 by liming, the application of lime with moderate dose of phosphate ($P_2O_5$: 9kg/10a) did not increase the yield of soybean significantly. And the application of fused phosphate at the level of 5% of phosphate fixation coefficient increased the available soil P from 14 ppm to around 100 ppm as tested after harvest. 2. Application of compost (1 ton/10a) increased the organic matter content of soil by 0.8% when tested after harvest. While, the application of rice straw (0.5 ton/10a) did not alter the soil organic matter content. The CEC of the soil tested after havest found incereased significantly by the addition of lime and compost. 3. Plant analysis revealed that the $K_2O/Ca+Mg$ is better correlated with the yield than the absolute concentration of $K_2O$ in plant tissue. Between the concentration of $P_2O_5$ in plant tissue and the yield of soybean, a typical C-curve relationship was observed, indicating that in this particular soil, phosphate was the primary growth liming factor.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.142-149
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• 1995

This study was conducted to investigate the relationships between yearly variation of climatic components and yearly variations of productivity in monoculture cotton. In addition, correlation coefficients among yield and yield components were estimated. The data of yield and yield components from the four varieties(Kinggus, Yongdang local. 113-4, 380) were collected from 1978 to 1992 in Mokpo area. The meteorological data gathered at the Mokpo Weather Station for the same period were used to find out the relationships between climatic components and productivity. Yearly variation of the amount of precipitation and number of stormy days in July are large with coefficients of the variations(C.V)84.89 and 97.05%, respectively, while yearly variation, of the average temperature, maximum temperature, minimum temperature from May to Sep. are relatively small. Seed cotton yield before frost in Sep. and Oct. very greatly with C.V. of 68.77, 78.52%, respectively. Number of boll bearing branches and lint percentage show more or less small in C.V. with 11.77 and 19.13%, respectively and flowering date and boll opening date show still less variation. Correlation coefficients between precipitation in May and number of boll bearing branches, duration of sunshine in July and number of bolls per plant, maximum temperature in July and total seed cotton before the frost in Sep., Oct., and Nov. evaporation in Aug. are positively sig-nificant at the 1% level. There are highly significantly positive correlated relationships among yield(total seed cotton) and yield components. Total seed cotton yield(Y) can be predicted by multiple regression equation with independent variables of climatic factors in July such as monthly averages of average temperature($X_1$), maximum temperature($X_2$) and minimum temperature($X_3$), monthly amount of precipitation ($X_4$), evaporation($X_5$), monthly average of relative humidity($X_6$), monthly hours with sunshine($X_7$) and number of rainy days($X_8$). The equation is estimatedas Y =-1080.8515 + 144.7133$X_1$+15.8722$X_2$ + 164.9367$X_3$ + 0.0802$X_4$ + 0.5932$X_5$ + 11.3373$X_6$ + 3.4683$X_7$- 9.0846$X_8$. Also, total seed cotton yield(Y) can be predicted by the same method with climatic components in Aug., Y =2835.2497 + 57.9134$X_1$ - 46.9055$X_2$ - 41.5886X$_3$ + 1.2559$X_5$ - 21.9687$X_6$ - 3.3763$X_7$- 4.1080$X_8$- 17.5586$X_9$. And the error between observed and theoretical yield were less with approached linear regression.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.100-104
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• 1997

A new baekji(Angelica dahurica Bentham et Hooker) variety, Baekji l, was developed through a pure line selection at the Gyeongbug Provincial RDA during the period of 1990 to 1995. The variety was characterized to have high plant height. Long root length and large root diameter as compared with a check varicty of Bonghwa baekji but emergence date, flowering date and leaf number of Baekji l was similar to that of the check variety, and it was also more tolerant to nematode and heat stress. Peeled root color of Backji l was yellowbrown but number of the lateral root of the variety was greater. The dried-root yield of Baekji l in yield trial, regional adaptation trial and farmer's field trial was always $21\sim31%$ higher than that of the check variety.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.147-154
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• 1999

