• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.867-879
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• 2016

Since the 1970s, the region of its own pedestrian center and environmental pollution caused by exhaust gases have been reduced gradually in a continuous increase of the vehicle, school route the central business district, around the school, the sidewalk where the vehicle do not pass, facilities of minimum for the safety of pedestrians and systematic management of an area where an unspecified number and alleys impassable is insufficient. Recently, in response to the "Law for convenience enhancing safety and walking" is enforced in Korea, research on Pedestrian only Street has been actively about the government, the standard for calculating the weights of evaluation associated with it. it is a actuality, however, there are insufficient, evaluation for business promotion is being conducted evaluation polite manner by using, for example, scale residence time and purpose of the passengers as there is no car that has been carried out on a voluntary basis through the municipality have. In this study, by suggesting a method for the selection of the street without a car, make a survey by placing a purpose in the selection method presentation of the street with no car to be construction future, was researching. F.G.I (Focus Group Interview) survey, professors, staff in urban, traffic field of experts in order to present the weights for the evaluation of the Pedestrian only Street by using the evaluation index by type of Pedestrian only Street, was interviewed about the evaluation index for the conducted for professionals engaged in the engineering company, and randomly selected 200 peoples, weighted evaluation of the street with Pedestrian only Street was proposed. By classifying the items purpose and goals of the evaluation type by this by applying the weight, and present the weight of the detailed indicators each corresponding to each item, and scored on the basis of the result, in this paper it can be so that one methodology for the selection standard for the construction as Pedestrian only Street, and the weight of the evaluation of the type that has been derived, the selection and evaluation methods and then added to these criteria to settle careful study of the reference should be performed further.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.31 no.12C
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• pp.1173-1183
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• 2006

In this paper, we propose an efficient method for improving visual quality of AR-FGS (Adaptive Reference FGS) which is adopted as a key scheme for SVC (Scalable Video Coding) or H.264 scalable extension. The standard FGS (Fine Granularity Scalability) adopts AR-FGS that introduces temporal prediction into FGS layer by using a high quality reference signal which is constructed by the weighted average between the base layer reconstructed imageand enhancement reference to improve the coding efficiency in the FGS layer. However, when the enhancement stream is truncated at certain bitstream position in transmission, the rest of the data of the FGS layer will not be available at the FGS decoder. Thus the most noticeable problem of using the enhancement layer in prediction is the degraded visual quality caused by drifting because of the mismatch between the reference frame used by the FGS encoder and that by the decoder. To solve this problem, we exploit the principle of cyclical block coding that is used to encode quantized transform coefficients in a cyclical manner in the FGS layer. Encoding block coefficients in a cyclical manner places 'higher-value' bits earlier in the bitstream. The quantized transform coefficients included in the ealry coding cycle of cyclical block coding have higher probability to be correctly received and decoded than the others included in the later cycle of the cyclical block coding. Therefore, we can minimize visual quality degradation caused by bitstream truncation by adjusting weighting factor to control the contribution of the bitstream produced in each coding cycle of cyclical block coding when constructing the enhancement layer reference frame. It is shown by simulations that the improved AR-FGS scheme outperforms the standard AR-FGS by about 1 dB in maximum in the reconstructed visual quality.

• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.77-97
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• 2010

