• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.83 no.6
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• pp.1240-1258
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• 2022

The lymphatic system provides a route for the spread of inflammation and malignancies. The identification of nodal stations and lymphatic pathways of tumor spread is important for tumor staging, choice of therapy, and the prediction of the prognosis of patients with malignant diseases. Because lymph node metastasis is common in primary intra-abdominal malignant tumors, its detection is essential for radiologists to understand the pattern of disease spread. Using schematic pictures and color-coded CT images, this pictorial essay describes the locations and nomenclature of the abdominal lymph nodes. Furthermore, the lymphatic drainage pathways of the upper and lower gastrointestinal tracts, liver, gallbladder, bile duct, and pancreas have been highlighted. In addition, lymph nodes belonging to the regional lymph nodes in malignant tumors arising from each organ are described, and certain cases are presented with images from patients.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.82 no.4
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• pp.826-837
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• 2021

Immunoglobulin G4-related disease (IgG4-RD) is a chronic inflammatory condition involving multiple organs, including the salivary or lacrimal glands, orbit, pancreas, bile duct, liver, kidney, retroperitoneum, aorta, lung, and lymph nodes. It is histologically characterized by tissue infiltration with lymphocytes and IgG4-secreting plasma cells, storiform fibrosis, and obliterative phlebitis. In the thoracic involvement of IgG4-RD, mediastinal lymphadenopathy and perilymphangitic interstitial thickening of the lung are the most common findings. Peribronchovascular and septal thickening and paravertebral band-like soft tissue are characteristic findings of IgG4-RD. Other findings include pulmonary nodules or masses, ground-glass opacity, alveolar interstitial thickening, pleural effusion or thickening, mass in the chest wall or mediastinum, and arteritis involving the aorta and coronary artery. Radiologic differential diagnosis of various malignancies, infections, and inflammatory conditions is needed. In this review, we describe the imaging findings of IgG4-RD and the radiologic differential diagnoses in the thorax.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.10 no.6
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• pp.336-343
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• 2010

Coronary artery CT angiography has short scanning length, the exposure dose is high. Therefore, it is required to study on the organ dose when using MDCT. We compared the differences between the absorbed dose and effective dose in the major organs assessing the absorbed dose in the major organs by 16-MDCT and 64-MDCT in the subjects with coronary artery CT angiography, the same protocol by 16-MDCT and 64-MDCT. As a result, the great orders of absorbed dose when conducting coronary artery CT angiography had been shown as heart, stomach, liver, pancreas, kidney, spleen, large intestine, lung, small intestine, thyroid gland, ovary, bladder, and orbit with the absorbed dose distribution of $0.538{\pm}0.026(Mean{\pm}SD,\;p<0.05)mGy{\sim}71.316{\pm}4.316mGy$ in 16-MDCT, and heart, stomach, pancreas, spleen, liver, kidney, small intestine, large intestine, lung, thyroid gland, ovary, bladder, and orbit with the absorbed dose distribution of $0.87{\pm}0.01mGy{\sim}115.26{\pm}1.59mGy$ in 64-MDCT, demonstrating some different distributions. The exposed doses to the patient per one time scanning with coronary artery CT angiography were $71.316{\pm}4.316mGy$ in 16-MDCT as the absorbed dose based on the heart and $115.26{\pm}1.59mGy$ in 64-MDCT. The effective doses were 7.41 mSv and 12.11 mSv in 16 and 64-MDCT, respectively. Taking into account the results of brain CT with 2.8 mSv that has comparatively large scanning length and size, facial CT 0.8 mSv, chest CT 5.7 mSv, pelvic CT 7.2 mSv, and abdominal and pelvic CT 14.4 mSv, it is very high considering the scanning length of 13 cm limited to the heart for the scanning range.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.980-987
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• 2003

In this report, we investigated the detoxication effects of Saururus chinenis, Geranium nepalense, Lonicera japonica, Cassia obtusifolia, Glycyrrhiza uralensis, or their mixtures by employing acute toxicity tests for nicotine and dioxin. When fatal doses $(LD_{100}\;=\;42\;mg/kg)$ of nicotine were injected into the abdominal cavities of ICR mice, those treated with OHEM showed delayed paralysis, half the duration of hyperactivity, and a 73 % survival rate. The results revealed the strong detoxicating effects of the mixtures. We also measured the amount of the degradation product of nicotine and cotinine in humans. Consumption of OHEM promoted (he more specific) the metabolic pathways of nicotine, increasing continine excretion by 1.5 times. As a result the amount of cotinine in urine was reduced to less than 5% after treatment with OHEM. In order to test the toxicity of dioxin, we used TcnN(SD)BR rats exposed to TCDD. While TCDD treatment reduced the blood levels of hemoglobin and platelet, OHEM consumption relieved these effects and, furthermore, helped to recover the number of platelet to the normal level (p<0.05). Moreover, neutrophils (%) and monocytes (%), which were reduced by the injection of TCDD, recovered to normal levels upon treatment with OHEM. The amount albumin reduced by TCDD (p<0.05) normalized, while the activities of GOT and GTP increased by TCDD were reduced. Increases in total cholesterol and neutral fatty acids induced by TCDD were also reduced by OHEM injection (p<0.05). In the kidney, TCDD-induced rises in creatinine were suppressed by OHEM treatment, while decreases in iron levels from TCDD were raised to normal. The treatment of TCDD had more toxic effects in the blood and pancreas than on the liver, kidney and heart. On the other hand, the detoxication of OHEM had significant effects on the liver and pancreas. The normalization by OHEM of various clinical abnormalities induced by TCDD demonstrates the detoxicating effect of OHEM that ameliorates systemic metabolism not properly functioning.