This research was carried out to obtain the field resistance to disease and pest, and high yielding of new Boxthorn (Lycium chinense Mill.) varieties. Growth characteristics, yield potential, correlation of trait which was related the yield and path coefficient of the domestic native varieties. two of cultivated varieties and four of introduced varieties were investigated. In growth characters of collected varieties, the stem length of collected varieties in China were slightly long. Leaf area in Jindo, Kumsan native and Yusong 1 and 2 were wider than that of other varieties. Resistance to pest iniury was very strong at China 1, Japan 1 and Yusong 2 in eriophyidmite, and also resistance to anthrax anthracnose were showed less than 10% of the rate of attack fruit at Japan 1 and China 1. Flowering stage was more early in Chungyang native than that of other varieties. Fruit size of Kumsan native, Yusong 2 were large size fruit varieties. Fruit setting number was most abundant at 1,623 in Yusong 2 which was collected variety. And dry yields of fruit per lOa was more cmparatively abundant in Yusong 2 at 86% than those of Chungyang native. The high correlation cofficienct character with fruit yield were fruit setting and branching number and leaf area. Direct effect by path anaslysis were fruit setting number (Py=0.45), and branching number was showed indirect effect.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.300-307
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• 1997

The effects of Aster scaber and Ixeris dentata on cadiovascular system in hyperlipidemic rats were examined. Five groups of thirty Sprague Dawley rats were fed with the diet contained 1% cholesterol, 0.25% sodium cholate, 10% coconut oil and 5% lard(control group) for 4 weeks. Each experimental diet group was added with 5% plant powder or extract of the 5% plant powder by dry weight. Contractile or relaxation responses in the isolated artria and thoracic aortae were measured and the morphological changes of the aortic endotherium from the rats fed the experimental diet were inspected. In response to isoproterenol, the number of right atrial spontaneous beat was significantly lower in Cham chyi powder group$(PP_{1})$ and Sumbagui powder group$(PP_{2})$ than control at $10^(-8)M$ concentration. The contraction forces by injection of phenylephrine and calcium in isolated thoracic aorta were significantly low in each experimental groups compared with the control. The relaxation rates by acetylcholine represented comparatively higher value in $PP_{1}$ than control. The morphological changes of endothelial cell surface was a little in $PP_{1}$ and $PP_{2}$ compared with control, while the damages were considerably advanced in Cham chyi and Sumgbagui extract diet group$(PE_{1},\;PE_{2})$.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.146-165
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• 1973

Crop damages caused by sulfur dioxide poisoning were studied with respect to physiology of lesion, yield loss and prevention measures. The results are summarized as follows; 1. On the physiology of injury: The sulfur dioxide gas did no: affect the pH and $E_h$ values of the tested leaf juice of plants. Peroxidase activity was inhibited just after sulfur dioxide treatment but gradually recovered to normal after 10 hours. Methanolic chlorophyll solution was instantaneously and irreversibly bleached by the addition of sulfur dioxide gas with no evidence of pheophytin formation. It seems that chlorophyll forms colourless addition product or is reduced to colourless form with either sulfur dioxide gas or sulfurous acid. Chlorophyll in the chloroplast was also bleached by the sulfur dioxide treatment, as in the case of methanolic solution of chlorophyll, except that the rate of bleaching was rather slow, requiring 1-2 hours. It appears that the most inflicting cause of sulfur dioxide gas to plants may be the destruction of chlorophyll by the poisoning gas. 2. On the effects to crop yield: The crop yield losses were proportional to the concentration of inflicting sulfur dioxide gas. The order of tolerence of the crops to the sulfur dioxide gas was as follows - chinese cabbage being the most susceptible; wheat, paddy rice, barley, soybean, welsh onion, radish and chinese cabbage. The crucifer crops were generally found more susceptible than other crops studied. With respect to the growing stages of crops exposed to sulfur dioxide gas, it was found that the flowering stage was the most susceptible fellowed by panicle forming, milky and tillering in the decreasing order of susceptibility. 3. On the preventive measures of yield losses: Soil applications of potassium, wollastonite, lime or spray of lime water were effective to prevent yield losses from sulfur dioxide fumigation of paddy rice, barley, and soybeans. The most responsive treatment was lime water spray for all crops tested. In case of sulfur dioxide fumigated paddy rice, the lime water spray also increased carbon assimilation.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.43 no.6
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• pp.1-15
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• 2015

