• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.53 no.5
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• pp.553-556
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• 2015

The usage of the correct combustion characteristic of the treated substance for the safety of the process is critical. For the safe handling of dimethylacetamide (DMAc) being used in various ways in the chemical industry, the flash point and the autoignition temperature (AIT) of DMAc was experimented. And, the lower explosion limit of DMAc was calculated by using the lower flash point obtained in the experiment. The flash points of DMAc by using the Setaflash and Pensky-Martens closed-cup testers measured $61^{\circ}C$ and $65^{\circ}C$, respectively. The flash points of DMAc by using the Tag and Cleveland automatic open cup testers are measured $68^{\circ}C$ and $71^{\circ}C$. The AIT of DMAc by ASTM 659E tester was measured as $347^{\circ}C$. The lower explosion limit by the measured flash point $61^{\circ}C$ was calculated as 1.52 vol%. It was possible to predict lower explosion limit by using the experimental flash point or flash point in the literature.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Gas
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.67-72
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• 2013

The flash point is the lowest temperature at which there is enough concentration of flammable vapor to form an ignitable mixture with air. The flash point is a major physical property used to analyse the fire and explosion hazards of a flammable liquid solution. The flash point data for pure components are easily available in several literature. But the flash points of the flammable binary solutions appear to be scarce in the literature. The objective of this study is to measure and estimate the flash point of acetic acid-formic acid system. Cleveland open cup tester was used to measure the flash point. The experimental data were compared with the values estimated by the Raoult's law and the optimization methods based on van Laar and Wilson equations. As a result, the estmated values by optimization methods were found to be better than those based on the Raoult's law.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Gas
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.66-72
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• 2016

For the safe handling of Propionic Anhydride being used in various ways in the chemical industry, the flash point and the autoignition temperature(AIT) of Propionic Anhydride was experimented. And, the lower explosion limit of propionic anhydride was calculated by using the lower flash point obtained in the experiment. The flash points of propionic anhydride by using the Setaflash and Pensky-Martens closed-cup testers measured $60^{\circ}C$ and $61^{\circ}C$, respectively. The flash points of propionic anhydride by using the Tag and Cleveland open cup testers are measured $67^{\circ}C$ and $73^{\circ}C$. The AIT of propionic anhydride by ASTM 659E tester was measured as $280^{\circ}C$. The lower explosion limit by the measured flash point $60^{\circ}C$ was calculated as 1.37 Vol.%. It was possible to predict lower explosion limit by using the experimental flash point or flash point in the literature.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.21-25
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• 2015

The usage of the correct combustion characteristics of the treated substance for the safety of the process is critical. For the safe handling of bromobenzene being used in various ways in the chemical industry, the flash point and the autoignition temperature (AIT) of bromobenzene was experimented. And, the lower explosion limit of bromobenzene was calculated by using the lower flash point obtained in the experiment. The flash points of bromobenzene by using the Setaflash and Pensky-Martens closed-cup testers measured $44^{\circ}C$ and $50^{\circ}C$, respectively. The flash points of bromobenzene by using the Tag and Cleveland automatic open cup testers are measured $56^{\circ}C$ and $64^{\circ}C$. The AIT of bromobenzene by ASTM 659E tester was measured as $573^{\circ}C$. The lower explosion limit by the measured flash point $44^{\circ}C$ was calculated as 1.63 Vol%. It was possible to predict lower explosion limit by using the experimental flash point or flash point in the literature.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Gas
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.41-46
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• 2012

The flash point the lowest temperature at which the concentration of vapor of the substance in the air reaches the lower flammability limit(LFL), and is one of the most important physical properties used to determine the potential for fire and explosion hazards of industrial materials. The most published flash point data was for pure components and the flash points of the binary solutions that have flammable components, appear to be scarce in the literature. In the present study, the flash points of tert-pentanol+n-decane system were measured by Tag open-cup tester. The measured data were compared with the values calculated by the Raoult's law and the optimization methods based on the Wilson and NRTL equations. The calculated values by optimization methods were found to be better than those based on the Raoult's law.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.54 no.4
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• pp.465-469
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• 2016

The usage of the correct combustion characteristic of the treated substance for the safety of the process is critical. For the safe handling of cumene being used in various ways in the chemical industry, the flash point and the autoignition temperature (AIT) of cumene was experimented. And, the lower explosion limit of cumene was calculated by using the lower flash point obtained in the experiment. The flash points of cumene by using the Setaflash and Pensky-Martens closed-cup testers measured $31^{\circ}C$ and $33^{\circ}C$, respectively. The flash points of cumene by using the Tag and Cleveland open cup testers are measured $43^{\circ}C$ and $45^{\circ}C$. The AIT of cumene by ASTM 659E tester was measured as $419^{\circ}C$. The lower explosion limit by the measured flash point $31^{\circ}C$ was calculated as 0.87 vol%. It was possible to predict lower explosion limit by using the experimental flash point or flash point in the literature.

