• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
• /
• v.20 no.2
• /
• pp.179-192
• /
• 2014

Keeping in line with the recent changes in the information technology environment, the online learning environment that supports multiple users' participation such as MOOC (Massive Open Online Courses) has become important. One of the largest professional associations in Information Technology, IEEE Computer Society, announced that "Supporting New Learning Styles" is a crucial trend in 2014. Popular MOOC services, CourseRa and edX, have continued to build active learning environment with a large number of lectures accessible anywhere using smart devices, and have been used by an increasing number of users. In addition, collaborative web services (e.g., blogs and Wikipedia) also support the creation of various user-uploaded learning materials, resulting in a vast amount of new lectures and learning materials being created every day in the online space. However, it is difficult for an online educational system to keep a learner' motivation as learning occurs remotely, with limited capability to share knowledge among the learners. Thus, it is essential to understand which materials are needed for each learner and how to motivate learners to actively participate in online learning system. To overcome these issues, leveraging the constructivism theory and collective intelligence, we have developed a social bookmarking system called WeStudy, which supports learning material sharing among the users and provides personalized learning material recommendations. Constructivism theory argues that knowledge is being constructed while learners interact with the world. Collective intelligence can be separated into two types: (1) collaborative collective intelligence, which can be built on the basis of direct collaboration among the participants (e.g., Wikipedia), and (2) integrative collective intelligence, which produces new forms of knowledge by combining independent and distributed information through highly advanced technologies and algorithms (e.g., Google PageRank, Recommender systems). Recommender system, one of the examples of integrative collective intelligence, is to utilize online activities of the users and recommend what users may be interested in. Our system included both collaborative collective intelligence functions and integrative collective intelligence functions. We analyzed well-known Web services based on collective intelligence such as Wikipedia, Slideshare, and Videolectures to identify main design factors that support collective intelligence. Based on this analysis, in addition to sharing online resources through social bookmarking, we selected three essential functions for our system: 1) multimodal visualization of learning materials through two forms (e.g., list and graph), 2) personalized recommendation of learning materials, and 3) explicit designation of learners of their interest. After developing web-based WeStudy system, we conducted usability testing through the heuristic evaluation method that included seven heuristic indices: features and functionality, cognitive page, navigation, search and filtering, control and feedback, forms, context and text. We recruited 10 experts who majored in Human Computer Interaction and worked in the same field, and requested both quantitative and qualitative evaluation of the system. The evaluation results show that, relative to the other functions evaluated, the list/graph page produced higher scores on all indices except for contexts & text. In case of contexts & text, learning material page produced the best score, compared with the other functions. In general, the explicit designation of learners of their interests, one of the distinctive functions, received lower scores on all usability indices because of its unfamiliar functionality to the users. In summary, the evaluation results show that our system has achieved high usability with good performance with some minor issues, which need to be fully addressed before the public release of the system to large-scale users. The study findings provide practical guidelines for the design and development of various systems that utilize collective intelligence.