• The Korean Journal of Malacology
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.157-165
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• 2006

The present study was conducted to confirm that a bivalve Ruditapes philippinarum can be used as a biomarker for the monitoring of the heavy metal pollution in the silt of the marine environment. The clams were collected from the silt of Cheonsu-bay, Buheung-ri, and Tan-island of the West Sea, Korea. To observe the normal structures of the target organs (hepatopancreas and gill), they were dissected out for the immunohistochemical study and the electron microscopy with TEM, SEM, and SEM-EDS. The immunohistochemical study showed that the interdiverticular connective tissues of the hepatopancreas, and the outer epithelium of the gill lamellae was strongly reacted to anti-metallothionein (MT), indicating the presence of MT, a metal-binding protein, involved in metal detoxifying process. According to the examinations under the TEM, the epithelial cells of the hepatopancreas of the clams collected from polluted area (Tan-island) showed certain changes such as swollen rER, swollen nuclear envelope and inclusion bodies in the nulcei. In the SEM-EDS analysis, tissue of the hepatopancreas showed relatively higher concentration of S, Zn, and Cd. These elements are supposed to be concerning with the MT-reaction in the hepatopancreas. Considering that the coastal bivalve R. philippinarum showed immediate subcellular responses to heavy metal pollution in the overall experiments conducted, this species might act as one of efficient biomarkers for the heavy metal contamination in the marine environment.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.283-290
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• 2008

Hypercholesterolemia is associated with many pathological states such as fat deposit in the tendon and skin, hepatomegaly, pancreatitis and heart attack. The present study was focused on the effect of Korean red ginseng water extract (RGWE) on the recovery of hepatic function that was deteriorated in high-cholesterol diet fed mice. Mice were divided into 6 groups ; normal diet group (AIN-2WK), 4 week-high-cholesterol diet group (CHOL-4WK), 2 week-high-cholesterol + 2 week-normal diet group (CHOL-2WK), 2 week-high-cholesterol + 2 week-normal diet + RGWE treated group (R100, R300, R500). RGWE treated group received normal diet and RGWE at daily doses of 100, 300, 500 mg/kg b.w. for 2 weeks after the 2 weeks feeding of high-cholesterol diet. The results are as follows : 1. The hepatic weight and total hepatic lipid weight were markedly lower in RGWE treated group than those in the CHOL-4WK or CHOL-2WK group, indicating that ginseng inhibited hepatic hypertrophy. 2. Total hepatic cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol in normal diet conversion group (CHOL-2WK) were significantly reduced compared with the high cholesterol group (CHOL-4WK). The lowering effect was significantly reinforced by RGWE administration. 3. Hepatic triglyceride level of CHOL-4WK group was markedly lower than that of the normal group (AIN-2WK). However, the level was significantly increased in CHOL-2WK and RGWE treated group. The result indicated that ginseng administration and diet conversion exert normalizing effects of hepatic function. 4. The lipid peroxide levels in RGWE treated groups were markedly lower than CHOL-2WK group. These results suggest that Korean red ginseng water extract can be useful as a dietary supplement for the treatment of obesity or hypercholesterolemia by improving lipid metabolism and hepatic function.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.414-420
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• 2002