Changgyeongwon emerged as pleasure grounds following the creation of a museum, zoo and botanical garden in Changgyeonggung Palace during the Japanese colonial period. Pleasure grounds offer space for entertainment and have maintained the image of a paradise apart from reality. This study examined the creation process of pleasure grounds within a royal palace and the following spatial changes. By analyzing the image of Changgyeongwon as an artificial paradise, this study explored its landscape and cultural aspects. Literature reviews on the intention and process showed that the Changgyeongwon pleasure grounds were created as a 'royal garden' for the amusement of Sunjong, as well as 'public pleasure grounds' in the process of colonization. It was one of the first public spaces open to everyone who could afford the entrance fee. The layout of Changgyeongwon was studied by a comparison and analyzation of modern plans and photographs. It was composed of the central museum zone, northern botanical garden zone, and southern zoological garden zone. A conservatory and greenhouse to exhibit and maintain tropical plants were intensively built in the botanical garden zone while an aviary was created on the zoo pond. In the vicinity of the aviary a vivarium was constructed. Museum exhibition facilities included a main building as well as existing buildings, and a western flower garden was created between the buildings. Space for children including a playground and horse-riding course were created in the 1930's. The paradisiacal image and pleasure grounds culture of Changgyeongwon were studied as follows. Firstly, it shows that Changgyeongwon's paradisiacal image where rare animals and exotic plants were open to the public was promoted by the zoo and botanical garden. This led to the creation of new popular leisure activities such as flower appreciation and animal watching. Secondly, Changgyeongwon offered an urban leisure space, symbolizing the 'non-urban nature within the city' where the urban residents could escape from the daily routine. Thirdly, Changgyeongwon was known for its 'fantastic night landscape' by its night opening during the cherry blossom season. This cherry blossom viewing at night sadly degenerated by various shows and drinking, and as a result, an image of a deviant paradise was given to Changgyeongwon. Changgyeongwon contributed to creating a new space with its diverse facilities, and the public embraced the urban culture through experiences of pleasure and entertainment.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.435-453
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• 2008

The crop rotation is very important in the organic agriculture and the soybean crop should be included in the rotation. Even though the inoculation of the root can be performed by the soil inoculation in the soybean crop, the effect of the soil inoculation should be proved in the organic soil. For the research of the effects in the formation of the nodule of soybeans, the growth and the quantity through the inoculation into the soil, the field experiment was conducted in 2006 at Ipjang Experimental Farm of Dankook University. The number of nodule in the testing varieties of the inoculated soil plot was $1.4{\sim}2$ times larger than those in the non-inoculated soil plot. The number of nodule was decreased in the non-inoculated soil plot after R2 stage, but it was increased in the inoculated before R4 stage and it was decreased after then. The periodical change of weight of the nodule was shown as same as the number of nodule. The dry weight of inoculated was increased than non-inoculated in Daewonkong, but it was decreased than non-inoculated in Shinpaldalkong2 and SS2-2. The amount of chlorophyll of the inoculated soil plot was more than the non-inoculated soil plot by 9% in Daewonkong, but the inoculated soil plot was less than the non-inoculated soil plot by 13%, 33% each in Shinpaldalkong2 and SS2-2. The number of pods, the number of grains and the weight of grains in the yield characteristics of the inoculated soil plot were more than in the non-inoculated soil plot in Daewonkong, but the number of pods, grains and the weight of grains in the yield result in the inoculated soil plot was less than in the non-inoculated soil plot in Shinpaldalkong2 and SS2-2. The mean yield(per 10a) of Daewonkong was increased 11% in the inoculated soil plot, but the mean yeil(per 10a) of Shinpaldalkong2 was decreased 4% and SS2-2 was also decreased 23%.