• Journal of Mushroom
• /
• v.7 no.3
• /
• pp.130-134
• /
• 2009

To develop new white variety of Oyster mushroom, all white varieties which have been collected and kept in the lab were revived and screened their cultural characteristics. 84 intra-specific Oyster mushroom hybrids between the white-colored mutants Suhan and Wonhyeong were developed using hyphal anastomosis technique in 2007. The Po2007-63 ($2842-7{\times}0205-7$) was shown the best cultural characteristics, selected to be a new variety and named as 'Goni'. The new commercial strain, 'Goni' has white pilei and grows well under spring and autumn conditions in Korea. The fruiting bodies of 'Goni' are of an excellent quality in that not only the stipe is thick and long but also the pileus is small and hard. The optimum temperatures for mycelial growth and fruiting body development were $25-30^{\circ}C$ and $10-16^{\circ}C$, respectively. Time period required for the initiation of the first fruiting body is about 3 to 5 days depending on the temperatures. The shape of fruiting body is thin funnel shape. Fruiting body production per bottle was about $91{\pm}13$ g which is almost 97% quantity compared to that of other variety 'Miso'. Relatively low temperature incubation ($11^{\circ}C$) resulted in the development of better quality of 'Goni' mushrooms. When two different media including potato dextrose medium and mushroom complete medium were compared, the growth of mushroom were much faster in mushroom complete medium at $20-25^{\circ}C$, but not at $25^{\circ}C$. Similar results were observed with other variety 'Miso'. Analysis of the genetic characteristics of the new commercial strain 'Goni' showed a major DNA profile as that of the parental Suhan when primer URP 1 was used, but different to 'Miso' that was used as a control. When screens were performed with primer URP 2, DNA patterns were similar both to that of the parents and 'Miso'. This new variety of the white Oyster mushroom has a clean and fresh image that corresponds well to "health food". We therefore expect that this new strain will satisfy the consumers demand for variety and excellent mushrooms.

• Food Science and Preservation
• /
• v.16 no.1
• /
• pp.122-127
• /
• 2009

This study was to separate wild yeast from the Houttuynia Cordata Thunb(HC) extracts fermented in traditional way and investigate the characteristics of fermentation from the HC extracts. As a result, the longer the cultivation time, the more the contents of alcohol in $15^{\circ}Brix$ sugar solutions increased. When it reached to 90 hours since it cultivated, it ranked HCE 12%, HCD 11.2%, and HCA 10.5% in order. As for HCF, HCG, HCB, and HCC), this study has shown that the contents of alcohol were from 7.5% through 8.5%. As a result of selecting germ strains like HCE and HCD with the highest alcohol-genicity in the sugar solutions as separated yeast from HC and of comparing and reviewing the existing Saccharomyces germ strains and fermentation power in the medium of HC(Juice extraction of HC : Distilled water(1:1), this study has found out that 'pH' decreased from $4.09{\sim}4.12$ before fermentation through $3.57{\sim}3.78$ after fermentation. And, the sugar concentration decreased from $15.00{\sim}15.19^{\circ}Brix$ through $7.75{\sim}9.57^{\circ}Brix$ before fermentation. Also, the acid value increased from $0.138{\sim}0.210%$ before fermentation through $0.282{\sim}0.45%$ after fermentation. In addition, as the contents of alcohol became $3.6{\sim}4.6%$ after fermentation, isolates HCD and HCE from HC had higher value rather than ones of DJ97, YJK, R12, and RCY separated from persimmons, apples, and grapes. The result value of color was minimum $4.75{\pm}1.44$ and maximum $6.85{\pm}1.63$, and HCE marked the highest record among the items of sensory evaluation. The overall acceptability was in normal level like minimum $3.95{\pm}1.17$ and maximum $5.00{\pm}1.41$. It is considered as it could lower sensory evaluation because the acceptability of flavor was not satisfied. After all, the significance(p<0.05) among the germ strains was not recognized in aspects of color, flagrance, flavor, and overall acceptability.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
• /
• v.36 no.2
• /
• pp.87-100
• /
• 2011

Objectives: This study aimed to identify factors associated with smoking relapse. Methods: The study sample was recruited among subjects who were enrolled in the smoking cessation clinic of a public health center and had succeeded in quitting smoking for at least six months. A total of 159 male subjects were followed via mail survey one year later. The independent variables in the analyses were socio-demographic characteristics, smoking history and behavior, receipt of smoking cessation aids, health behaviors and components of the health belief model (HBM). The dependent variable was smoking relapse assessed one year after quitting. Ordered logit regressions were used to identify factors associated with smoking relapse. Results: The relapse rate of the ex-smokers in our sample was 25.8%, and the occasional smoking rate was 17.0%. Univariate analyses revealed that only factors related to the HBM, such as perceived susceptibility to diseases (p<0.01), perceived severity of diseases (p<0.01), perceived health benefits of not smoking (p<0.01), perceived barriers to quitting smoking due to increasing stress and difficulty in social life (p<0.01), and self-efficacy (p<0.01) were associated with the likelihood of relapse for ex-smokers. Ordered logit analyses yielded two significant factors affecting the likelihood of relapse, the perceived barriers to quitting smoking and self-efficacy. Conclusions: Our results indicate that higher levels of barriers to quitting smoking and lower levels of self-efficacy were significantly related to risk of smoking relapse. These findings may be useful for identifying those at highest risk for relapse and choosing the optimal strategies for prevention of relapse for ex-smokers.

