• Journal of Korean Society of Steel Construction
• /
• v.17 no.2 s.75
• /
• pp.115-130
• /
• 2005

This paper presents the effects of indirect costs on Life-Cycle-Cost(LCC) effective optimum design of steel-box girder bridges. The LCC formulations considered in the LCC optimization of the bridges consist of initial cost and expected rehabilitation costs including repair/replacement costs, loss of contents or fatality and injury losses, and indirect costs such as road user costs and indirect socio-economic losses. To demonstrate the LCC-effectiveness for optimum design of the bridges, an actual steel box girder bridge having two continuous spans(2@50m=100m) is considered as a numerical example. And also, in this paper, various sensitivity analyses are performed to investigate the effects of indirect costs caused by traffic conditions such as number of detour route, number of lane on detour route, length of detour route, and traffic volumes on the LCC-effective optimum design. From the numerical investigations, it may be concluded that indirect costs caused by traffic network may sensitively influence on the LCC-effective optimum design of steel-box girder bridges. Therefore, it may be stated that the traffic conditions should be considered as one of the important items in the LCC-effective optimum design of the bridges.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Child Welfare
• /
• no.53
• /
• pp.25-50
• /
• 2016

For child abuse prevention in Korea, this study estimated the socioeconomic costs of child abuse. Based on previous studies, the present study organized component categories for estimable direct and indirect costs of child abuse, and estimated the cost of each category in 2014 through the collection of existing data and through Delphi survey techniques among experts. The total socioeconomic costs of child abuse were compared to Korea's GDP. The results of this study were as follows. First, the socioeconomic costs of child abuse in Korea in 2014 ranged from 389.9 billion KW(0.03 percent compared to GDP) to 76 trillion KW(5.1 percent compared to GDP). Second, the indirect socioeconomic costs of child abuse are much higher than the direct costs. Third, costs related to productivity loss and unemployment accounted for the largest proportion of the total costs. In addition, the proportion of the child protection budget in Korea was very low compared to developed countries. These findings suggest that there is a need to increase Korea's child protection budget and to take urgent action to detect unrevealed child abuse cases. Furthermore, in order to reduce indirect costs, it is important to provide abused children with early professional treatment.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
• /
• v.69 no.3
• /
• pp.9-33
• /
• 2017

This study estimated the socioeconomic costs of child poverty. Based on previous studies, the present study organized component categories for direct and indirect costs of child poverty, and estimated the cost of each category in 2015 through the collection of existing data and Delphi survey techniques among experts. The total socioeconomic costs of child poverty were compared to Korea's GDP. The results of this study were as follows. First, the socioeconomic costs of child poverty in Korea in 2015 ranged from 55 trillion KW(3.5% of GDP) to 99 trillion KW(6.5% of GDP). Second, the indirect socioeconomic costs of child poverty are much higher than the direct costs. Third, among the total cost categories, costs related to productivity loss and unemployment accounted for the largest portion of both the socioeconomic costs based upon absolute poverty and relative poverty. Crime costs are the second largest. Based on these results, we discussed the importance of early intervention for children in poverty; implementation of two-generation program that intervenes simultaneously with parents and children; and long-term, continuous and integrated intervention for high-risk groups such as poor children.

• Journal of Korean Society of Steel Construction
• /
• v.15 no.4 s.65
• /
• pp.341-358
• /
• 2003

This paper proposed a general formulation of Life-Cycle Cost (LCC) models and LCC effective design system models of steel bridges suitable for practical implementation. An LCC model for the optimum design of steel bridges included initial cost and direct/indirect rehabilitation costs of a steel bridge as well as repair/replacement costs, loss of contents or fatality and injury losses, road user costs, and indirect socioeconomic losses. The new road user cost model and regional socioeconomic losses model were especially considered because of the traffic network. Illustrative design examples of an actual steel box girder and an orthotropic steel deck bridge were discussed to demonstrate the LCC effectiveness of the design of steel bridges. Based on the results of the numerical investigation, the LCC-effective optimum design of steel bridges based on the proposed LCC model was found to lead to a more rational, economical, and safer design compared with the initial cost-optimum design and the conventional code-based design.

• Journal of the Korea institute for structural maintenance and inspection
• /
• v.17 no.4
• /
• pp.101-111
• /
• 2013

In this study, DEA (Data Envelopment Analysis) was carried out on the four bridges, which have the same extension (L=1,615m), in order to select the most superior, economical method of construction using the LCC concept of each bridge structure in the case of the Ulsan-Pohang double track railway which is scheduled to be constructed. DEA models were analyzed with the CCR model, which was designed for the evaluation of relative efficiency of each model. The initial construction costs, maintenance costs, indirect costs (user costs + indirect loss of social costs), and life cycle costs were used as input variables, and average duration was applied as the output variable. LCC was applied to calculate the input variables, and to get the costs of LCC, 100 years of period and 4.83% of real discount rate were applied, and the costs are classified into initial construction, maintenance, user, and indirect loss of social cost. The analysis results showed that the Method 2 and 3 were evaluated as the most efficient, and the other alternatives were evaluated as the following order; Method 1, the default, and Method 4.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
• /
• v.46 no.1
• /
• pp.85-91
• /
• 2013

OECD(2008) gives the concepts of inaction costs on key environmental challenges including: direct financial costs; total financial costs; total use costs; and total social welfare costs. In analyzing the losses of environmental goods' various values conducted by domestic and foreign researchers, this study suggests the value-cost category of OECD(2008) and other studies; and the indirect use and non-use values of groundwater and other natural environment using the concepts of inaction costs. The studies on the damages and their relationships among human, property, and ecosystem are essential to monetary valuation on the qualitative or quantitative degradation of groundwater and other natural environment.