The effects of Cordyceps militaris on weight gain, flood intakes, flood efficiency ratios, serum and hepatic lipid concentrations, serum protein levels and serum enzyme activities, were studied in adult male rats. Sprague-Dawley rats, 35 weeks old, were given four different types of diets for a succeeding period of five weeks: either a normal diet(5% com oil), a high fat diet(5% com oil + 15% lard). a CF diet (high fat diet + 3% Suiting body of cordyceps militaris), or a CM diet (high fat diet + 3% mycelium of cordyceps military). The body weight gains, hepatic weights and food efficiency ratios of the rats find (high fat) diets with CF and CM were significantly decreased compared with those find the high fat diet, but were similar to those find the normal diet. The concentrations of serum and hepatic triglycerides, and hepatic total lipids and cholesterol, of rats given CF or CM diets were significantly lower than those given the high fat diet. But the concentrations of total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, phopholipid and total protein in the serum of rats find the high fat, CF or CM diets were significantly higher than those find the normal diet. In the serum of the rats find the CF diet, the HDL-cholesterol/total cholesterol ratio was significantly higher but the atherogenic index was significantly lower than those fed the high fat diet. The alkaline phosphatase activity in the serum of the rats find the high fat, CF, and CM diets was more significantly decreased compared to rats on the normal dirt. No differences were noted in the weights of the pancreas, kidney and heart, the serum concentrations of glucose, hemoglobin and albumin, and the activities of GOT, GPT and ${\gamma}$-GTP, among the rats on all the experimental diets. In conclusion, the rats find the Cf or CM diets maintained normal body and hepatic weights. Despite of the high intake of fats in the CF and CM diets, the concentrations of total lipids, cholesterol and triglycerides were decreased in the liver, also, the concentration of triglycerides was decreased in the serum.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.238-243
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• 2003

The effects of Paecilomyes japonica on weight gains, food intakes, food efficiency ratios, serum and hepatic lipid concentrations, serum protein levels and serum enzyme activities, were studied in adult male rats. Sprague-Dawley rats,35 weeks old, were given four different types of diets for a succeeding period of five weeks: either a normal diet (5% corn oil), a control diet (high fat; 5% corn oil + 15% lard), a PF diet (control diet + 3% fruiting body of Paecilomyes japonica), or a PM diet (control diet+.3% mycelium of Paecilomyes japonica). The body weight gains, hepatic weights and food efficiency ratios of rats fed the PF or PM diets were significantly lower than those fed the control diet, but were similar to those fed the normal diet. The concentrations of hepatic total lipids, cholesterol and triglyceric, and serum triglyceride, of rats given the PF or PM diets were significantly lower than those given the control diet. Hut the concentrations of total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and phospholipid in the serum of rats fed the control, PF or PM diets were significantly higher than those fed the normal diet. In the serum of rats fed the PF diet, the HDL-cholesterol/total cholesterol ratio was significantly higher and the atherogenic index was significantly lower than those fed the control diet, while such effect was not observed in rats fed the PM diet. The alkaline phosphatase activity in the serum of rats fed the control and PM diets was more significantly decreased compared to rats fed the PF and normal diet. No differences were noted in the weights of the pancreas, kidney and heart, the serum concentrations of glucose, hemoglobin and albumin, and the activities of GOT, GPT and ${\gamma}$-GTP, among the rats on all the experimental diets. In conclusion, the rats fed the PF or PM diets maintained normal body and hepatic weights. Despite of the high intake of fats in the PF and PM diets, the concentrations of hepatic total lipids, cholesterol and triglyceride, and serum triglyceride were decreased.

• The Korean Journal of Malacology
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.273-277
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• 2015

This study was conducted to provide the reproductive biological information and basic data on the artificial sex control of Haliotis discus hannai. The morphological sex differentiation process of H. discus hannai could be classified into following five phases: 1) formation of gonad outer membrane (FGOM) (${\leq}SL\;10.0{\pm}1.0mm$), 2) primordial germ cells (PGCs) appearance in the connective tissue between intestine and hepatopancreas (PAC), and formation of gonadal cavity (FGC) (SL $15.0{\pm}2.0mm$), 3) PGCs appearance in the epithelial layer of gonadal cavity (PAG) (SL $18.0{\pm}2.0mm$), 4) formation of gametogenic follicle and appearance of early oocytes and spermatogonia (FGOC) (SL $21.0{\pm}2.0mm$), 5) morphological sex differentiation (MSD) (${\geq}SL\;23.0{\pm}2.0mm$). From histological analysis sex differentiation rate in SL 24.1-25.0 mm of H. discus hannai was 90.0% and sex ratio (female : male) was 1:0.8.

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.19-24
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• 2005

The low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 5 (LRP5) highly expressed in many tissues, including hepatocytes and pancreatic beta cells, can bind to apolipoprotein E. To evaluate in vivo roles of LRP5, we generated LRP5-deficient mice. LRP5 genomic DNA was isolated from TT2 embryonic stem (ES) cells. Targeting vector was constructed to disrupt an exon 18 of the mouse LRP5 gene and transfected into ES cells. Three homologous recombinants at LRP5 locus were identified from 178 G418-resistant clones. Chimeric males generated by morula aggregation technique were mated to C57BL/6 female mice. After achieving germ-line transmission, LRP5+/- females were crossed with LRP5+/- males to obtain LRP5-deficient mice. One line of mice lacking LRP5 gene was confirmed by Southern blotting. Such knock-out mice may serve as an effective animal model to study in vivo function of LRP5 gene.