• Korean journal of communication and information
• /
• v.36
• /
• pp.399-422
• /
• 2006

Whether to reduce the current 'screen quota' for domestic films in conjunction with the FTA discussions between Korea and the United States is one of the hotly debated issues in Korea. Using Toulmin's Argumentation Model, this study attempts to trace the use of data and warrants for each pro and con claims as portrayed in newspaper editorial columns and to find its rhetorical significance. A total of 67 editorial columns were collected from 9 nationwide news dailies in Korea for the purpose. The rhetorical analysis of those articles showed that the major warrants used in each pro and con opinion were absent of the potential issues of the opponents, which inherently fails to invite rebuttals from the opposite sides. This conceptual wall in each argumentation models implies an inactive conversation and subsequent absence of clash between the pro and con argumentation fields. It is thus suggested for opinion writers to find more adequate evidences to support the data and warrants to hold persuasive power of their respective claims, ultimately to enhance the public discourse among citizens.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
• /
• v.44 no.6
• /
• pp.1353-1365
• /
• 1997

Background : Tumor necrosis factor(TNF) has been considered as an important candidate for cancer gene therapy based on its potent anti-tumor activity. However, since the efficiency of current techniques of gene transfer is not satisfactory, the majority of current protocols is aiming the in vitro gene transfer to cancer cells and re-introducing genetically modified cancer cells to host. In the previous study, it was shown that TNF-sensitive cancer cells transfected with TNF-$\alpha$ cDNA would become highly resistant to TNF, and the probability was shown that the acquired resistance to TNF might be associated with synthesis of some protective protein. Understanding the mechanisms of TNF -resistance in TNF-$\alpha$ cDNA transfected cancer cells would be. an important step for improving the efficacy of cancer gene therapy as well as for better understandings of tumor biology. This study was designed to evaluate the role of MnSOD, an antioxidant enzyme, in the acquired resistance to TNF of TNF-$\alpha$ cDN A transfected cancer cells. Method : We transfected TNF-$\alpha$ c-DNA to WEHI164(murine fibrosarcoma cell line), NCI-H2058(human mesothelioma cell line), A549(human non-small cell lung cancer cell line), ME180(human cervix cancer cell line) cells using retroviral vector(pLT12SN(TNF)) and confirm the expression of TNF with PCR, ELISA, MIT assay. Then we determined the TNF resistance of TNF-$\alpha$ cDNA transfected cells(WEHI164-TNF, NCIH2058-TNF, A549-TNF, ME180-TNF) and the changes of MnSOD mRNA expressions with Northern blot analysis. Results : The MnSOD mRNA expressions of parental cells and genetically modified cells of WEHI164 and ME180 cells(both are naturally TNF sensitive) were not significantly different The MnSOD mRNA expressions of genetically modified cells of NCI-H2058 and A549(both are naturally TNF resistant) were higher than those of the parental cells, while those of parental cells with exogenous TNF were also elevated. Conclusion : The acquired resistance to TNF after TNF-$\alpha$ cDNA transfection may not be associated with the change in the MnSOD expression, but the difference in natural TNF sensitivity of each cell may be associated with the level of the MnSOD expression.

