• Korean Journal of Culture and Social Issue
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.237-258
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• 2021

The purpose of this research was to empirically explore the association between exposure to news of the nth Room Case, indirect trauma, and beliefs about the world among adults in their 20s. A total of 228 adults in their 20s participated in an online survey designed to study the association above. Analysis using SPSS 25.0 showed that participants who were exposed to more related news immediately after the nth Room case was revealed experienced a higher level of indirect trauma. Furthermore, indirect trauma fully mediated the relationship between exposure to the news of the nth Room Case and beliefs about the world. This study empirically demonstrated the impact of news exposure on beliefs about the world through indirect trauma, suggesting that, like disasters, sex crimes can cause indirect trauma to third parties through the news. However, this study was limited to adults in their 20s, and most of the participants were women; therefore, future studies using samples representing demographically more diverse groups are needed. Future research could also examine the possibility of emotional contagion mediating or moderating the relationship between news exposure and indirect trauma.

• Korean Journal of Culture and Social Issue
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.411-430
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• 2016

The purpose of the present study was to examine psychological consequences of indirect trauma exposure through the disaster news. Participants(N=439) completed some self-report questionnaires such as Posttraumatic Risk Checklist(PRC), Impact of Event Scale-Revised(IES-R), and Multidimensional Fear of Death Scale(MFODS) at 68.11(±18.47) days after the Sewol ferry disaster. The data were analyzed with structural equation modeling by AMOS 23.0 program. The results showed that fear of death and periand post-traumatic crisis factors mediated the association of news exposure immediately after disaster and posttraumatic stress symptoms. Findings in this study indicated that news exposure immediately after disaster influenced fear of death which led to the peri- and post-traumatic crisis, and these crisis factors increased posttraumatic stress symptoms. Finally, limitations of this study and suggestions for future study were discussed.

• Korean Journal of Culture and Social Issue
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.381-407
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• 2017

The purpose of this study was to develop scale for the measurement of indirect traumatization occurred by social disaster and test their validity. To achieve this purpose, this study conduct a research through the following procedure. First, to develop the inventory, various responses of indirect traumatization occurred by social disaster were gathered from Korean adults participated in open questionnaire. 41 items were made. Second, exploratory factor analysis were performed and 21 items were selected in this step. The Indirect Trauma Scale of Social Disaster(ITSSD) consisted of 4 factors, each with 4-to-8 items, respectively. Four factors include ① private coping responses ② symptom responses ③ distrust responses of world ④ moral emotion cause of social perpetrators. Appropriate levels of reliability were established for the ITSSD. Third, Indirect Trauma Scale of Social Disaster was validated by confirmatory factor analysis, and 21 items were fixed. To 300 participants differed from development step, confirmatory factor analysis was performed. 4 factors structure derived from the exploratory analysis was appropriate. And 4 factors indicated reasonable fit index such as TLI(.913), CFI (.924) and RMSEA(.077). In addition, ITSSD identified a significant positive correlation with Posttrauma Risk Checklist, Korean Depression Scale, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory-KYZ and negative with Acceptance-action Questionnaire-2. But that was unrelated to Forgiveness Trait Scale and Life Satisfaction Scale. Also the result showed that Women experienced high level of indirect trauma of social disaster than men.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.21 no.11
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• pp.609-625
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• 2021

It has now been more than a year since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic in Korea, which has claimed thousands of lives and changed every aspect of life. The corona pandemic not only caused physical damages but also psychological one which is a collective social stress phenomenon often termed as 'corona blue'. The purpose of this study is to examine how empathy affects anxiety and depression through risk perception and indirect trauma, which are psychological variables related to the corona pandemic as a disaster. The survey data from 214 people were analyzed with a structural equation modelling. The results shows that 53.3 % of the participants experienced anxiety and 35.7% suffered from depression, which were about 6 times higher than ones from the 2019 government data. Affective empathy had a significant effect on risk perception, and cognitive empathy had a significant effect on indirect trauma. Risk perception and indirect trauma both had a significant effect on anxiety, and anxiety had a significant impact on depression. Only cognitive empathy had a significant indirect effect on anxiety and depression. This study provides an important insight into understanding a social phenomenon of 'corona blue' from a empathic perspective.

• Journal of Convergence for Information Technology
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• v.10 no.10
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• pp.88-99
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• 2020

This study aimed to explore the effects of perceived family stress, supportive resources, intentional rumination, and coping behaviors on posttraumatic growth of cancer survivors based on the Double ABCX Family Stress Model. Data were collected from 200 cancer survivors currently living with their spouses and analyzed by path analysis using AMOS program. The results of this study were as follows. First, perceived family stress of cancer survivors had direct effects on supportive resources, intentional rumination, and coping behaviors, and had indirect effects on posttraumatic growth mediated by supportive resources, intentional rumination, and coping behaviors. Second, supportive resources, intentional rumination, and coping behaviors had direct effects on posttraumatic growth. Third, supportive resources and intentional rumination had direct effects on coping behaviors and had an indirect effect on posttraumatic growth mediated by coping behaviors. The current study supported the applicability of the Double ABCX Family Stress Model to the posttraumatic growth process of cancer survivors.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.230-238
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• 2013