• Proceedings of the Korean Operations and Management Science Society Conference
• /
• 2000.10a
• /
• pp.85-88
• /
• 2000

제조 원가는 기업의 목표인 이익의 가장 핵심적인 부분이지만 분석적인 방법론으로 측정하기 어려운 부분이다 단순한 재무적인 구조를 통하여 얻어지는 제조 원가는 현 시장에서 커다란 의미를 갖지 못한다. 따라서 생산 시스템 차원에서 제품의 제조원가 측정은 매우 중요한 문제이다. 본 연구에서는 생산 시스템에서 제품의 제조 원가의 정확한 측정이 가능한 직접 원가 측정 모델과 제조 간접비 측정 모델로 이루어진 제조 원가 측정 모델을 제안하고 이러한 모델을 통하여 생산 시스템의 변화가 제품의 제조 원가에 미치는 영향에 대해 분석하였다. 직접 원가 측정 모델은 생산되어지는 각 단위 제품별로 직접적으로 쓰여지는 비용에 대하여 제조 원가의 측정이 가능하도록 하였으며, 이러한 각 단위제품별 제조 원가의 총합과는 별도로 제품의 생산에 간접적으로 쓰여지는 비용들은 따로 측정하여 전체 생산 시스템에서의 제조 간접비용을 측정할 수 있도록 하였다. 또한 생산 시스템의 성능(Performance)이 제조 원가 측정 모델에 포함되도록 하여 시스템의 성능에 따른 제조 비용의 변화를 알아 볼 수 있도록 하였다.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
• /
• v.9 no.1
• /
• pp.83-91
• /
• 1987

기술(技術)의 도입자(導入者)는 그 대가(代價)로서 기술공여자측(技術供與者側)의 직접비용(直接費用)뿐만 아니라 시장진출(市場進出) 기회(機會)의 상실을 보상하여 주는 간접비용(間接費用) 및 기술시장(技術市場)의 불완전(不完全)함에 따른 독점적(獨占的) 이윤(利潤)까지 지불(支拂)하여야 한다. 본고(本稿)에서는 기술도입대가(技術導入代價)에서 직접비용(直接費用), 간접비용(間接費用) 및 독점적(獨占的) 이윤(利潤)이 차지하는 비중(比重)을 기술도입업체(技術導入業體)에 대한 설문조사(設問調査)를 통하여 밝히고, 독점적(獨占的) 이윤(利潤)의 결정요인(決定要因)을 분석(分析)하였다. 실증분석(實證分析) 결과(結果)에 의하면, 첫째, 독점적(獨占的) 이윤(利潤)의 비중(比重)은 기술(技術)의 성격(性格)에 따라 큰 차이를 보이고 있기는 하나 평균적(平均的)으로 전체(全體) 기술대가(技術代價)에서 약 70% 이상(以上)을 차지하고 있고, 둘째 독점적(獨占的) 이윤(利潤)의 비중(比重)의 결정요인(決定要因)은 기술(技術)이 개발(開發)된 시점(時點)에서 이전(移轉)될 때까지의 시차(時差), 세계적(世界的)으로 동일기술(同一技術)의 잠재적(潛在的) 공여가능기업(供與可能企業)의 수(數) 및 기술(技術)이 일본(日本)으로부터 도입(導入)되었는지의 여부(與否)를 포함(包含)한다. 즉, 기술(技術)이 개발(開發)된 후 도입시기(導入時期)까지의 기간이 길수록, 기술(技術)의 잠재적(潛在的) 공여가능기업(供與可能企業)의 수(數)가 많을수록 독점적(獨占的) 이윤(利潤)의 비중(比重)은 낮아지며, 일본(日本)의 기술공여자(技術供與者)는 다른 나라의 공여자(供與者)에 비하여 보다 높은 독점적(獨占的) 이윤(利潤)을 대가(代價)에 포함시킨다.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
• /
• v.2 no.2 s.6
• /
• pp.81-89
• /
• 2001

Construction industry has particular properties of non-continuity of production, and non-stability of market comparing to other industries. Because of them, the practical construction cost is more difficultly recognized than in manufacturing industry, so, that is various according to many projects. Therefore, it is very hard work to standardize construction cost, and it is worthy of analyzing and measuring exactly construction cost. On this study, the trouble in producing expected construction cost with original cost calculation method is progressed by the data of cost items in complete works. On the basis of analyzing data, as expected cost of practical construction is measured, it can be referred to the method and the standard of indirect labor cost rate in construction.

• Journal of the Korea institute for structural maintenance and inspection
• /
• v.15 no.1
• /
• pp.148-158
• /
• 2011

As critical infrastructure, bridges play an indispensable role in facilitating the distribution of goods. When bridges reach their end of useful life or get damaged by natural disasters such as earthquakes or storms, they have to be removed and reconstructed. When bridges in service need to be reconstructed, user costs occur from vehicle detours and traffic congestions, and social costs occur from noise and dust during construction periods. However, these user and social costs are not considered during reconstruction and the evaluation methods of those costs are vague. Thus, there is lack of appropriate bridge types that consider these costs. Therefore, this paper identifies the social overhead costs that occur during bridge reconstruction, which is also called, users' socioeconomic values. Next, it proposes a method to evaluate user costs during bridge reconstruction, and appraises the method. User costs are evaluated based on traffic information, social and material volumes including the bridge's daily traffic volume, peak hours, detour distance and time. In addition, time delay costs due to traffic operational costs and bridge reconstruction are also taken into consideration.