• Journal of Gifted/Talented Education
• /
• v.25 no.6
• /
• pp.837-856
• /
• 2015

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of ill-structured problem solving program on the social self-efficacy, democratic citizenship, and meta-cognition of the scientifically gifted high school students and provide an opportunity to consider how to improve students' social self-efficacy, democratic citizenship, and meta-cognition when comprehensive character education has been emphasized in science programs for gifted students. The subjects consisted of 17 students(10th graders) and 19 students(11th graders) who were participated in a science gifted program in a Korean high school located in Seoul and pre-examination on their social self-efficacy, democratic citizenship, and meta-cognition was conducted. After applying 12-class-time of ill-structured problem solving program, post-examination on their social self-efficacy, democratic citizenship, and meta-cognition was conducted and student's self-essay about program was also conducted. Paired t-test was used to analyze the data collected and students's self-essays were also analyzed. The results of this study were as follows: First, the findings showed that ill-structured problem solving program developed students' social self-efficacy and especially showed a significant improvement in asking for help. Second, they also showed that ill-structured problem solving program raised students' democratic participation especially in a democratic function. Third, in terms of meta-cognition, ill-structured problem solving program also played a positive role. The result of analyzing students' essays also showed students' positive perception on the program. The findings of the present study suggested that ill-structured problem solving program should be taken into consideration when developing a science program for scientifically gifted high school students.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
• /
• v.29 no.2
• /
• pp.137-165
• /
• 1994

Structural adjustment of industry (or industrial restructuring) seems to be inherent in the process of capitalist economic development, which tends to be proceeded with shifts from one stage to another in order to overcome structural crises generated in each stage. The structural adjustment of industry is necessarily accompanied with regional restructuring, since it is not only projected on spece, but also mediated by space. Such a restructuring necessitates industrial and uneven regional devlopment through which capital can seek excessive profits over the rate of socio-spatial average. The industrial restructuring and uneven regional development in the 1980s in Korea can be seen as a process in which capital attempted with a strong support of the govenment to overcome the crises in the end of 1970s and hence to go on rapid economic growth. In this process, capital, especially monopoly capital concentrated into few conglomerates, pursued both extensive expansion and intensive development of industry simultaneously. In results, the Korean economy could eliminate some of peripheral characters and maturate the Fordist accumulation system. The extensive expansion of the Korean industry in the 1980s was stimulated mainly through the enlargement and adjustment of investment for equipment facilities which was planned to exclude or rationalize traditional light industries on some places, and to continue rapid growth of key heavy-chemical industries, especially of fabricated metal industry, on other places. In this process, keeping mainly the existing developmental axis which polarized the Seoul Metroplitan region and the Southeast region in Korea, the enhancing spatial mobiiity of capital and the further differentiating division of labour enforced a tendency of concentration of all types of industry in the Seoul Metropolitan region, and at the same time provoked the diffusion of some industries over Jeolla and Chungchong regions in a considerable extent. The intensive development of industriai structure in the 1980s was pursued through the strategic encouragement of subcontracting small firms mainly which produced assembling components, the technical enhancement and factory (semi-) automation, and the enrichment of service industries for estate management, finance, distribution and retailing which supported and complemented the production of goods. In this process, enabling capital to extend and elaborate its domination over space through the reorganization of regulating systems, the Fordist division of labour generated a socio-spatial hierarchy in the nation-wide scale that characterized: the Seoul Metropolitan region as an overmaturated (or overarching) Fordist region performing the conceptive functions of management, research and development, in which all types of industry (including service industries) tended to be reconcentrated; Kyungsang region as a maturated Fordist region with excutive branches of large conglomerates and with subcontracting firms around them which produced standardized products through the automized production processes in secialized Fordist industries or rationalized traditional industries; and Jeolla and Chungchong regions as newly devloping Fordist regions with newly migrated branches and some subcontracting small firms-in relatively older Fordist industries or partly rationalized traditional industries. From these analyses, it can be argued that the structural adjustment of the Korean industry in the 1980s, which had carried out both through the extensive expansion and the intensive deveiopment, strengthened further uneven regional development process, even though it appears to have reduced apparently the economic and regional disparity by balancing numerically large and small firms and by extending the Fordist industrial space nation-wideiy. And it seems more persuasive to see that the Korean industrial structure in the 1980s maturated the Fordist system of accumulation, but not yet transformed towards the post-Fordist (or the so-called flexible) accumulation system, even though the Korean economy in the 1990s seems to be under a pressure of restructuring towards the latter system.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
• /
• v.6 no.2
• /
• pp.83-96
• /
• 2000