• 도로교통
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• s.97
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• pp.14-27
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• 2004

도로에 있어 교통량이 일정한 수준을 초과하여 증가되는 경우 통행시간과 운행비용이 과도하게 증대되는 혼잡현상이 발생하게 된다. 이러한 혼잡은 경제적 관점에서 추가분의 통행자가 기존 이용자의 통행비용을 증가시키는 유형으로 해석되고 있고, 이에 대한 대응으로 많이 사용되어 왔던 방법이 개별 통행자에게 다른 이용자들의 통행비용 증가분에 상응하는 요금을 혼잡통행료로서 부과하는 방법이다. 이와 같은 혼잡통행료는 국내의 경우 도심부로 진입하는 특정 도로에 국한하여 시행되는 것을 일반적인 것으로 인식하고 시행해왔으나(서울시 남산1, 3호 터널) 국외의 경우에는 환경보호 및 수요조절 측면에서 고속도로까지 확대 시행하고 있는 사례를 찾아볼 수 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 국내의 고속도로 요금체계 현황에서 혼잡 통행료의 도입방안 및 가능성을 검토하고자 한다. 고속도로의 현행 통행료 부과 방법 및 제도를 고려할 때 통행요금에 혼잡통행료를 도입할 경우 1)시간대별 차등요금제, 2)폐쇄식 및 개방식 구간에서의 차등요금제, 3)노선별, 구간별 차등요금제, 4)요일별, 계절별 차등요금제를 고려할 수 있다. 현재의 고속도로에서 혼잡통행료를 도입할 경우 현행 이부요금제의 주행요금에 혼잡통행료 개념을 도입하는 것이 타당할 것으로 검토된다. 시간대별 차등요금제는 그 시간대를 주간(06시~24시)과 야간(24시~06시)으로 구분함이 타당할 것으로 판단되고 폐쇄식 구간의 경우 혼잡도를 고려한 주행요금을 이용거리에 비례하여 부과하며 개방식 구간의 경우 최단 이용거리를 기준으로 혼잡도를 고려한 주행요금을 부과하는 것이 타당할 것으로 판단된다. 또한 혼잡도를 고려한 주행요금을 부과하는데 있어 노선별, 구간별 차등을 두는 것이 바람직할 것으로 기대된다. 그러나 요일별 차등요금제는 주 5일 근무제가 확산됨에 따라 증가하는 비업무 승용차의 통행에 의해 고속도로의 비효율적인 운영이 발생할 경우를 제외하고는 적용하지 않는 것이 타당할 것으로 검토된다.

• Journal of Energy Engineering
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.34-40
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• 2016

For the safe handling of isoamyl alcohol being used in various ways in the chemical industry, the flash point and the autoignition temperature(AIT) of isoamyl alcohol was experimented. And, the lower explosion limit of isoamyl alcohol was calculated by using the lower flash point obtained in the experiment. The flash points of isoamyl alcohol by using the Setaflash and Pensky-Martens closed-cup testers measured $31^{\circ}C$ and $33^{\circ}C$, respectively. The flash points of isoamyl alcohol by using the Tag and Cleveland open cup testers are measured $43^{\circ}C$and $45^{\circ}C$. The AIT of isoamyl alcohol by ASTM 659E tester was measured as $419^{\circ}C$. The lower explosion limit by the measured flash point $31^{\circ}C$ was calculated as 0.87 vol%. It was possible to predict lower explosion limit by using the experimental flash point or flash point in the literature.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Gas
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.8-14
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• 2015

For the safe handling of 2-methyl-1-butanol being used in various ways in the chemical industry, the flash point and the autoignition temperature(AIT) of 2-methyl-1-butanol was experimented. And, the lower explosion limit of 2-methyl-1-butanol was calculated by using the lower flash point obtained in the experiment. The flash points of 2-methyl-1-butanol by using the Setaflash and Pensky-Martens closed-cup testers measured $40^{\circ}C$ and $44^{\circ}C$, respectively. The flash points of 2-methyl-1-butanol by using the Tag and Cleveland open cup testers are measured $49^{\circ}C$ and $47^{\circ}C$. The AIT of 2-methyl-1-butanol by ASTM 659E tester was measured as $335^{\circ}C$. The lower explosion limit by the measured flash point $40^{\circ}C$ was calculated as 1.30 Vol.%. It was possible to predict lower explosion limit by using the experimental flash point or flash point in the literature.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.79-84
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• 2019

The use of emergency escape breathing devices (EEBD) is strongly required to protect against toxic gas or flooding caused by ship fires or accidents. Recently developed domestic EEBD products only satisfy the basic performance requirements, but no wear fit and activity performance evaluation has been done for real usage. In this study, the global level test requirements for wear comfort and activity of EEBDs were developed and the open and closed type of domestic EEBD products were evaluated. Poor visibility, longer wear time, breathing resistance, and hose obstruction in an open type and canister obstruction, weight unbalance, and an invisible black breathing bag in the closed type EEBD were estimated to be the main problems that need to be improved.