• Journal of Korean Society of Steel Construction
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• v.17 no.2 s.75
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• pp.115-130
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• 2005

This paper presents the effects of indirect costs on Life-Cycle-Cost(LCC) effective optimum design of steel-box girder bridges. The LCC formulations considered in the LCC optimization of the bridges consist of initial cost and expected rehabilitation costs including repair/replacement costs, loss of contents or fatality and injury losses, and indirect costs such as road user costs and indirect socio-economic losses. To demonstrate the LCC-effectiveness for optimum design of the bridges, an actual steel box girder bridge having two continuous spans(2@50m=100m) is considered as a numerical example. And also, in this paper, various sensitivity analyses are performed to investigate the effects of indirect costs caused by traffic conditions such as number of detour route, number of lane on detour route, length of detour route, and traffic volumes on the LCC-effective optimum design. From the numerical investigations, it may be concluded that indirect costs caused by traffic network may sensitively influence on the LCC-effective optimum design of steel-box girder bridges. Therefore, it may be stated that the traffic conditions should be considered as one of the important items in the LCC-effective optimum design of the bridges.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.59 no.4
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• pp.356-360
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• 2005

Background : This study examined the clinical utility of using indirect chest radiography during a physical examination of new conscripts for determine the presence of pulmonary tuberculosis. Methods : Over an eight-month period, this study examined 25386 people who underwent a physical examination after conscription. The abnormal findings on mass miniature radiography were followed-up using direct chest radiography. The positive predictive value of mass miniature radiography and direct chest radiography was compared. The incidence, degree of infiltration and clinical outcome of active pulmonary tuberculosis were also evaluated during a follow-up examination. Results : The positive rate of mass miniature radiography was 1.19% (n=302). Various lesions were identified: Parenchymal lesions (n=109), mediastinal lesions (n=6), cardiovascular lesions (n=45), pleural lesions (n=49), bony lesions (n=90) and miscellaneous lesions (n=7). The incidence of active pulmonary tuberculosis by mass miniature radiography was 0.26% (n=67). The first diagnosis was made in 50 people; active pulmonary tuberculosis (n=42), pneumonia (n=1), a mediastinal mass (n=1), a rib fracture (n=2) and a pneumothorax (n=4). Most cases of active pulmonary tuberculosis were mildly infiltrated and either improved or were cured by the follow-up examination. Conclusion : Although mass miniature radiography in a physical examination after conscription has limitations, but it is a useful means for detecting the presence of early disease, particularly in active pulmonary tuberculosis.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics and Information Engineers
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• v.51 no.11
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• pp.221-228
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• 2014

The color and shape of the tongue reflect the physiological and clinico-pathological condition of the body. Recently, various tongue image acquisition devices have been developed for accurate diagnosis based on quantitative and objective tongue features. Since a color information is essential for tongue diagnosis, the performance of an illuminator is very important for the tongue image acquisition device. In this study, we developed an indirect illumination, which is possible to improve a homogeneity of light intensities on the tongue surface, and evaluated its performances. In order to realize the indirect illumination (II), a semi-ellipsoidal solid structure (SESS) for the light reflex was located in the system, and two high-brightness white LEDs were placed for illuminating the areas under frontal camera in the SESS. The tongue surface was illuminated by reflected light from the SESS. The light homogeneity induced by three different illuminations including the II was evaluated by calculating coefficient of variation (CV) of illuminance of five regions. The II showed less than 0.01 of CV and the direct illumination (DI) and the direct illumination with a light diffusion plate (DILDP) showed 0.16 and 0.13, respectively. The reflexed pixel ratios of tongue phantom images show 5.76%, 4.22%, 1.79% for the DI, the DILDP and the II, respectively. The homogeneity of a tongue phantom was evaluated by calculating CV of mean pixel values of six different tongue regions, and showed less than 0.06 in the II. If the II technique apply to tongue diagnosis system, it is expected to improve diagnostic accuracy in clinic.

• Journal of Korea Game Society
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.111-118
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• 2016

Global illumination is key factor for realistic image but it is not common in realtime rendering due to its complexity. Visibility of $2^{nd}$ lights is hard to determine because we should process all object for each $2^{nd}$ light. In this paper, we reuse visibility of static objects. We present an indirect illumination algorithm which shows good performance and provides exact $2^{nd}$ light visibility when the scene has small number of moving objects. Our method renders correct image while showing good performance.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.2 no.2 s.6
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• pp.81-89
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• 2001

Construction industry has particular properties of non-continuity of production, and non-stability of market comparing to other industries. Because of them, the practical construction cost is more difficultly recognized than in manufacturing industry, so, that is various according to many projects. Therefore, it is very hard work to standardize construction cost, and it is worthy of analyzing and measuring exactly construction cost. On this study, the trouble in producing expected construction cost with original cost calculation method is progressed by the data of cost items in complete works. On the basis of analyzing data, as expected cost of practical construction is measured, it can be referred to the method and the standard of indirect labor cost rate in construction.

• Journal of Korean Library and Information Science Society
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.223-241
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• 2011

The purpose of this study is to propose supporting small libraries through investigating the ordinances of local governments. Based upon identifying of ordinances, there are direct and indirect supports for small libraries from local governments. Direct support is provide budget to small libraries and indirect supports are a cooperation between public library and small library, instruction for library staff, and supporting volunteers. Supporting methods for public small library are direct and indirect supports, but method for private library is indirect support.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Illuminating and Electrical Installation Engineers
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.86-91
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• 2009

Indirect Touch switch which detects the change of capacitance around the electrode of QT113H chip from QPROX is designed and assembled. Sensitivity analysis of dielectric materials which prevents electrodes from direct touch is performed and the results are displayed in tables and graphs. Glass, acryl, and MDF is used to insulate the electrode and to measure the operating sensitivity of indirect touch switch. While the difference of permittivity of the dielectric materials are large, it is confirmed that the operating sensitivity of each dielectric materials are not so large as the differences of those of dielectric materials.

• The Transactions of the Korean Institute of Power Electronics
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.95-103
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• 2000

In this paper, a novel indirect rotor position sensing method is proposed to improve the performClIlce of sensorless drive of brushless DC motors. The fast mode change to the sensorless operation is difficult in the existing indirect rotor position sensing methods because a precise rotor position can not be obtained when an excessive input is applied to the drive during synchronous operation mode. To cope with this problem, the relationship between terminal voltage and back-emf waveform is analyzed in this paper, also a novel indirect position sensing method which can detect a precise rotor position at low speed range is proposed. The effectiveness of the proposed method is verified through the experimental results.

• Journal of the Korean Vacuum Society
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.273-279
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• 2006

This study explored the possibility of porous Si (PS) formed by indirect electrode anodization used for effective isolation material for radio frequency integrated circuits (RFIC). We investigated the effect of current density and reaction time on the porosity size and depth, and X-ray diffraction of bulk Si and porous Si to evaluate the change in lattice parameter. Porosity size and depth usually increases with an increase in the current density and reaction time. PS increases the lattice parameter of Si compared to the bulk Si which causes the compressive stress of around 8 MPa. PS formed by the method is believed to be suitable for isolation material for RFIC because it is simple process as well as good compatibility to Si VLSI process.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.87-126
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• 2009

In the internet portal industry, the indirect network externality from portal visitors to advertisers and the direct network externality among portal visitors have important implications for anti-trust policies. This paper examines the existence and the magnitude of the direct/indirect network externality in the Korean internet portal industry and measures its effect on the market power of the internet portals. The results show that the direct/indirect network externality is substantive in the industry hence the market share of a portal in the visitors' side has the 'leverage' effect on its market power in the advertisers' side.