Erosional basins formed in middle and upper reaches of Korean great rivers have been main life space of local small and middle cities, but previous studies on erosional basins are widely apart from residents' life and are in shortage with the endeavor to elucidate the man and environment relationship. This paper analyzes the factors and the modes of land-use changes of hills in the erosional basin. In this paper four erosional basins with different geological conditions are selected to elucidate the effect of geological factor(Geochang: granite, Chogye: metamorphic rock, Angye: gravelly sedimentary rock, Maseong: limestone). And the distribution of land use on the transverse and longitudinal cross-section map of the hill is described. The landscape of erosional basin is consisted of surrounding mountains, hills, dissected valleys, and incoming river's floodplain. Dissected valleys and incoming river's floodplain were reclaimed early as paddy field and hills have been used as woodland up to recently. Residents have a new appreciation of hills as a productive hill out of a traditional holy space[mountain] by influence of capitalistic thought that 'natural environment is a sort of productive resource'. Population increase is the another pressure of hill reclamation. The modes of landscape changes due to natural conditions are as follow: (1) In Geochang basin with dense tectolineament spacing, the gentle part of hill is used as field, orchard and agricultural-industrial complex site and the steep part is as woodland. (2) Hills in Angye basin with sparse tectolineament spacing are relatively flat because of maintaining a part of original denudational surface, and are used as orchids, field, paddy fields and agricultural-industrial complex site. The dissection valleys between hills are gentle concave and are used as paddy fields. (3) Hills in Maseong basin are wide and flat, and are used as fields, orchards, and agricultural-industrial complex site. (4) Because hills in Chogye basin, a closed type, are weared by affluents and are narrow and short. Hills are used as woodland and wide dissected valleys are reclaimed as paddy fields.

• The Journal of Korean Society for Radiation Therapy
• /
• v.16 no.2
• /
• pp.33-41
• /
• 2004

Purpose : Film has been the primary tool in coincidence testing between the light field and the radiation field, which constitutes the quality assurance list of a linear accelerator. But there is a great chance of errors being different among the observer when using film. Thus this study set out to use the BIS(Beam Image System) in addition to film in comparing and evaluating coincidence results between the two fields and in searching for the improvement measures. Materials & Methods : Photon beam of 6 and 15MV was exposed to film and the BIS using a linear accelerator. The light and radiation fields were each $50{\times}50,\;100{\times}100,\;and\;200{\times}200mm^2$. The gantry angle was $0^{\circ}$ when using film and $0^{\circ}\;and\;270^{\circ}$ when using the BIS. The devices adopted to test coincidence between the two fields were a ruler and film scanner when using film. With the BIS, the width of the scanned light and radiation fields was measured for errors with setting the X and Y axis. Results : The visual measurements of the observer with film resulted that the radiation field was bigger than the light field and that their maximum error was 1.9mm. The results were the same with the measurements using the film scanner except for the average error, which was less than 1.9mm. On the contrary, the measurements using the BIS showed that the light field was bigger than the radiation field at the gantry angle of $0^{\circ}\;and\;270^{\circ}$. The maximum error was 0.96mm, and the error range was $<{\pm}2mm$ both in the X and Y axis. The average error of ${\Delta}X$, Y was the smallest in the order of the visual film measurements, film scanner measurements, and BIS measurements Conclusion . This requires a careful measurement for accurate quality assurance since errors are much different according to each observer that tests coincidence between visual fields with film. And an observer needs to use another image device or develop a measuring device of his own if it seems necessary for accurate measurements.