Market timing is an investment strategy which is used for obtaining excessive return from financial market. In general, detection of market timing means determining when to buy and sell to get excess return from trading. In many market timing systems, trading rules have been used as an engine to generate signals for trade. On the other hand, some researchers proposed the rough set analysis as a proper tool for market timing because it does not generate a signal for trade when the pattern of the market is uncertain by using the control function. The data for the rough set analysis should be discretized of numeric value because the rough set only accepts categorical data for analysis. Discretization searches for proper "cuts" for numeric data that determine intervals. All values that lie within each interval are transformed into same value. In general, there are four methods for data discretization in rough set analysis including equal frequency scaling, expert's knowledge-based discretization, minimum entropy scaling, and na$\ddot{i}$ve and Boolean reasoning-based discretization. Equal frequency scaling fixes a number of intervals and examines the histogram of each variable, then determines cuts so that approximately the same number of samples fall into each of the intervals. Expert's knowledge-based discretization determines cuts according to knowledge of domain experts through literature review or interview with experts. Minimum entropy scaling implements the algorithm based on recursively partitioning the value set of each variable so that a local measure of entropy is optimized. Na$\ddot{i}$ve and Booleanreasoning-based discretization searches categorical values by using Na$\ddot{i}$ve scaling the data, then finds the optimized dicretization thresholds through Boolean reasoning. Although the rough set analysis is promising for market timing, there is little research on the impact of the various data discretization methods on performance from trading using the rough set analysis. In this study, we compare stock market timing models using rough set analysis with various data discretization methods. The research data used in this study are the KOSPI 200 from May 1996 to October 1998. KOSPI 200 is the underlying index of the KOSPI 200 futures which is the first derivative instrument in the Korean stock market. The KOSPI 200 is a market value weighted index which consists of 200 stocks selected by criteria on liquidity and their status in corresponding industry including manufacturing, construction, communication, electricity and gas, distribution and services, and financing. The total number of samples is 660 trading days. In addition, this study uses popular technical indicators as independent variables. The experimental results show that the most profitable method for the training sample is the na$\ddot{i}$ve and Boolean reasoning but the expert's knowledge-based discretization is the most profitable method for the validation sample. In addition, the expert's knowledge-based discretization produced robust performance for both of training and validation sample. We also compared rough set analysis and decision tree. This study experimented C4.5 for the comparison purpose. The results show that rough set analysis with expert's knowledge-based discretization produced more profitable rules than C4.5.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.55-64
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• 2014

While small and medium-sized companies are suffering from a shortage of workers as a result of social tendency to avoid those companies, college graduates still prefer large companies or governmental positions, which consequently results in inconsistencies in the demand and supply of work forces. The gap between them is getting so bad that employment difficulties are exacerbating. Accordingly this study tries to search for potential employee's expected value factors which make people select small and medium companies not big companies. A survey was conducted from October 1 to october 30, 2012 with university students in the Seoul metropolitan area. a total of 350 questionnaires were distributed and 335 were collected. of these, 332 questionnaires were used for data analyses excluding questionnaires with missing values. Data was analyzed by frequency, descriptive factor, reliability, and regression with SPSS win 18.0 program The result of this study were as follows. A factor analysis extracted four factors comprising small and medium companies, which we named career(factor 1), working environment(factor 2), working achievement(factor 3), job security (factor 4). This study showed that small and medium companies' preference were affected by the career, working environment, job security, corporate reputation, salary.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.13-26
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• 2015

Many urban areas in Korea suffer from repeated flood damage during intensive rainfall due to an increase in impervious areas caused by rapid urbanization and deteriorating sewage systems. A centralized stormwater management system has caused severe flood damage in an area that has proven unable to accommodate recent climate change and a rise in precipitation. Most flooding prevention projects that have been recently implemented focus on increasing drainage system capacity by expanding the size of sewer pipes and adding pumping stations in downstream areas. However, such measures fail to provide sustainable solutions since they cannot solve fundamental problems to reduce surface runoff caused by urbanization across the watershed. A decentralized stormwater management system is needed that can minimize surface runoff and maximize localized retention capacity, while maintaining the existing drainage systems. This study proposes a stormwater management corridor for the flood-prone watershed in the city of Dongducheon. The corridor would connect the upstream, midstream, and downstream zones using various methods for reducing stormwater runoff. The research analyzed surface runoff patterns generated across the watershed using the Modified Rational Method considering the natural topography, land cover, and soil characteristics of each sub-watershed, as well as the urban fabric and land use. The expected effects of the design were verified by the retainable volume of stormwater runoff as based on the design application. The results suggest that an open space network serve as an urban green infrastructure, potentially expanding the functional and scenic values of the landscape. This method is more sustainable and effective than an engineering-based one, and can be applied to sustainable planning and management in flood-prone urban areas.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.91-102
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• 2020

This study constructed production frontiers of inputs and outputs in a sequential manner, measured inefficiencies by applying a non-radial sequential weighted Russell directional distance function to these frontiers, and analyzed Luenberg productivity indices and the contribution of each of input and output factor based on these distances. The results are as follows. First, the productivity of banks increased due to technical changes after the global financial crisis. Second, productivity growth decreased between 2009 and 2014 due to technical changes after the recession, as previous studies have shown that technology progressed before the global financial crisis but then largely decreased or remained the same thereafter. After 2014, the productivity of banks improved. This result may be due to both technology improvement after 10 years of stagnation and reduction of inputs and non-performing loans. Third, the 3.6% annual of productivity growth for 10 years was comprised of 1.77% household loans, 0.67% corporate loans, 0.98% manpower, 1.18% non-performing loans, -0.5% total deposits, and -1.25% securities. Finally, this study has limitations since it could not control risks such as capital structure and interest volatility.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.340-348
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• 2020