This research purposes to investigate parameters which effect on the relapse of alcoholism, to understand psychological factors for stress control and drinking anticipation which lead to the relapse of female alcoholism and to seek practical ways in social welfare for alcoholism, focusing on the traumatic experiences and post traumatic stress symptoms of female alcoholics experienced physical, sexual abuses. The main results of this research can be summarized as follows. First, the characteristic related with physical, sexual traumatic experiences of subjects is that physical, sexual abuses by acquaintances under 18 is more common than that experiences over 18. Second, the 8 pathes among 10 direct pathes are statistically significant. Third, as the result of verification of indirect effects through parameters, in the model, 4 out of 6 indirect pathes parameterized as post traumatic stress symptoms, problem focused coping, and drinking anticipation are significant. Based on these results, the practical implications for the warning of relapse of female alcoholics had been discussed.

• Anxiety and mood
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.71-79
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• 2018

Objective : Several earlier studies have reported similar symptoms in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) who have been repeatedly exposed to relevant media after disasters and trauma. This study aimed to examine the effects of indirect trauma experience through media rather than direct traumatic events on an individual's social life. Methods : Five hundred and fifty-four individuals participated in our online, self-reported questionnaire survey. All subjects were asked to complete a demographic questionnaire, Posttraumatic Diagnostic Scale, Beck Depression Inventory, the Impact of Event Scale-Revised, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, Korean version of Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test, Patient Health Questionnaire-15, Suicidal Behaviors Questionnaire-Revised. Participants were assessed in regards to their experience of violent media exposure within the past three months. Results : Data from our study indicates that the group exposed to violent media had significantly higher perceived stress, physical symptoms, insomnia, and suicide ideation in comparison to the control group. Among the major symptoms of PTSD, the proportion of intrusion symptoms was relatively high in the media exposed group. Conclusion : This suggests that indirect trauma caused by media exposure could cause post-traumatic stress symptoms. The PTSD caused by indirect trauma may have slight differences from the PTSD caused by direct trauma. Therefore, it is necessary to understand, prevent, and control the adverse effects of media.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.535-544
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• 2022

This study identified the relationship between deliberate rumination of adults who experienced traumas and post-traumatic growth, and examined the mediating model of meaning of life moderated by trauma intensity on deliberate rumination and post-traumatic growth. Participants were 318 male and female adults who experienced traumas. The moderated mediating effect was analysed with PROCESS Macro 3.5 Model 7. Results revealed that deliberate rumination of adults who experienced traumas was positively correlated with trauma intensity, meaning of life, and post-traumatic growth, while meaning of life was positively correlated with post-traumatic growth. In a moderated mediating model for post-traumatic growth, there was significant interaction effect of deliberate rumination and trauma intensity; conditionally indirect effect of deliberate rumination was only significant for whose trauma intensity were high. These findings suggest that adults who did deliberate rumination are more likely to experience post-traumatic growth with finding meaning of life. And, the moderating effect suggests that this influence is only with higher levels of trauma intensity. In conclusion, deliberate rumination of severe traumatic event may lead to post-traumatic growth, and it can be helpful to experience the meaning of life in the process.

• Korean Journal of Culture and Social Issue
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.19-34
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• 2021

Many survivors of sexual violence disclose their experience to others. When they receive negative social reactions, this can be a traumatic event for the survivor where their trust towards others is violated and can cause posttraumatic cognitions and depression. Likewise, institutional betrayal, or negative reactions from trusted institutions regarding the disclosure of sexual victimization can be a traumatic event for the survivor and is associated with depression as well. However, studies investigating the mechanism underlying the relationship between institutional betrayal and depression is yet limited. Therefore, based on cognitive behavioral theory (CBT), which is known as the most effective approach to date for understanding and treating posttraumatic symptoms, this study examined if posttraumatic cognitions mediate the relationship between institutional betrayal and depression. Questionnaires were administered to 462 women who had experienced institutional betrayal to their sexual victimization. Results showed that institutional betrayal had an effect on depression only through negative cognitions about the self and world. This suggests the importance of identifying and treating trauma-related cognitions in order to prevent or cure depression of those who had experienced institutional betrayal to their sexual victimization. Limitations and implications of this study are also discussed.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.14 no.10
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• pp.180-188
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• 2014

This study examined to test the role of stress coping skills as mediators in the traumatic experiences and drinking anticipation among alcoholics. Subject in this study consisted of 220 alcoholics who aged 18 years and over in Seoul and Gyeonggi province. Data were collected by self-administered questionnaires. The statistical significance was rested by AMOS 18.0. The findings of the study were as follows: First, traumatic experiences - drinking anticipation(${\beta}=.408$, p<.001), traumatic experiences - stress coping skills(${\beta}=-.328$, p<.001) and stress coping skills - drinking anticipation(${\beta}=-.532$, p<.001) of alcoholics did show the direct relationship. Second, stress coping skills worked as mediators between traumatic experiences and drinking anticipation. The implications and limitations of these findings were discussed, and directions for future studies were also proposed.