The purpose of this study was to investigate the mutual relationship between parenting stress and children's problem behaviors among those participating in dream start services. In order to verify the effect of parental and child effects on child's problem behavior and parenting stress based on repeated measures from the first grade of elementary school to the third grade of elementary school among children participating in dream start services, autoregressive cross-lagged modeling was applied. As a result, the stability coefficient showed that the two variables were significantly stable for 3 years. In other words, the measurement was maintained at a similar level with time. The causal relationship between parents 'parenting stress and child' s problem behavior was generally explained by the parental effect. In other words, parental stress is related to the child's problem behavior. These results show that the economic stress of poverty increases parents' parenting stress, which can negatively affect the adaptive development of children in the process of raising children.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.220-235
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• 2020

Heat wave generation in cities is basically affected by global warming, but it is further exacerbated by the impact of artificial heat emission and heat accumulation in the city. In particular, the effects of urban heat waves directly affect the occurrence of tropical nights. Basically, however, the choice of countermeasures against tropical nights is very limited compared to the daytime heat wave response. The purpose of this study was to analyze the characteristics of cold air flow at night as a countermeasure against tropical nights in Daegu Metropolitan City and to suggest its spatial applicability. As a research method, the spatial characteristics (flow velocity, flow rate, flow direction and range) of cold air flow in Daegu were quantitatively analyzed using KLAM_21, a cold air flow analysis program. As a result of the analysis, it was found that cold air generation and flow in the surrounding mountains of Daegu Metropolitan City was very active, but the inflow was limited to the urban area, which has tropical nights. However, it has been shown that the flow of cold air flowing from the surrounding mountains is very active in some urban areas, so it has spatial conditions that are very effective in countering tropical nights. If these spatial conditions are used for the urban planning, it will be very useful to develop countermeasures for tropical nights.

• Management & Information Systems Review
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.163-178
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• 2015

This study purported to test the independent impacts of positive and negative attributes of disconfirmation on satisfaction and loyalty of university students. The study utilized the nation-wide survey data previously collected from 1,400 students distributed across 32 universities in Korea. Using SPSS 22.0, the study adopted a 'Simple Regression Analysis' in order to calculate the causal coefficients among positive and negative attributes of confirmation, satisfaction, and loyalty. The study results showed that while positive disconfirmation had a positive impact(${\beta}=.188$) on satisfaction, but not on loyalty, negative disconfirmation had negative impacts on satisfaction(${\beta}=-.326$) and loyalty(${\beta}=-.105$). Based on the study results this study suggests that universities should implement differential strategies to increase students' satisfaction and loyalty. The results also showed that negative disconfirmation had 2~7 times greater impacts on satisfaction and loyalty than the impacts positive confirmation had. Supporting the 'asymmetric relations' of positive and negative disconfirmation, the study suggests that universities should pay special attention to students' complaints.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.241-250
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• 2012

Low birth rate is a persisting national challenge that causes a decrease in productive population and an increase in encumbrances by ever rising insurance premiums, eventually threatening the existence of the country. This study investigated the effectiveness of the current government's undergoing economic support of the child-birth promotion policy, "go-un-mam card", and suggested improvement plans about the problems derived on the basis of the perceptions of the card users. Multi-response analysis was used to find out the preference of the policy, and chi-square test was conducted to discover the user satisfaction rate and intent of re-parturition. Also, descriptive analysis was performed to identify the degree of the policy recognition. The results illustrated that a significant association exists between the satisfaction rate and the intention of re-parturition. In addition, pregnant women gained information about the policy from governmental agencies and medical institution as well as by word of mouth; then, applied to the policy. Also, the card users only took an advantage of discounts in the hospitals within the supported monetary amounts. Moreover, the card users expressed their dissatisfaction at the monetary amounts. For instance, the users were dissatisfied with the limit on the amount to be used in a day and requested upgrade on the monetary amounts. Based on the result, the government will improve and develop the go-un-mam card for the ultimate purpose of policy, increasing birth-rate.